Repair and Diagnosis (Single Page)

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• Quick Lookups
  • Common Specs & Procedures
    • Specifications Index
  • DTC Index
    • A/C-Heater Systems (Automatic) DTCS
    • Air Bag Restraint Systems DTCS
    • Anti-Lock Brakes DTCS
    • Anti-Theft Systems (Passive) DTCS
    • Automatic Transmission Electronic Controls Diagnosis DTCS
      • Automatic Transmission Electronic Controls (4R100) DTCS
      • Automatic Transmission Electronic Controls (4R70W) DTCS
    • Electric Cooling Fans DTCS
    • Evaporative Emissions DTCS
    • Generators & Regulators DTCS
    • Instrument Panels DTCS
      • Hybrid Electronic Cluster DTCS
      • Generic Electronic Module DTCS
    • Parking Aid Systems DTCS
    • Power Door Locks & Remote Keyless Entry Systems DTCS
    • Power Mirrors DTCS
    • Power Seats DTCS
    • Power Windows DTCS
    • Self-Diagnostics DTCS
    • Steering Column Switches DTCS
    • Suspension (Electronic) DTCS
      • 2WD
      • 4WD
    • Transfer Case DTCS
    • Wiper/Washer Systems DTCS
  • Electrical Component Locations
    • Diagnostic Connector (DLC) Locations
      • Domestic Cars
        • CHRYSLER Group LLC
        • Ford Motor Co.
        • General Motors
      • Domestic Light Trucks & Vans
        • CHRYSLER Group LLC
        • Ford Motor Co.
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        • SAAB
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        • TOYOTA
        • VOLKSWAGEN
        • VOLVO
    • Electrical Component Locator
      • Buzzers, Relays & Timers
      • Circuit Protection Devices
      • Control Units
      • Motors
      • Sending Units & Sensors
      • Solenoids & Solenoid Valves
      • Switches
      • Miscellaneous
      • Connectors
      • Grounds
      • Splices
      • Component Location Graphics
  • Fluids
  • Technical Bulletins
    • Campaigns
    • Safety Recalls
    • Technical Service Bulletins
  • Tire Fitment
  • Wiring Diagrams
    • OEM Connector End Views
      • A/C clutch solenoid connector end view (C100)
      • Crankshaft position sensor connector end view (C101)
      • Generator connector end view (C102a)
      • Generator connector end view (C102b)
      • Generator connector end view (C102c)
      • Oil pressure switch connector end view (C103)
      • Engine Oil Temperature (EOT) sensor connector end view (C104)
      • Injection pressure sensor connector end view (C106)
      • Cylinder... head temperature sensor connector end view (C107)
      • Knock sensor connector end view (C108)
      • Knock sensor connector end view (C109)
      • Inline Connector end view (C110)
      • Coil On Plug (COP) 1 connector end view (C111)
      • Coil On Plug (COP) 2 connector end view (C112)
      • Coil On Plug (COP) 3 connector end view (C113)
      • Coil On Plug (COP) 4 connector end view (C114)
      • Coil On Plug (COP) 5 connector end view (C115)
      • Coil On Plug (COP) 6 connector end view (C116)
      • Coil On Plug (COP) 7 connector end view (C117)
      • Coil On Plug (COP) 8 connector end view (C118)
      • Speed control servo connector end view (C122)
      • EVAP canister purge valve connector end view (C123)
      • Brake fluid level switch connector end view (C124)
      • Windshield wiper motor connector end view (C125)
      • Mass Air Flow (MAF) sensor connector end view (C128)
      • Intake Air Temperature (IAT) sensor connector end view (C129)
      • A/C clutch cycling pressure switch connector end view (C130)
      • Ambient air temperature sensor connector end view (C132)
      • Inline Connector end view (C133)
      • Inline Connector end view (C134)
      • ABS control module connector end view (C135)
      • Windshield washer pump motor connector end view (C137)
      • Inline Connector end view (C139)
      • Inline Connector end view (C140)
      • Heated Oxygen Sensor (HO2S) #22 connector end view (C141)
      • Heated Oxygen Sensor (HO2S) #12 connector end view (C142)
      • Turbine Shaft Speed (TSS) sensor connector end view (C143)
      • Inline Connector end view (C144)
      • Inline Connector end view (C145)
      • Inline Connector end view (C146)
      • Wheel speed sensor, left front connector end view (C150)
      • ABS control module connector end view (C155a)
      • ABS control module connector end view (C155b)
      • Wheel speed sensor, right front connector end view (C160)
      • Digital Transmission Range (DTR) sensor connector end view (C167)
      • 4R100 transmission connector end view (C168)
      • Heated Oxygen Sensor (HO2S) #11 connector end view (C171)
      • Heated Oxygen Sensor (HO2S) #21 connector end view (C172)
      • Ignition transformer capacitor 1 connector end view (C174)
      • Powertrain Control Module (PCM) connector end view (C175)
      • Forward crash sensor connector end view (C177)
      • Camshaft position sensor connector end view (C180)
      • Fuel injector 1 connector end view (C181)
      • Fuel injector 2 connector end view (C182)
      • Fuel injector 3 connector end view (C183)
      • Fuel injector 4 connector end view (C184)
      • Fuel injector 5 connector end view (C185)
      • Fuel injector 6 connector end view (C186)
      • Fuel injector 7 connector end view (C187)
      • Fuel injector 8 connector end view (C188)
      • Throttle Position Sensor (TPS) connector end view (C189)
      • Inlet Manifold Runner Control (IMRC) module connector end view (C191)
      • Inline Connector end view (C192)
      • Output Shaft Speed (OSS) sensor connector end view (C193)
      • Ignition transformer capacitor 2 connector end view (C194)
      • Starter motor connector end view (C197a)
      • Starter motor connector end view (C197b)
      • Multifunction switch connector end view (C202a)
      • Multifunction switch connector end view (C202b)
      • Main light switch connector end view (C205)
      • Inline Connector end view (C210)
      • Inline Connector end view (C211)
      • Inline Connector end view (C212)
      • Inline Connector end view (C213)
      • Air bag sliding contact connector end view (C218a)
      • Air bag sliding contact connector end view (C218b)
      • Inline Connector end view (C219)
      • Instrument cluster connector end view (C220a)
      • Instrument cluster connector end view (C220b)
      • Instrument cluster Instrument cluster connector end view (C220c)
      • Inline Connector end view (C237)
      • Inline Connector end view (C238)
      • Inline Connector end view (C248)
      • Ignition switch connector end view (C250)
      • Data Link Connector End View (DLC) connector end view (C251)
      • Passenger air bag module connector end view (C256)
      • Inline Connector end view (C275)
      • Brake pedal position switch connector end view (C278)
      • Inertia fuel Shutoff (IFS) switch connector end view (C282)
      • Temperature blend door actuator connector end view (C289)
      • Inline Connector end view (C291)
      • Function selector switch assembly, front connector end view (C294a)
      • Function selector switch assembly, front connector end view (C294b)
      • Function selector switch assembly, front connector end view (C294c)
      • Function selector switch assembly, front connector end view (C294d)
      • Function selector switch assembly, front connector end view (C294e)
      • Inline Connector end view (C298)
      • Inline Connector end view (C299)
      • Inline Connector end view (C300)
      • Passenger safety belt retractor pretensioner connector end view (C303)
      • Inline Connector end view (C311)
      • Inline Connector end view (C312)
      • Inline Connector end view (C313)
      • Inline Connector end view (C314)
      • Inline Connector end view (C315)
      • Driver safety belt retractor pretensioner connector end view (C323)
      • Inline Connector end view (C327)
      • Inline Connector end view (C328)
      • Inline Connector end view (C339)
      • Inline Connector end view (C340)
      • Power seat motor assembly, left connector end view (C353)
      • Seat adjust switch, driver side front connector end view (C360)
      • Power point connector end view (C380)
      • Sliding door contact switch, right connector end view (C384)
      • Sliding door ajar switch, right connector end view (C398)
      • Inline Connector end view (C405)
      • Inline Connector end view (C406)
      • Inline Connector end view (C411)
      • Lamp assembly, left rear connector end view (C414)
      • Lamp assembly, right rear connector end view (C417)
      • Inline Connector end view (C421)
      • Inline Connector end view (C422)
      • Inline Connector end view (C423)
      • Inline Connector end view (C431)
      • Inline Connector end view (C432)
      • Inline Connector end view (C438)
      • Evaporative emission (EVAP) canister vent value connector end view (C450)
      • Reversing lamp, left connector end view (C451)
      • Rear axle speed sensor connector end view (C455)
      • Reversing lamp, right connector end view (C461)
      • High mounted stoplamp connector end view (C475)
      • Speaker, left rear connector end view (C484)
      • Speaker, right rear connector end view (C485)
      • Master window/door lock/unlock switch connector end view (C508)
      • Exterior rear view mirror, driver side connector end view (C521)
      • Speaker, left front connector end view (C523)
      • Power window motor, driver side front connector end view (C524)
      • Door lock actuator, left front connector end view (C525)
      • Exterior rear view mirror switch connector end view (C527)
      • Exterior rear view mirror, passenger side connector end view (C601)
      • Door lock actuator, right front connector end view (C603)
      • Power window motor, passenger side front connector end view (C608)
      • Speaker, right front connector end view (C612)
      • Front passenger window/door lock switch connector end view (C629)
      • Sliding door contact switch, right connector end view (C806)
      • Speaker, right middle connector end view (C813)
      • Side door ajar switch, right connector end view (C816)
      • Side door lock actuator, right connector end view (C817)
      • Vanity mirror lamp, right connector end view (C906)
      • Vanity mirror lamp, left connector end view (C907)
      • Inline Connector end view (C913)
      • Inline Connector end view (C919)
      • Inline Connector end view (C922)
      • Cargo lamp connector end view (C926)
      • Interior/map lamps assembly, front connector end view (C929)
      • Overhead console connector end view (C930)
      • Interior/map lamps assembly, front connector end view (C931)
      • Interior/map lamps assembly, rear connector end view (C932)
      • Function selector switch assembly, rear connector end view (C951)
      • Roof marker lamp, left connector end view (C970)
      • Roof marker lamp, left center connector end view (C971)
      • Roof marker lamp, center connector end view (C972)
      • Roof marker lamp, right center connector end view (C973)
      • Roof marker lamp, right connector end view (C974)
      • Video display, right connector end view (C977)
      • Horn relay connector end view (C1006)
      • A/C clutch relay connector end view (C1008)
      • Natural Gas Vehicle (NGV) module connector end view (C1009)
      • Inline Connector end view (C1010)
      • Blower motor relay connector end view (C1011)
      • PCM power relay connector end view (C1016)
      • Starter relay connector end view (C1017a)
      • Starter relay connector end view (C1017b)
      • Starter relay connector end view (C1017c)
      • PCM power diode connector end view (C1018)
      • Inline Connector end view (C1019)
      • Headlamp, left connector end view (C1021)
      • Park/turn lamp, left front connector end view (C1023)
      • Deactivator switch connector end view (C1025)
      • Inline Connector end view (C1026)
      • Daytime Running Lamps (DRL) module connector end view (C1030)
      • Inline Connector end view (C1033)
      • Battery Junction Box (BJB) connector end view (C1035a)
      • Battery Junction Box (BJB) connector end view (C1035b)
      • Headlamp, right connector end view (C1041)
      • Park/turn lamp, right front connector end view (C1043)
      • Inline Connector end view (C1045)
      • Inline Connector end view (C1046)
      • Inline Connector end view (C1047)
      • Fuel pump relay connector end view (C1051)
      • Engine Coolant Temperature (ECT) sender connector end view (C1061)
      • Ignition coil connector end view (C1065)
      • Idle Air Control (IAC) valve connector end view (C1066)
      • Differential Pressure Feedback EGR (DPFE) sensor connector end view (C1068)
      • EGR vacuum regulator solenoid connector end view (C1072)
      • Fuel heater connector end view (C1076)
      • A/C high pressure switch connector end view (C1078)
      • Glow plug relay connector end view (C1084a)
      • Glow plug relay connector end view (C1084b)
      • Glow plug relay connector end view (C1084c)
      • Glow plug relay connector end view (C1084d)
      • Manifold Absolute Pressure (MAP) sensor connector end view (C1087)
      • Vehicle Speed Sensor (VSS) connector end view (C1088)
      • Battery connector end view (C1100a)
      • Battery connector end view (C1100b)
      • Generator connector end view (C1104a)
      • Generator connector end view (C1104b)
      • Differential Pressure Feedback EGR (DPFE) sensor connector end view (C1130)
      • Inline Connector end view (C1147)
      • Inline Connector end view (C1148)
      • Cylinder... head temperature sensor connector end view (C1164)
      • Inline Connector end view (C1168)
      • Injector Driver Module (IDM) connector end view (C1174)
      • Trailer tow relay, reversing lamp connector end view (C1178)
      • Camshaft position sensor connector end view (C1180)
      • Fuel injector 1 connector end view (C1181)
      • Fuel injector 2 connector end view (C1182)
      • Fuel injector 3 connector end view (C1183)
      • Fuel injector 4 connector end view (C1184)
      • Fuel injector 5 connector end view (C1185)
      • Fuel injector 6 connector end view (C1186)
      • Trailer tow relay, parking lamp connector end view (C1199)
      • Trailer tow relay, battery charge connector end view (C1200)
      • Fuel injector 9 connector end view (C1204)
      • Fuel injector 10 connector end view (C1205)
      • Coil On Plug (COP) 9 connector end view (C1206)
      • Coil On Plug (COP) 10 connector end view (C1207)
      • Inline Connector end view (C1220)
      • Front blower motor connector end view (C1227)
      • Blower motor resistor connector end view (C1228)
      • Injector Driver Module (IDM) power relay connector end view (C1235)
      • Air intake heater grid connector end view (C1239a)
      • Air intake heater grid connector end view (C1239b)
      • Injection Pressure Regulator (IPR) connector end view (C1242)
      • Injection Control Pressure (ICP) sensor connector end view (C1244)
      • Manifold intake air heater relay connector end view (C1245a)
      • Manifold intake air heater relay connector end view (C1245b)
      • Manifold intake air heater relay connector end view (C1245c)
      • Manifold intake air heater relay connector end view (C1245d)
      • Battery II connector end view (C1249a)
      • Battery II connector end view (C1249b)
      • Stop lamp relay connector end view (C1250)
      • Generator, secondary connector end view (C1251a)
      • Generator, secondary connector end view (C1251b)
      • Vacuum warning switch connector end view (C1252)
      • Fuel pump connector end view (C1253)
      • Natural Gas Vehicle (NGV) timer jumper connector end view (C1254)
      • ABS relay connector end view (C1255)
      • High pitch horn connector end view (C1256)
      • Fuel rail temperature sensor connector end view (C1257)
      • Fuel rail cutoff valve connector end view (C1258)
      • Clearance lamp relay connector end view (C1259)
      • Exhaust Back Pressure (EBP) sensor connector end view (C1271)
      • Exhaust Pressure Regulator (EPR) connector end view (C1272)
      • Glow plug control module (GPCM) connector end view (C1273a)
      • Glow plug control module (GPCM) connector end view (C1273b)
      • 4R70W transmission connector end view (C1274)
      • Camshaft position sensor connector end view (C1275)
      • Engine Coolant Temperature (ECT) sender connector end view (C1276)
      • Inline Connector end view (C1278)
      • Inline Connector end view (C1279)
      • Inline Connector end view (C1282)
      • Auxiliary battery relay connector end view (C1283a)
      • Auxiliary battery relay connector end view (C1283b)
      • Auxiliary battery relay connector end view (C1283c)
      • Headlamp, left connector end view (C1284)
      • Headlamp, right connector end view (C1285)
      • Intake Manifold Runner Control (IMRC) module connector end view (C1286)
      • Fuel injector 7 connector end view (C1312)
      • Fuel injector 8 connector end view (C1313)
      • Valve cover assembly, left connector end view (C1317)
      • Valve cover assembly, right connector end view (C1318)
      • Brake shift interlock connector end view (C2008)
      • Parking brake switch connector end view (C2015)
      • Cigar lighter, front connector end view (C2031)
      • Power point connector end view (C2033)
      • Accelerator pedal position sensor connector end view (C2040)
      • Overdrive cancel switch connector end view (C2135)
      • Electronic flasher module connector end view (C2141)
      • Warning buzzer chime module connector end view (C2156)
      • Wiper Control Module (WCM) connector end view (C2157)
      • Idle validation switch connector end view (C2172)
      • Auxiliary Powertrain Control Module (APCM) connector end view (C2176)
      • ABS relay connector end view (C2186)
      • Inline Connector end view (C2187)
      • Radio connector end view (C2188a)
      • Radio connector end view (C2188b)
      • Driveline disconnect switch connector end view (C2190)
      • Electronic Crash Sensor (ECS) module connector end view (C2209)
      • Inline Connector end view (C3007)
      • Inline Connector end view (C3047)
      • Inline Connector end view (C3049)
      • Inline Connector end view (C3050)
      • Inline Connector end view (C3051)
      • Inline Connector end view (C3052)
      • Inline Connector end view (C3053)
      • Power point, console 1 connector end view (C3063)
      • Power point, console 2 connector end view (C3064)
      • Video cassette player connector end view (C3076)
      • Rear Seat Entertainment (RSE) module connector end view (C3077a)
      • Rear Seat Entertainment (RSE) module connector end view (C3077b)
      • Fuel sender connector end view (C3104)
      • Extended range fuel tank valve 1 connector end view (C3122)
      • Fuel tank pressure transducer sensor connector end view (C3123)
      • Fuel tank temperature sensor connector end view (C3124)
      • Alt... axle fuel tank valve, front connector end view (C3125)
      • Alt... axle fuel tank valve, rear connector end view (C3126)
      • Fuel pump module connector end view (C3127)
      • In... transit fuel pump module connector end view (C3128)
      • Door ajar switch, left front connector end view (C3129)
      • Speaker, left middle connector end view (C3130)
      • Memory lock module Lock jumper connector end view (C3131)
      • Midship fuel tank valve connector end view (C3132)
      • Inline Connector end view (C3133)
      • Inline Connector end view (C3134)
      • Inline Connector end view (C3135)
      • Inline Connector end view (C3136)
      • Inline Connector end view (C3137)
      • Inline Connector end view (C3138)
      • Inline Connector end view (C3139)
      • Remote keyless entry module connector end view (C3140a)
      • Remote keyless entry module connector end view (C3140b)
      • Door ajar switch, right front connector end view (C3141)
      • Inline Connector end view (C3149)
      • Fuel tank pressure transducer sensor connector end view (C3166)
      • Reversing alarm speaker connector end view (C4015a)
      • Reversing alarm speaker connector end view (C4015b)
      • Park/stop/turn lamp, right rear connector end view (C4032)
      • Park/stop/turn lamp, left rear connector end view (C4035)
      • License plate lamp connector end view (C4046)
      • Trailer tow connector, 4... pin connector end view (C4098)
      • Trailer tow connector, 7... pin connector end view (C4099)
      • Auxiliary blower motor connector end view (C4106)
      • Auxiliary blower motor resistor assembly connector end view (C4107)
      • Rear A/C blower speed relay 1 connector end view (C4117)
      • Rear A/C blower speed relay 2 connector end view (C4118)
      • Door ajar switch rear doors connector end view (C4119)
      • Door lock actuator, rear doors connector end view (C4120)
      • Door lock switch rear doors connector end view (C4121)
    • System Wiring Diagrams
      • Using lemon2025'S Wiring Diagrams
      • Air Conditioning
      • Anti-Lock Brakes
      • Anti-Theft
      • Body Control Modules
      • Computer Data Lines
      • Cruise Control
      • Defoggers
      • Electronic Power Steering
      • Electronic Suspension
      • Engine Performance
        • 4.6L
        • 5.4L
      • Exterior Lights
      • Ground Distribution
      • Headlights
      • Horn
      • Instrument Cluster
      • Interior Lights
      • Memory Systems
      • Navigation
      • Power Distribution
      • Power Door Locks
      • Power Mirrors
      • Power Seats
      • Power Top/Sunroof
      • Power Windows
      • Radio
      • Shift Interlock
      • Starting/Charging
      • Supplemental Restraints
      • Transmission
        • Notes
        • 4.6L
        • 5.4L
      • Warning Systems
      • Wiper/Washer
    • Using lemon2025'S System Wiring Diagrams
      • Introduction
      • Wiring Diagram Features And Controls
      • Wiring Diagram Color Abbreviations
      • Wiring Diagram Symbols
      • Wiring Diagram Ground Number Locations
      • Wiring Diagram Component Locations
• Accessories & Equipment
  • Accessories Control Systems
    • Adjustable Pedals Assembly System
      • Description & Operation
      • Programming
        • Adjustable Pedals Memory Positions
      • Troubleshooting
      • Self-Diagnostics System
      • System Tests
        • Test A: DTCS B1987, B1988, B1989 Pedal Forward/Rearward Motor Stalled
        • TEST B: DTCs B1990 & B1991 PEDAL FORWARD/REARWARD FEEDBACK CIRCUIT FAULT
        • Test C: Adjustable Pedals Do Not Operate/Do Not Operate Correctly (Expedition Only)
        • Test D: Adjustable Pedals Do Not Operate Correctly With Remote Transmitter
      • Component Tests
        • Memory Set Switch
      • Removal & Installation
        • Notes
        • Adjustable Brake Pedal
          • Removal & Installation
        • Adjustable Accelerator Pedal
          • Removal & Installation
        • Adjustable Pedals Motor
          • Removal & Installation
        • Adjustable Pedals Control Switch
          • Removal & Installation
        • Driver Seat Module
          • Removal & Installation
        • Memory Set Switch
      • Wiring Diagrams
  • Anti-Theft Systems
    • Anti-Theft Systems - Passive
      • Description & Operation
      • Component Locations
      • Programming
        • Module Configuration
        • Key Programming Using 2 Programmed Keys
        • Erase All Keys & Program 2 Keys
        • Spare Key Programming Switch (Enable/Disable)
        • Key Programming Using One Programmed Key
        • Security Access Procedure
      • Trouble Shooting
      • Self-Diagnostic System
      • System Tests
        • Notes
        • Test A: No Communication With Hybrid Electronic Cluster
        • Test B: Theft Indicator Does Not Illuminate
        • Test C: Anti-Theft Number Of Programmed Keys Is Below Minimum
        • Test D: Antenna Not Connected
        • Test E: Ignition Key Transponder Signal Not Received
        • Test F: Incorrect Key Code From Ignition Key Transponder
        • Test G: Invalid Format Key Code From Ignition Key Transponder
        • Test H: Transceiver Module Signal Not Received
        • Test I: Pcm Id Does Not Match Instrument Cluster Id
        • Test J: Vehicle Starts, Theft Indicator Proves Out
        • Test K: Invalid Or Missing Vehicle Security Data
      • Removal & Installation
        • Notes
        • Instrument Cluster
          • Notes
          • Removal & Installation
        • Passive Anti-Theft System Transceiver Module
          • Notes
          • Removal & Installation
        • Powertrain Control Module
          • Removal & Installation
      • Wiring Diagrams
        • Expedition
        • Navigator
    • Passive Anti-Theft System Job Aid
      • Passive Anti-Theft System (Pats) Specifications
        • Ford System (Pats) Specifications
        • LINCOLN System (Pats) Specifications
        • Mercury System (Pats) Specifications
      • Pats Key Types
      • Diagnostic Trouble Codes
      • Non-Pats Issues
      • Things To Do:
      • Things Not To Do:
      • Programming Procedures
        • Notes
        • Key Programming Using Diagnostic Tools
          • Procedure #1
          • Procedure #2
          • Procedure #3
        • Spare Key Programming Using Diagnostic Tools
          • Procedure #4
        • Spare Key Programming Using Programmed Keys
          • Procedure #5
          • Procedure #6
        • Replacing Pats Control Module Or Pcm
          • Procedure #7
          • Procedure #8
    • Power Door Locks & Remote Keyless Entry Systems
      • Description & Operation
      • Component Locations
      • Programming
        • AUTOLOCK & Horn Chirp
        • Keyless Entry Keypad
        • Remote Transmitter
      • Trouble Shooting
        • Notes
        • Inspection & Verification
      • Self-Diagnostic System
        • Self-Diagnostics
      • System Tests
        • Notes
        • Test A: All Power Door Locks Inoperative From One Switch
        • Test B: All Power Door Locks Inoperative From One Switch
        • Test C: Driver's Side Power Door Lock Inoperative
        • Test D: Passenger's Power Door Lock Inoperative
        • Test E: Doors Do Not Lock/Unlock Using Keyless Entry Keypad
        • Test F: Doors Do Not Lock Or Unlock Using Remote Transmitter
        • Test G: AUTOLOCK Does Not Operate Correctly
        • Test H: Panic Feature Inoperative
        • Test I: Keyless Entry Keypad Illumination Inoperative
        • Test J: Remote Keyless Entry Transmitter Out Of Synchronization
      • Removal & Installation
        • Notes
        • Central Security Module
          • Removal & Installation
        • Door Lock Actuator
          • Notes
          • Removal & Installation (Front & Rear Doors)
          • Removal & Installation (Liftgate)
        • Door Lock Control Switches
          • Removal & Installation
        • Door Lock Cylinder
          • Removal & Installation
        • Door Trim Panel
          • Removal & Installation (Expedition)
          • Removal & Installation (Navigator)
        • Keyless Entry Keypad
          • Removal & Installation
      • Wiring Diagrams
        • Expedition
        • Navigator
    • Remote Keyless Entry System [Transmitter Programming Procedures]
      • Programming Methods & Transmitter Types
        • Programming Method And Transmitter Type Application
        • Transmitter Type Identification
        • Programming Methods
          • Programming Method A
          • Programming Method D
          • Programming Method I
          • Programming Method K
          • Programming Method L
          • Programming Method M
          • Programming Method N
          • Programming Method O
      • Helpful Hints
        • Remote Entry Programming Procedure
        • Poor Operating Range Performance
        • Miscellaneous
  • Collision/Avoidance
    • Parking Aid Systems
      • Description & Operation
        • Parking Aid System
        • Parking Aid Module
      • Component Locations
      • Trouble Shooting
        • Notes
        • System Operation Checks
          • Azimuth System Check
          • Elevation System Check
      • Self-Diagnostic System
      • System Tests
        • Notes
        • Test A: No Communication With Parking Aid Module
        • Test B: Parking Aid System Inoperative
      • Removal & Installation
        • Notes
        • Parking Aid Disable Switch
        • Parking Aid Module
          • Notes
          • Removal & Installation
        • Parking Aid Sensor
          • Removal & Installation
      • Wiring Diagrams
        • Expedition
        • Navigator
  • Communication Devices
    • Module Communications Network
      • Description & Operation
      • Component Locations
      • On-Vehicle Service
        • Repairing Bus Wiring
      • Programming
        • Module Configuration
      • Self-Diagnostic System
        • Inspection & Verification
        • Data Link Diagnostic Test
        • Retrieving Diagnostic Trouble Codes
        • Clearing Diagnostic Trouble Codes
        • Accessing Parameter Identification
        • Wiggle Test
      • Diagnostic Trouble Code Definitions
      • Parameter Identification Definitions
      • System Tests
        • Notes
        • Test A: 4-Wheel Anti-Lock Brake System Module Does Not Respond To NGS Tester
        • Test B: Central Security Module Does Not Respond To NGS Tester
        • Test C: Generic Electronic Module Does Not Respond To NGS Tester
        • Test D: Restraint Control Module Does Not Respond To NGS Tester
        • Test E: Air Suspension Control Module Does Not Respond To NGS Tester
        • Test F: Driver's Seat Module Does Not Respond To NGS Tester
        • Test G: Parking Aid Module Does Not Respond To NGS Tester
        • Test H: Powertrain Control Module Does Not Respond To NGS Tester
        • Test I: Instrument Cluster Does Not Respond To NGS Tester
        • Test J: Electronic Automatic Temperature Control Module Does Not Respond To NGS Tester
        • Test K: No Module/Network Communications - SCP Network
        • Test L: No Module/Network Communications - ISO 9141 Network
        • Test M: No Module/Network Communication - No Power To NGS Tester
      • Removal & Installation
        • Notes
        • Air Suspension Control Module
          • Removal & Installation
        • Central Security Module
          • Removal & Installation
        • Driver's Seat Module
          • Notes
          • Removal & Installation
        • Electronic Automatic Temperature Control Module
          • Removal & Installation
        • Generic Electronic Module
          • Notes
          • Removal & Installation
        • Instrument Cluster
          • Notes
          • Removal & Installation
        • Parking Aid Module
          • Removal & Installation
        • Powertrain Control Module
          • Removal & Installation
        • Restraint Control Module
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Seat Assembly
          • Notes
          • Removal & Installation
        • Seat Track
          • Removal & Installation
        • 4-Wheel Anti-Lock Brake System Control Module
          • Removal & Installation
      • Wiring Diagrams
        • Expedition
        • Navigator
  • Cruise Control Systems
    • Description & Operation
    • Component Locations
    • Trouble Shooting
    • Self-Diagnostic System (Expedition)
    • System Tests
      • Notes
      • Test A: Cruise Control Inoperative
      • Test B: Set Speed Fluctuates
      • Test C: Cruise Control System Does Not Disengage When Brakes Are Applied
      • Test D: Cruise Control Switch Does Not Operate
      • Test E: No Dynamic Pull Occurs/Speed Control Inoperative (Expedition)
      • Test F: Brake Pedal Position Switch Circuit Failure (Expedition)
      • Test G: Brake Pressure Switch Circuit Failure (Expedition)
      • Test H: Cruise Indicator Always On (Expedition)
      • Test I: Speed Signal Failure
    • Removal & Installation
      • Notes
      • Air Bag Sliding Contact
        • Notes
        • Removal & Installation
      • Brake Pedal Position Switch
        • Removal & Installation
      • Brake Pressure Switch
        • Removal & Installation
      • Speed Control Switch Assembly
        • Notes
        • Removal
        • Installation
      • Speed Control Cable
        • Removal
        • Installation
      • Speed Control Servo
        • Removal
        • Installation
    • Torque Specifications
    • Wiring Diagrams
      • Expedition
      • Navigator
  • Gauges & Instrument Panels
    • Analog Instrument Panels
      • Description & Operation
      • Component Locations
      • Trouble Shooting
      • Self-Diagnostic System
        • Notes
        • Retrieving Diagnostic Trouble Codes
          • Notes
          • Using Scan Tool
          • Using Hybrid Electronic Cluster
      • System Tests
        • Notes
        • Test A: No Communication With Hybrid Electronic Cluster
        • Test B: No Communication With Generic Electronic Module
        • Test C: Fuel Sender Open, Shorted Or Inaccurate
        • Test D: Low Fuel Indicator Never Or Always On
        • Test E: Oil Pressure Gauge Inaccurate Or Indicator Is Always On
        • Test F: Temperature Gauge Inaccurate
        • Test G: Speedometer/Odometer Inoperative
        • Test H: Safety Belt Indicator Inoperative (Chime Okay)
        • Test I: Safety Belt Indicator Does Not Operate Correctly (Chime Okay)
        • Test J: Door Ajar Indicator Inoperative (Chime Okay)
        • Test K: Door Ajar Indicator Does Not Operate Correctly (Chime Okay)
        • Test L: Brake Warning Indicator Inoperative Or Always On
        • Test M: Charging System Indicator Inoperative Or Always On
        • Test N: 4X4 Indicator Inoperative Or Always On
        • Test O: High Beam Indicator Inoperative Or Always On
        • Test P: Abs Indicator Inoperative Or Always On
        • Test Q: Ck SUSP Indicator Inoperative Or Always On
        • Test R: Service Engine Soon Indicator Inoperative
        • Test S: Turn/Hazard Indicator Inoperative Or Always On
        • Test T: Speed Control Indicator Is Never On
        • Test U: Low Washer Indicator Inoperative Or Always On
      • Removal & Installation
        • Notes
        • Generic Electronic Module
          • Notes
          • Removal & Installation
        • Headlight Switch
          • Removal & Installation
        • Instrument Cluster
          • Notes
          • Removal & Installation
        • Instrument Panel
          • Removal & Installation
        • 4-Wheel Anti-Lock Brake System Control Module
          • Removal & Installation
      • Torque Specifications
      • Wiring Diagrams
        • Expedition
        • Navigator
    • Overhead Console (Message Center)
      • Description & Operation
      • Component Locations
      • Adjustments
        • Compass Calibration
        • Compass Zone Adjustment
      • Self-Diagnostics
      • System Tests
        • Notes
        • Test A: The Message Center Is Not Operating Correctly - DTE Displays Co
        • Test B: The Message Center Is Not Operating Correctly - DTE Displays Cs
        • Test C: Not All Segments Of Display Illuminate
        • Test D: The Compass Is Inaccurate
        • Test E: The Message Center Display Is Blank
        • Test F: The Distance-To-Empty (DTE)/Average Fuel Economy Is Inoperative/Incorrect
      • Removal & Installation
        • Notes
        • Compass Sensor Module
        • Message Center
      • Wiring Diagrams
  • Headlights
    • AUTOLAMP Systems
      • Description & Operation
      • Component Locations
      • Trouble Shooting
      • Self-Diagnostics System
        • Retrieving Diagnostic Trouble Codes
        • Clearing Diagnostic Trouble Codes
      • System Tests
        • Notes
        • Test A: Both Headlights Inoperative
        • Test B: Low Beams Inoperative
        • Test C: High Beams Inoperative
        • Test D: One Low Beam Headlight Inoperative
        • Test E: One High Beam Headlight Inoperative
        • Test F: Headlights Always On
        • Test G: AUTOLAMPS Inoperative
        • Test H: Courtesy Lights Inoperative
        • Test I: Courtesy Lights Inoperative With One Door Open
        • Test J: Courtesy Lights Stay On
        • Test K: Illuminated Entry Inoperative With Remote
        • Test L: Battery Saver Components Inoperative
      • Component Tests
        • Headlight Switch
        • Micro ISO Relay
        • MULTIFUNCTION Switch
      • Removal & Installation
        • Headlight Bulb
          • Notes
          • Removal & Installation (Expedition)
          • Removal & Installation (Navigator)
        • Headlight Switch
          • Notes
          • Removal & Installation
        • MULTIFUNCTION Switch
          • Notes
          • Removal & Installation
      • Wiring Diagrams
        • Expedition
        • Navigator
  • Memory Modules
    • Adjustable Pedals Assembly System
      • Description & Operation
      • Programming
        • Adjustable Pedals Memory Positions
      • Troubleshooting
      • Self-Diagnostics System
      • System Tests
        • Test A: DTCS B1987, B1988, B1989 Pedal Forward/Rearward Motor Stalled
        • TEST B: DTCs B1990 & B1991 PEDAL FORWARD/REARWARD FEEDBACK CIRCUIT FAULT
        • Test C: Adjustable Pedals Do Not Operate/Do Not Operate Correctly (Expedition Only)
        • Test D: Adjustable Pedals Do Not Operate Correctly With Remote Transmitter
      • Component Tests
        • Memory Set Switch
      • Removal & Installation
        • Notes
        • Adjustable Brake Pedal
          • Removal & Installation
        • Adjustable Accelerator Pedal
          • Removal & Installation
        • Adjustable Pedals Motor
          • Removal & Installation
        • Adjustable Pedals Control Switch
          • Removal & Installation
        • Driver Seat Module
          • Removal & Installation
        • Memory Set Switch
      • Wiring Diagrams
  • Mirrors
    • Power Mirror System
      • Description & Operation
      • Component Locations
      • Programming
        • Notes
        • Recalling Programmed Positions
      • Trouble Shooting
      • Self-Diagnostic System
      • System Tests
        • Notes
        • Test A: Both Mirrors Inoperative (Without Memory)
        • Test B: Single Mirror Inoperative (Without Memory)
        • Test C: Single Mirror Malfunction With Switch Logic (Without Memory)
        • Test D: Memory Mirror Inoperative (Without Power Folding Mirrors)
        • Test E: Memory Mirror Inoperative (With Power Folding Mirrors)
        • Test F: Memory Mirror Inoperative Using Memory Set Switch
        • Test G: Memory Mirror Inoperative Using Remote Transmitter
        • Test H: Mirrors Do Not Defog Properly
        • Test I: Auto Dimming Does Not Operate Properly
        • Test J: No Communication With Driver's Seat Module
      • Component Tests
        • Notes
        • Memory Set Switch
        • Mirror Control Switch
      • Removal & Installation
        • Notes
        • Central Junction Box
        • Driver's Seat Module
          • Notes
          • Removal & Installation
        • Interior Rear View Mirror
          • Notes
          • Removal & Installation (Without Auto Dimming)
          • Removal & Installation (With Auto Dimming)
        • Memory Set Switch
        • Mirror Control Switch
        • Rear Window Defogger Switch
        • Seat Assembly
          • Notes
          • Removal & Installation
        • Side Mirror Assembly
          • Removal & Installation
        • Side Mirror Glass
          • Notes
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Side Mirror Glass With Memory
          • Notes
          • Removal & Installation
      • Wiring Diagrams
        • Expedition
        • Navigator
  • Seats
    • Power Seat System
      • Description & Operation
      • Component Location
      • Programming
        • Programming Memory Seat Positions
        • Recalling Programmed Memory Seat Positions
      • Trouble Shooting
      • Self-Diagnostic System
      • System Tests
        • Notes
        • Test A: Power Seat Inoperative
        • Test B: Power Seat Moves But Is Noisy
        • Test C: Power Seat Moves But Is Loose
        • Test D: Power Seat Does Not Make Full Travel
        • Test E: Power Seat Does Not Move Horizontally/Vertically
        • Test F: Memory Seat Inoperative
        • Test G: Memory Seat Only Moves In One Second Intervals/Memory Seat Does Not Operate Using Memory Switch
        • Test H: Memory Seat Does Not Operate Using Remote Transmitter
        • Test I: Heated Seat Inoperative
        • Test J: Heated Seat Switch Lights When Pressed But Seat Does Not Heat
        • Test K: Seat Heats But Heated Seat Switch Does Not Light When Pressed
        • Test L: All Temperature Controlled Seats Are Inoperative/Do Not Operate Correctly
        • Test M: Single Temperature Controlled Seat Is Inoperative/Does Not Operate Correctly
        • Test N: Temperature Imbalance Between Seat Cushion & Backrest
        • Test O: Driver's Power Lumbar Inoperative
        • Test P: Passenger's Power Lumbar Inoperative
      • Component Tests
        • Memory Set Switch
        • Power Seat Control Switch
      • Removal & Installation
        • Notes
        • Driver's Seat Module
          • Removal & Installation
        • Memory Set Switch
        • Power Seat Control Switches (Temperature Controlled/Heated Seat Switch, Lumbar Switch And Power Seat Control Switch)
          • Removal & Installation
        • Seat Assembly
          • Notes
          • Removal & Installation
        • Seat Back & Cushion TED'S
        • Seat Fan Motor
        • Seat Motor Assembly
        • Seat Track
          • Removal & Installation
        • Temperature Controlled/Heated Seat Module
          • Removal & Installation
      • Wiring Diagrams
  • Steering Column Switches
    • Description
    • Component Locations
    • Trouble Shooting
    • Self-Diagnostic System
    • System Tests
      • Notes
      • Test A: No Communication With Generic Electronic Module
      • Test B: Unable To Enter Self-Test
      • Test C: Ignition Switch Inoperative
      • Test D: No Power In Acc Position
      • Test E: No Power In Run Position
      • Test F: No Power In Start Position
      • Test G: Horn Does Not Sound
      • Test H: Horn Sounds Continuously
    • Component Tests
      • Notes
      • MULTIFUNCTION Switch
      • Ignition Switch
    • Removal & Installation
      • Notes
      • Central Security Module
        • Removal & Installation
      • CLOCKSPRING
        • Notes
        • Removal
        • Installation
      • Ignition Switch
        • Removal & Installation
      • Lock Cylinder
        • Removal & Installation (Functional)
        • Removal (Non-Functional)
        • Installation
      • MULTIFUNCTION Switch
        • Removal & Installation
    • Wiring Diagrams
      • 2001
        • Expedition
        • Navigator
      • 2002
        • Expedition
        • Navigator
  • Warning Systems
    • Parking Aid Systems
      • Description & Operation
        • Parking Aid System
        • Parking Aid Module
      • Component Locations
      • Trouble Shooting
        • Notes
        • System Operation Checks
          • Azimuth System Check
          • Elevation System Check
      • Self-Diagnostic System
      • System Tests
        • Notes
        • Test A: No Communication With Parking Aid Module
        • Test B: Parking Aid System Inoperative
      • Removal & Installation
        • Notes
        • Parking Aid Disable Switch
        • Parking Aid Module
          • Notes
          • Removal & Installation
        • Parking Aid Sensor
          • Removal & Installation
      • Wiring Diagrams
        • Expedition
        • Navigator
  • Window Motors & Regulators
    • Power Windows
      • Description
      • Component Locations
      • Trouble Shooting
      • Self-Diagnostic System
        • Self-Diagnostics
      • System Tests
        • Notes
        • Test A: No Communication With Gem
        • Test B: All Power Windows Inoperative
        • Test C: Single Window Inoperative (All Other Windows Operate)
        • Test D: One-Touch Down Feature Inoperative
        • Test E: Vent Window Inoperative
      • Component Tests
        • Micro Relays
        • Mini Relays
        • Power Window Master Switch
        • Power Window Motor
        • Power Window Single Switch
        • Power Vent Window Switch
      • Removal & Installation
        • Notes
        • Central Junction Box
        • Generic Electronic Module
          • Removal & Installation
        • Power Window Motor
          • Notes
          • Removal & Installation (Doors)
          • Removal & Installation (Vent)
        • Power Window Switch
          • Removal & Installation
      • Wiring Diagrams
        • Expedition
        • Navigator
  • Wiper/Washer Systems
    • Wiper System & Washer System
      • Description & Operation
      • Component Locations
      • Adjustments
        • Wiper Arm & Blade Assembly
      • Trouble Shooting
      • Self-Diagnostic System
      • System Tests
        • Notes
        • Test A: Front Wipers Inoperative
        • Test B: Front Wipers Stay On Continuously
        • Test C: Front Wipers Operate At Interval Setting, But Inoperative At High &/Or Low Speed
        • Test D: Front Wipers Inoperative At Interval Setting, But Operate At High & Low Speed
        • Test E: Front Washer Pump Is Inoperative
        • Test F: Front Wiper Speed Dependent Interval Mode Inoperative
        • Test G: Rear Wiper Inoperative
        • Test H: Rear Wiper Will Not Park In Proper Position
        • Test J: Rear Washer Pump Inoperative
        • TEST K: Rear Wiper REMAIN ON CONTINUOUSLY
        • Test L: Low Washer Fluid Indicator Does Not Operate Properly
        • Test M: No Communication With Generic Electronic Module
      • Component Tests
        • Front Wiper Motor
        • Rear Wiper Motor
        • Relays
          • Notes
          • Relays (Micro-ISO)
        • Wiper Switch
      • Removal & Installation
        • Notes
        • Front Wiper Motor
          • Removal & Installation
        • Generic Electronic Module
          • Notes
          • Removal & Installation
        • MULTIFUNCTION Switch
          • Removal & Installation
        • Rear Wiper Motor
          • Removal & Installation
      • Wiring Diagrams
        • Expedition
        • Navigator
• Body & Frame
  • Door Locks
    • Anti-Theft Systems - Passive
      • Description & Operation
      • Component Locations
      • Programming
        • Module Configuration
        • Key Programming Using 2 Programmed Keys
        • Erase All Keys & Program 2 Keys
        • Spare Key Programming Switch (Enable/Disable)
        • Key Programming Using One Programmed Key
        • Security Access Procedure
      • Trouble Shooting
      • Self-Diagnostic System
      • System Tests
        • Notes
        • Test A: No Communication With Hybrid Electronic Cluster
        • Test B: Theft Indicator Does Not Illuminate
        • Test C: Anti-Theft Number Of Programmed Keys Is Below Minimum
        • Test D: Antenna Not Connected
        • Test E: Ignition Key Transponder Signal Not Received
        • Test F: Incorrect Key Code From Ignition Key Transponder
        • Test G: Invalid Format Key Code From Ignition Key Transponder
        • Test H: Transceiver Module Signal Not Received
        • Test I: Pcm Id Does Not Match Instrument Cluster Id
        • Test J: Vehicle Starts, Theft Indicator Proves Out
        • Test K: Invalid Or Missing Vehicle Security Data
      • Removal & Installation
        • Notes
        • Instrument Cluster
          • Notes
          • Removal & Installation
        • Passive Anti-Theft System Transceiver Module
          • Notes
          • Removal & Installation
        • Powertrain Control Module
          • Removal & Installation
      • Wiring Diagrams
        • Expedition
        • Navigator
    • Passive Anti-Theft System Job Aid
      • Passive Anti-Theft System (Pats) Specifications
        • Ford System (Pats) Specifications
        • LINCOLN System (Pats) Specifications
        • Mercury System (Pats) Specifications
      • Pats Key Types
      • Diagnostic Trouble Codes
      • Non-Pats Issues
      • Things To Do:
      • Things Not To Do:
      • Programming Procedures
        • Notes
        • Key Programming Using Diagnostic Tools
          • Procedure #1
          • Procedure #2
          • Procedure #3
        • Spare Key Programming Using Diagnostic Tools
          • Procedure #4
        • Spare Key Programming Using Programmed Keys
          • Procedure #5
          • Procedure #6
        • Replacing Pats Control Module Or Pcm
          • Procedure #7
          • Procedure #8
    • Power Door Locks & Remote Keyless Entry Systems
      • Description & Operation
      • Component Locations
      • Programming
        • AUTOLOCK & Horn Chirp
        • Keyless Entry Keypad
        • Remote Transmitter
      • Trouble Shooting
        • Notes
        • Inspection & Verification
      • Self-Diagnostic System
        • Self-Diagnostics
      • System Tests
        • Notes
        • Test A: All Power Door Locks Inoperative From One Switch
        • Test B: All Power Door Locks Inoperative From One Switch
        • Test C: Driver's Side Power Door Lock Inoperative
        • Test D: Passenger's Power Door Lock Inoperative
        • Test E: Doors Do Not Lock/Unlock Using Keyless Entry Keypad
        • Test F: Doors Do Not Lock Or Unlock Using Remote Transmitter
        • Test G: AUTOLOCK Does Not Operate Correctly
        • Test H: Panic Feature Inoperative
        • Test I: Keyless Entry Keypad Illumination Inoperative
        • Test J: Remote Keyless Entry Transmitter Out Of Synchronization
      • Removal & Installation
        • Notes
        • Central Security Module
          • Removal & Installation
        • Door Lock Actuator
          • Notes
          • Removal & Installation (Front & Rear Doors)
          • Removal & Installation (Liftgate)
        • Door Lock Control Switches
          • Removal & Installation
        • Door Lock Cylinder
          • Removal & Installation
        • Door Trim Panel
          • Removal & Installation (Expedition)
          • Removal & Installation (Navigator)
        • Keyless Entry Keypad
          • Removal & Installation
      • Wiring Diagrams
        • Expedition
        • Navigator
    • Remote Keyless Entry System [Transmitter Programming Procedures]
      • Programming Methods & Transmitter Types
        • Programming Method And Transmitter Type Application
        • Transmitter Type Identification
        • Programming Methods
          • Programming Method A
          • Programming Method D
          • Programming Method I
          • Programming Method K
          • Programming Method L
          • Programming Method M
          • Programming Method N
          • Programming Method O
      • Helpful Hints
        • Remote Entry Programming Procedure
        • Poor Operating Range Performance
        • Miscellaneous
  • Mirrors
    • Power Mirror System
      • Description & Operation
      • Component Locations
      • Programming
        • Notes
        • Recalling Programmed Positions
      • Trouble Shooting
      • Self-Diagnostic System
      • System Tests
        • Notes
        • Test A: Both Mirrors Inoperative (Without Memory)
        • Test B: Single Mirror Inoperative (Without Memory)
        • Test C: Single Mirror Malfunction With Switch Logic (Without Memory)
        • Test D: Memory Mirror Inoperative (Without Power Folding Mirrors)
        • Test E: Memory Mirror Inoperative (With Power Folding Mirrors)
        • Test F: Memory Mirror Inoperative Using Memory Set Switch
        • Test G: Memory Mirror Inoperative Using Remote Transmitter
        • Test H: Mirrors Do Not Defog Properly
        • Test I: Auto Dimming Does Not Operate Properly
        • Test J: No Communication With Driver's Seat Module
      • Component Tests
        • Notes
        • Memory Set Switch
        • Mirror Control Switch
      • Removal & Installation
        • Notes
        • Central Junction Box
        • Driver's Seat Module
          • Notes
          • Removal & Installation
        • Interior Rear View Mirror
          • Notes
          • Removal & Installation (Without Auto Dimming)
          • Removal & Installation (With Auto Dimming)
        • Memory Set Switch
        • Mirror Control Switch
        • Rear Window Defogger Switch
        • Seat Assembly
          • Notes
          • Removal & Installation
        • Side Mirror Assembly
          • Removal & Installation
        • Side Mirror Glass
          • Notes
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Side Mirror Glass With Memory
          • Notes
          • Removal & Installation
      • Wiring Diagrams
        • Expedition
        • Navigator
  • Seats
    • Power Seat System
      • Description & Operation
      • Component Location
      • Programming
        • Programming Memory Seat Positions
        • Recalling Programmed Memory Seat Positions
      • Trouble Shooting
      • Self-Diagnostic System
      • System Tests
        • Notes
        • Test A: Power Seat Inoperative
        • Test B: Power Seat Moves But Is Noisy
        • Test C: Power Seat Moves But Is Loose
        • Test D: Power Seat Does Not Make Full Travel
        • Test E: Power Seat Does Not Move Horizontally/Vertically
        • Test F: Memory Seat Inoperative
        • Test G: Memory Seat Only Moves In One Second Intervals/Memory Seat Does Not Operate Using Memory Switch
        • Test H: Memory Seat Does Not Operate Using Remote Transmitter
        • Test I: Heated Seat Inoperative
        • Test J: Heated Seat Switch Lights When Pressed But Seat Does Not Heat
        • Test K: Seat Heats But Heated Seat Switch Does Not Light When Pressed
        • Test L: All Temperature Controlled Seats Are Inoperative/Do Not Operate Correctly
        • Test M: Single Temperature Controlled Seat Is Inoperative/Does Not Operate Correctly
        • Test N: Temperature Imbalance Between Seat Cushion & Backrest
        • Test O: Driver's Power Lumbar Inoperative
        • Test P: Passenger's Power Lumbar Inoperative
      • Component Tests
        • Memory Set Switch
        • Power Seat Control Switch
      • Removal & Installation
        • Notes
        • Driver's Seat Module
          • Removal & Installation
        • Memory Set Switch
        • Power Seat Control Switches (Temperature Controlled/Heated Seat Switch, Lumbar Switch And Power Seat Control Switch)
          • Removal & Installation
        • Seat Assembly
          • Notes
          • Removal & Installation
        • Seat Back & Cushion TED'S
        • Seat Fan Motor
        • Seat Motor Assembly
        • Seat Track
          • Removal & Installation
        • Temperature Controlled/Heated Seat Module
          • Removal & Installation
      • Wiring Diagrams
  • Sun Roof/T-Top/Convertible Top
    • Power Moon Roofs
      • Description
      • Operation
      • Component Locations
      • Adjustments
        • Glass Panel Height
        • Horizontal Adjustment
      • Trouble Shooting
      • System Tests
        • Notes
        • Test A: Excessive Wind Noise
        • Test B: Moon Roof Leaks
        • Test C: Moon Roof Opening Panel Rattles
        • Test D: Moon Roof Noisy During Operation
        • Test E: Moon Roof Inoperative
        • Test F: Moon Roof Inoperative In One Direction Only
      • Component Tests
        • Moon Roof Control Switch
        • Accessory Delay Relay
      • Removal & Installation
        • Notes
        • Moon Roof Control Module
          • Removal & Installation
        • Moon Roof Glass
          • Removal & Installation
        • Moon Roof Motor
          • Notes
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Moon Roof Opening Panel
          • Removal & Installation
        • Moon Roof Opening Panel Control Switch
        • Moon Roof Opening Panel Frame
          • Removal & Installation
        • Overhead Console
        • Shade (Shield)
          • Removal & Installation
      • Torque Specifications
      • Wiring Diagrams
        • 2001
          • Expedition
          • Navigator
        • 2002
          • Expedition
          • Navigator
  • Power Windows
    • Description
    • Component Locations
    • Trouble Shooting
    • Self-Diagnostic System
      • Self-Diagnostics
    • System Tests
      • Notes
      • Test A: No Communication With Gem
      • Test B: All Power Windows Inoperative
      • Test C: Single Window Inoperative (All Other Windows Operate)
      • Test D: One-Touch Down Feature Inoperative
      • Test E: Vent Window Inoperative
    • Component Tests
      • Micro Relays
      • Mini Relays
      • Power Window Master Switch
      • Power Window Motor
      • Power Window Single Switch
      • Power Vent Window Switch
    • Removal & Installation
      • Notes
      • Central Junction Box
      • Generic Electronic Module
        • Removal & Installation
      • Power Window Motor
        • Notes
        • Removal & Installation (Doors)
        • Removal & Installation (Vent)
      • Power Window Switch
        • Removal & Installation
    • Wiring Diagrams
      • Expedition
      • Navigator
• Brakes
  • Anti-Lock Brakes
    • Anti-Lock Control
      • Specifications
        • Torque Specifications
      • Description And Operation
        • Anti-Lock Control
      • Diagnosis And Testing
        • Anti-Lock Control
          • Notes
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Principles of Operation
          • Inspection and Verification - Diagnostic Tool Communications Check
          • Inspection and Verification - Drive Cycle Test
          • Anti-Lock Brake System (ABS) Module Diagnostic Trouble Code (DTC) Index
          • Symptom Chart
          • Pinpoint Tests
            • Pinpoint Test A: No Communication With The Anti-Lock Brake System (Abs) Module
            • Pinpoint Test B: Unable To Enter Self-Test
            • Pinpoint Test C: DTC: C1220-Yellow Abs Warning Indicator Failure
            • PINPOINT TEST D: DTCs C1194, C1196, C1198, C1200, C1202, C1204, C1206, C1208, C1210, C1212, C1214, C1216-ISOLATION VALVE, DUMP VALVE
            • Pinpoint Test E: DTC: C1155-Left Front Wheel Speed Sensor
            • PINPOINT TEST F: DTCs: C1158, C1233-LEFT FRONT BRAKE ANTI-LOCK SENSOR (DYNAMIC)
            • Pinpoint Test G: DTC: C1145-Right Front Wheel Speed Sensor (Electrical/Static)
            • PINPOINT TEST H: DTCs: C1148, C1234-RIGHT FRONT WHEEL SPEED SENSOR (DYNAMIC)
            • Pinpoint Test I: DTC:1230 - Rear Axle Speed Sensor (Electrical/Static)
            • PINPOINT TEST J: DTCs: C1229, C1237 - REAR AXLE SPEED SENSOR DIAGNOSIS (DYNAMIC)
            • Pinpoint Test K: Soft Or Excessive Pedal Travel
            • PINPOINT TEST L: DTCs: C1095, C1096 - ABS HYDRAULIC PUMP MOTOR FAILURE
            • PINPOINT TEST M: DTCs: C1113, C1115, C1185-INTERNAL POWER RELAY FAILURE
            • PINPOINT TEST N: DTCs C1184 - ABS SYSTEM TIMEOUT, C1222 - WHEEL SPEED ERROR (DYNAMIC)
            • Pinpoint Test O: DTC: C1169 - Excessive Dump Time
            • Pinpoint Test P: The Yellow Abs Warning Indicator Does Not Self Check
            • Pinpoint Test Q: B1676 - Voltage Out Of Range
          • Component Test - Intermittent Failures
            • Sensor
      • Removal And Installation
        • Hydraulic Control Unit (HCU)
          • Removal and Installation
        • Anti-Lock Brake System (ABS) Module
          • Removal and Installation
        • Sensor - Front, 4x2
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Sensor - Front, 4x4
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Sensor - Rear
          • Removal and Installation
        • Sensor Indicator - Front, 4x2
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Removal
          • Installation
  • Mechanical - Hydraulic
    • Brake System-General Information
      • Specifications
        • General Specifications
        • Torque Specifications
      • Description And Operation
        • Brake System
          • Brake System Components
            • Notes
            • Adjustable Pedals
            • Driver Seat Module
            • Adjustable Pedal Operation
            • Memory Adjustable Pedal Operation
            • Programming Adjustable Pedal Positions
            • Recalling a Stored Adjustable Pedal Position
      • Diagnosis And Testing
        • Brake System
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Material
          • Inspection and Verification
          • Road Test
          • Brake Pads
          • Brake Discs
          • Brake Caliper
          • Brake Caliper Guide Pins
          • Brake Lines and Tubes
          • Non-Pressure Leaks
          • Brake Master Cylinder - Normal Conditions
          • Brake Master Cylinder - Abnormal Conditions
          • Brake Booster
          • Parking Brake
          • Visual Inspection
          • Adjustable Pedals With Memory Feature (Navigator only)
          • DSM Diagnostic Trouble Code (DTC) Index
          • Parameter Identification (PID) Index
          • Active Command Index
          • Symptom Chart
          • Pinpoint Tests
            • Pinpoint Test A: No Communication With The Module - Unable To Carry Out On-Demand SELFTEST With The DSM (Navigator Only)
            • Pinpoint Test B: Red Brake Warning Indicator Always On
            • Pinpoint Test C: Adjustable Brake Pedal Does Not Operate Correctly - System Without Memory
            • Pinpoint Test D: Adjustable Brake Pedal Does Not Operate Correctly - System With Memory
            • Pinpoint Test E: Adjustable Brake Pedal Does Not Operate Correctly - Does Not Operate Using The Memory Set Switch
            • Pinpoint Test F: Adjustable Brake Pedal Does Not Operate Correctly - Does Not Operate Using The Remote Transmitter
            • Pinpoint Test G: Vibration When The Brakes Are Applied
          • Component Tests
            • Brake Booster
          • Brake Booster Operation Check
          • Check Valve
          • Brake Master Cylinder - Bypass Condition Test
          • Compensator Port Check
      • General Procedures
        • Brake Disc Machining
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Material
          • Procedure
        • Bleeding
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Master Cylinder, In Vehicle
          • Four Wheel Anti-Lock Brake System (4WABS)
          • Gravity
          • Manual
          • Pressure
          • Master Cylinder, Bench
        • Hydraulic Leak Check
    • Disc Brakes
      • Description & Operation
      • Bleeding Brake System
        • Notes
        • Manual Bleeding
          • Notes
          • Master Cylinder Bleeding (Bench)
          • Master Cylinder Bleeding (On-Vehicle)
          • Gravity Bleeding
          • Manual Bleeding
        • Pressure Bleeding
        • Bleeding Sequence
      • Adjustments
        • Notes
        • Vacuum Power Booster Push Rod
      • Trouble Shooting
        • Notes
        • Inspection
        • Master Cylinder
      • Component Tests
        • Power Brake Booster Function Test
        • Master Cylinder
        • Brake Warning Light
        • Brake Pedal Reserve
        • Vacuum Power Booster
        • Vacuum Booster Check Valve
      • Removal & Installation
        • Notes
        • Disc Brake Caliper
          • Notes
          • Removal (Front)
          • Installation
          • Removal (Rear)
        • Disc Brake Pads
          • Notes
          • Removal (Front)
          • Installation
          • Removal (Rear)
        • Front Brake Rotor
          • Notes
          • Removal (2WD)
          • Inspection
          • Installation
          • Removal & Installation (4WD)
        • Master Cylinder
          • Removal & Installation
        • Parking Brake Cable & Conduit
          • Removal & Installation (Front)
          • Removal & Installation (Right Rear)
          • Removal & Installation (Left Rear)
        • Parking Brake Control
          • Removal & Installation
        • Parking Brake Release Actuator Motor
          • Removal & Installation
        • Parking Brake Release Actuator Solenoid
          • Removal & Installation
        • Parking Brake Release Actuator Switch
          • Removal & Installation
        • Parking Brake Shoes
          • Removal & Installation
        • Rear Brake Rotor
          • Removal & Installation
        • Vacuum Power Booster
          • Removal & Installation
      • Overhaul
        • Disc Brake Caliper
          • Disassembly
          • Cleaning & Inspection
          • Reassembly
        • Master Cylinder
          • Disassembly
          • Reassembly
      • Brake Specifications
      • Torque Specifications
  • Traction Control
    • Anti-Lock Control
      • Specifications
        • Torque Specifications
      • Description And Operation
        • Anti-Lock Control
      • Diagnosis And Testing
        • Anti-Lock Control
          • Notes
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Principles of Operation
          • Inspection and Verification - Diagnostic Tool Communications Check
          • Inspection and Verification - Drive Cycle Test
          • Anti-Lock Brake System (ABS) Module Diagnostic Trouble Code (DTC) Index
          • Symptom Chart
          • Pinpoint Tests
            • Pinpoint Test A: No Communication With The Anti-Lock Brake System (Abs) Module
            • Pinpoint Test B: Unable To Enter Self-Test
            • Pinpoint Test C: DTC: C1220-Yellow Abs Warning Indicator Failure
            • PINPOINT TEST D: DTCs C1194, C1196, C1198, C1200, C1202, C1204, C1206, C1208, C1210, C1212, C1214, C1216-ISOLATION VALVE, DUMP VALVE
            • Pinpoint Test E: DTC: C1155-Left Front Wheel Speed Sensor
            • PINPOINT TEST F: DTCs: C1158, C1233-LEFT FRONT BRAKE ANTI-LOCK SENSOR (DYNAMIC)
            • Pinpoint Test G: DTC: C1145-Right Front Wheel Speed Sensor (Electrical/Static)
            • PINPOINT TEST H: DTCs: C1148, C1234-RIGHT FRONT WHEEL SPEED SENSOR (DYNAMIC)
            • Pinpoint Test I: DTC:1230 - Rear Axle Speed Sensor (Electrical/Static)
            • PINPOINT TEST J: DTCs: C1229, C1237 - REAR AXLE SPEED SENSOR DIAGNOSIS (DYNAMIC)
            • Pinpoint Test K: Soft Or Excessive Pedal Travel
            • PINPOINT TEST L: DTCs: C1095, C1096 - ABS HYDRAULIC PUMP MOTOR FAILURE
            • PINPOINT TEST M: DTCs: C1113, C1115, C1185-INTERNAL POWER RELAY FAILURE
            • PINPOINT TEST N: DTCs C1184 - ABS SYSTEM TIMEOUT, C1222 - WHEEL SPEED ERROR (DYNAMIC)
            • Pinpoint Test O: DTC: C1169 - Excessive Dump Time
            • Pinpoint Test P: The Yellow Abs Warning Indicator Does Not Self Check
            • Pinpoint Test Q: B1676 - Voltage Out Of Range
          • Component Test - Intermittent Failures
            • Sensor
      • Removal And Installation
        • Hydraulic Control Unit (HCU)
          • Removal and Installation
        • Anti-Lock Brake System (ABS) Module
          • Removal and Installation
        • Sensor - Front, 4x2
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Sensor - Front, 4x4
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Sensor - Rear
          • Removal and Installation
        • Sensor Indicator - Front, 4x2
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Removal
          • Installation
• Drivelines & Axles
  • Axle Shafts
    • Axle Shafts
      • Description & Operation
      • Lubrication
      • Trouble Shooting
        • Notes
        • Clicking, Popping Or Grinding Noises While Turning
          • Inadequate Or Contaminated Lubricant In Inner/Outer Axle Shaft CV Joint
          • Another Component Contacting Axle Shaft Assembly
          • Brake Components
          • Wheel Bearings, Suspension Or Steering Components
        • Shudder Vibration During Acceleration
          • High CV Joint Operating Angles Caused By Incorrect Ride Height
          • Front Suspension Components
          • Excessively Worn Or Damaged Inboard Or Outboard CV Joint
        • Vibration At Speeds Greater Than 35 Mph
          • Out Of Balance Or Out-Of-Round Tires
          • Incorrectly Seated Outboard CV Joint In Front Wheel Hub
          • Lateral & Radial Tire & Wheel Runout
          • Worn CV Joint
      • Removal & Installation
        • Axle Shafts
          • Notes
          • Removal
      • Overhaul
        • Axle Shafts
          • Disassembly (Inboard Joint)
          • Reassembly
          • Disassembly & Reassembly (Outboard Joint)
      • Torque Specifications
    • Driveline System-General Information
      • Specifications
      • Description And Operation
        • Driveline System
          • Notes
          • Vehicle Certification (VC) Label Example
          • Front Axle Identification Tag
          • Rear Axle Identification Tag
          • Axle Identification Tag Denoting Interchangeability Affected Internally
      • Diagnosis And Testing
        • Driveline System
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Inspection and Verification
          • Noise Acceptability
          • Universal Joint (U-Joint) Inspection
          • Inspection For Bent Rear Axle
          • Analysis of Leakage
            • Notes
            • Axle Vent
            • Flange Yoke Seal
            • Axle Shaft Seals
            • Differential Seals
          • Analysis of Vibration
            • Notes
            • Tires
            • Driveline Angle
            • Universal Joint (U-Joint) Wear
            • Wheel Hub or Axle Flange Bolt Circle Runout
            • Pilot Runout
            • Wheel Hub or Axle Flange Face Runout
            • Drive Pinion Stem and Pinion Flange
            • Halfshafts, Front Wheel
          • Axle Noise
            • Notes
            • Gear Howl and Whine
            • Bearing Whine
            • Chuckle
            • Knock
            • Clunk
          • Total Backlash Check
            • Notes
            • Axle Shaft Bearing Noise
            • Bearing Rumble
          • Symptom Chart
          • Component Tests
            • Driveline Vibration
          • Driveshaft Vibrates
          • Traction-Lok(R) Differential Operation Check
          • Traction-Lok(R) Differential Check Road Test
          • Pinion Flange Runout Check - Circular
          • Tooth Contact Pattern Check - Gearset
            • Notes
            • Contact Pattern Location
      • General Procedures
        • Driveline Angle Inspection
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Inspection Procedure
        • Axle Housing Casting Porosity (Holes in Casting) Repair
        • Axle Housing Weld Leaks Repair
  • Differentials & Drive Axles
    • Driveline System-General Information
      • Specifications
      • Description And Operation
        • Driveline System
          • Notes
          • Vehicle Certification (VC) Label Example
          • Front Axle Identification Tag
          • Rear Axle Identification Tag
          • Axle Identification Tag Denoting Interchangeability Affected Internally
      • Diagnosis And Testing
        • Driveline System
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Inspection and Verification
          • Noise Acceptability
          • Universal Joint (U-Joint) Inspection
          • Inspection For Bent Rear Axle
          • Analysis of Leakage
            • Notes
            • Axle Vent
            • Flange Yoke Seal
            • Axle Shaft Seals
            • Differential Seals
          • Analysis of Vibration
            • Notes
            • Tires
            • Driveline Angle
            • Universal Joint (U-Joint) Wear
            • Wheel Hub or Axle Flange Bolt Circle Runout
            • Pilot Runout
            • Wheel Hub or Axle Flange Face Runout
            • Drive Pinion Stem and Pinion Flange
            • Halfshafts, Front Wheel
          • Axle Noise
            • Notes
            • Gear Howl and Whine
            • Bearing Whine
            • Chuckle
            • Knock
            • Clunk
          • Total Backlash Check
            • Notes
            • Axle Shaft Bearing Noise
            • Bearing Rumble
          • Symptom Chart
          • Component Tests
            • Driveline Vibration
          • Driveshaft Vibrates
          • Traction-Lok(R) Differential Operation Check
          • Traction-Lok(R) Differential Check Road Test
          • Pinion Flange Runout Check - Circular
          • Tooth Contact Pattern Check - Gearset
            • Notes
            • Contact Pattern Location
      • General Procedures
        • Driveline Angle Inspection
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Inspection Procedure
        • Axle Housing Casting Porosity (Holes in Casting) Repair
        • Axle Housing Weld Leaks Repair
    • Front Drive Axle/Differential - Ford 8.8-Inch Ring Gear
      • Specifications
        • General Specifications
        • Torque Specifications
      • Description And Operation
        • Front Drive Axle and Differential
          • Front Axle Assembly - Disassembled View
          • Front Differential - Disassembled View
      • Diagnosis And Testing
        • Front Drive Axle
      • General Procedures
        • Differential Case Runout Check
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Procedure
      • In-Vehicle Repair
        • Drive Pinion Seal
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Universal Joint Flange - Front
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Removal
          • Installation
      • Removal And Installation
        • Axle Assembly - Front Drive
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Differential Ring and Pinion
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Material
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Differential Bearings
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Material
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Differential Carrier
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Material
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Bushing - Carrier
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Bushing - Cover
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Bushing - Tube
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Removal
          • Installation
      • Disassembly And Assembly
        • Axle - Front Drive
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Disassembly
          • Assembly
        • Differential Case
          • Disassembly
          • Assembly
    • Rear Drive Axle/Differential - Ford 8.8-Inch Ring Gear
      • Specifications
        • General Specifications
        • Torque Specifications
      • Description And Operation
        • Rear Drive Axle and Differential
      • Diagnosis And Testing
        • Rear Drive Axle and Differential
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Inspection and Verification
          • Diagnostic Routines
            • Diagnostic Routine - Fluid Loss
            • Diagnostic Routine - Noise Louder On Turns (Sweeping)
            • Diagnostic Routine - Noise (Growl) In Tight Turn, Conventional Differential
            • Diagnostic Routine - Noise (Chatter/Shudder) In Tight Turns, Limited Slip Differential
            • Diagnostic Routine - Noise (Whine) In All Or More Than One Drive Modes
            • Diagnostic Routine - Noise (Tick/Click) In All Or More Than One Drive Modes
            • Diagnostic Routine - Noise (Howl/Moan) In All Or More Than One Drive Modes
            • Diagnostic Routine - Noise (Clunk) On Changes In Speed Or Direction Of Power
            • Diagnostic Routine - Vibration
          • Checking Differential Ring Gear Backlash
          • Checking Tooth Contact Pattern and Condition of the Ring and Pinion
            • Notes
            • Good Contact Pattern
            • Low Contact Pattern That Is Contacting More Toward the Heel
              • Gross Pattern Error
            • High, Thin Contact Pattern In the Center Of the Tooth
              • Gross Pattern Error
            • Thick Contact Pattern That Is Contacting Tooth Toward the Heel
              • Gross Pattern Error
            • Thick Contact Pattern That Is Contacting Tooth Toward the Toe
              • Gross Pattern Error
      • In-Vehicle Repair
        • Axle Shaft
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Rear Wheel Bearing and Axle Shaft Oil Seal
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Drive Pinion Flange
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Drive Pinion Seal
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Differential Housing Cover
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Drive Pinion
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Differential Case
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Removal
          • Installation
      • Removal And Installation
        • Axle Assembly - Air Suspension
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Axle Assembly - Coil Suspension
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Differential Carrier
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Removal
          • Installation
      • Disassembly And Assembly
        • Differential Case and Ring Gear - Conventional
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Disassembly
          • Assembly
        • Differential Case and Ring Gear - Traction-Lok(R)
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Disassembly
          • Assembly
    • Rear Drive Axle/Differential - Ford 9.75-Inch Ring Gear
      • Specifications
        • General Specifications
        • Torque Specifications
      • Description And Operation
        • Rear Drive Axle and Differential
          • Rear Axle - 9.75-Inch Ring Gear
          • Description
          • Differential Side Gear and Rear Axle Disc and Plate Kit
          • Operation
      • Diagnosis And Testing
        • Rear Drive Axle and Differential
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Inspection and Verification
          • Diagnostic Routines
            • Diagnostic Routine - Fluid Loss
            • Diagnostic Routine - Noise Louder on Turns (Sweeping)
            • Diagnostic Routine - Noise (Growl) In Tight Turn, Conventional Differential
            • Diagnostic Routine - Noise (Chatter/Shudder) In Tight Turns, Limited Slip Differential
            • Diagnostic Routine - Noise (Whine) In All Or More Than One Drive Modes
            • Diagnostic Routine - Noise (Tick/Click) In All Or More Than One Drive Modes
            • Diagnostic Routine - Noise (Howl/Moan) In All Or More Than One Drive Modes
            • Diagnostic Routine - Noise (Clunk) On Changes In Speed Or Direction Of Power
            • Diagnostic Routine - Vibration
          • Checking Differential Ring Gear Backlash
          • Checking Tooth Contact Pattern and Condition of the Ring and Pinion
            • Notes
            • Good Contact Pattern
            • Low Contact Pattern That Is Contacting More Toward the Heel
            • High, Thin Contact Pattern In the Center Of the Tooth
            • Thick Contact Pattern That Is Contacting Tooth Toward the Heel
            • Thick Contact Pattern That Is Contacting Tooth Toward the Toe
      • In-Vehicle Repair
        • Axle Shaft
          • Notes
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Rear Wheel Bearing and Axle Shaft Oil Seal
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Drive Pinion Flange
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Drive Pinion Seal
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Differential Housing Cover
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Drive Pinion
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Differential Case
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Differential Ring and Pinion
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Material
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Differential Bearings
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Material
          • Removal
          • Installation
      • Removal And Installation
        • Axle Assembly - Air Suspension
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Axle Assembly - Coil Suspension
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Differential Carrier
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Removal
          • Installation
      • Disassembly And Assembly
        • Differential Case and Ring Gear - Conventional
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Disassembly
          • Assembly
        • Differential Case and Ring Gear - Traction-Lok
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Disassembly
          • Assembly
  • Driveshaft & Universal Joints
    • Drive Shafts
      • Identification
      • Description
      • Trouble Shooting
      • Inspection
        • Drive Shaft Angles
        • Drive Shaft RUNOUT
        • Universal Joint
      • Removal & Installation
        • Notes
        • Drive Shaft
          • Notes
          • Removal & Installation (Front)
          • Removal & Installation (Rear)
      • Overhaul
        • Notes
        • Drive Shaft Slip Yoke & Boot
          • Disassembly
          • Assembly
        • Single CARDAN Universal Joints
          • Notes
          • Disassembly
          • Assembly
        • Double CARDAN Universal Joints
          • Notes
          • Disassembly
          • Assembly
      • Torque Specifications
    • Driveline System-General Information
      • Specifications
      • Description And Operation
        • Driveline System
          • Notes
          • Vehicle Certification (VC) Label Example
          • Front Axle Identification Tag
          • Rear Axle Identification Tag
          • Axle Identification Tag Denoting Interchangeability Affected Internally
      • Diagnosis And Testing
        • Driveline System
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Inspection and Verification
          • Noise Acceptability
          • Universal Joint (U-Joint) Inspection
          • Inspection For Bent Rear Axle
          • Analysis of Leakage
            • Notes
            • Axle Vent
            • Flange Yoke Seal
            • Axle Shaft Seals
            • Differential Seals
          • Analysis of Vibration
            • Notes
            • Tires
            • Driveline Angle
            • Universal Joint (U-Joint) Wear
            • Wheel Hub or Axle Flange Bolt Circle Runout
            • Pilot Runout
            • Wheel Hub or Axle Flange Face Runout
            • Drive Pinion Stem and Pinion Flange
            • Halfshafts, Front Wheel
          • Axle Noise
            • Notes
            • Gear Howl and Whine
            • Bearing Whine
            • Chuckle
            • Knock
            • Clunk
          • Total Backlash Check
            • Notes
            • Axle Shaft Bearing Noise
            • Bearing Rumble
          • Symptom Chart
          • Component Tests
            • Driveline Vibration
          • Driveshaft Vibrates
          • Traction-Lok(R) Differential Operation Check
          • Traction-Lok(R) Differential Check Road Test
          • Pinion Flange Runout Check - Circular
          • Tooth Contact Pattern Check - Gearset
            • Notes
            • Contact Pattern Location
      • General Procedures
        • Driveline Angle Inspection
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Inspection Procedure
        • Axle Housing Casting Porosity (Holes in Casting) Repair
        • Axle Housing Weld Leaks Repair
• Electrical
  • Body Electrical
    • OEM Connector End Views
      • A/C clutch solenoid connector end view (C100)
      • Crankshaft position sensor connector end view (C101)
      • Generator connector end view (C102a)
      • Generator connector end view (C102b)
      • Generator connector end view (C102c)
      • Oil pressure switch connector end view (C103)
      • Engine Oil Temperature (EOT) sensor connector end view (C104)
      • Injection pressure sensor connector end view (C106)
      • Cylinder... head temperature sensor connector end view (C107)
      • Knock sensor connector end view (C108)
      • Knock sensor connector end view (C109)
      • Inline Connector end view (C110)
      • Coil On Plug (COP) 1 connector end view (C111)
      • Coil On Plug (COP) 2 connector end view (C112)
      • Coil On Plug (COP) 3 connector end view (C113)
      • Coil On Plug (COP) 4 connector end view (C114)
      • Coil On Plug (COP) 5 connector end view (C115)
      • Coil On Plug (COP) 6 connector end view (C116)
      • Coil On Plug (COP) 7 connector end view (C117)
      • Coil On Plug (COP) 8 connector end view (C118)
      • Speed control servo connector end view (C122)
      • EVAP canister purge valve connector end view (C123)
      • Brake fluid level switch connector end view (C124)
      • Windshield wiper motor connector end view (C125)
      • Mass Air Flow (MAF) sensor connector end view (C128)
      • Intake Air Temperature (IAT) sensor connector end view (C129)
      • A/C clutch cycling pressure switch connector end view (C130)
      • Ambient air temperature sensor connector end view (C132)
      • Inline Connector end view (C133)
      • Inline Connector end view (C134)
      • ABS control module connector end view (C135)
      • Windshield washer pump motor connector end view (C137)
      • Inline Connector end view (C139)
      • Inline Connector end view (C140)
      • Heated Oxygen Sensor (HO2S) #22 connector end view (C141)
      • Heated Oxygen Sensor (HO2S) #12 connector end view (C142)
      • Turbine Shaft Speed (TSS) sensor connector end view (C143)
      • Inline Connector end view (C144)
      • Inline Connector end view (C145)
      • Inline Connector end view (C146)
      • Wheel speed sensor, left front connector end view (C150)
      • ABS control module connector end view (C155a)
      • ABS control module connector end view (C155b)
      • Wheel speed sensor, right front connector end view (C160)
      • Digital Transmission Range (DTR) sensor connector end view (C167)
      • 4R100 transmission connector end view (C168)
      • Heated Oxygen Sensor (HO2S) #11 connector end view (C171)
      • Heated Oxygen Sensor (HO2S) #21 connector end view (C172)
      • Ignition transformer capacitor 1 connector end view (C174)
      • Powertrain Control Module (PCM) connector end view (C175)
      • Forward crash sensor connector end view (C177)
      • Camshaft position sensor connector end view (C180)
      • Fuel injector 1 connector end view (C181)
      • Fuel injector 2 connector end view (C182)
      • Fuel injector 3 connector end view (C183)
      • Fuel injector 4 connector end view (C184)
      • Fuel injector 5 connector end view (C185)
      • Fuel injector 6 connector end view (C186)
      • Fuel injector 7 connector end view (C187)
      • Fuel injector 8 connector end view (C188)
      • Throttle Position Sensor (TPS) connector end view (C189)
      • Inlet Manifold Runner Control (IMRC) module connector end view (C191)
      • Inline Connector end view (C192)
      • Output Shaft Speed (OSS) sensor connector end view (C193)
      • Ignition transformer capacitor 2 connector end view (C194)
      • Starter motor connector end view (C197a)
      • Starter motor connector end view (C197b)
      • Multifunction switch connector end view (C202a)
      • Multifunction switch connector end view (C202b)
      • Main light switch connector end view (C205)
      • Inline Connector end view (C210)
      • Inline Connector end view (C211)
      • Inline Connector end view (C212)
      • Inline Connector end view (C213)
      • Air bag sliding contact connector end view (C218a)
      • Air bag sliding contact connector end view (C218b)
      • Inline Connector end view (C219)
      • Instrument cluster connector end view (C220a)
      • Instrument cluster connector end view (C220b)
      • Instrument cluster Instrument cluster connector end view (C220c)
      • Inline Connector end view (C237)
      • Inline Connector end view (C238)
      • Inline Connector end view (C248)
      • Ignition switch connector end view (C250)
      • Data Link Connector End View (DLC) connector end view (C251)
      • Passenger air bag module connector end view (C256)
      • Inline Connector end view (C275)
      • Brake pedal position switch connector end view (C278)
      • Inertia fuel Shutoff (IFS) switch connector end view (C282)
      • Temperature blend door actuator connector end view (C289)
      • Inline Connector end view (C291)
      • Function selector switch assembly, front connector end view (C294a)
      • Function selector switch assembly, front connector end view (C294b)
      • Function selector switch assembly, front connector end view (C294c)
      • Function selector switch assembly, front connector end view (C294d)
      • Function selector switch assembly, front connector end view (C294e)
      • Inline Connector end view (C298)
      • Inline Connector end view (C299)
      • Inline Connector end view (C300)
      • Passenger safety belt retractor pretensioner connector end view (C303)
      • Inline Connector end view (C311)
      • Inline Connector end view (C312)
      • Inline Connector end view (C313)
      • Inline Connector end view (C314)
      • Inline Connector end view (C315)
      • Driver safety belt retractor pretensioner connector end view (C323)
      • Inline Connector end view (C327)
      • Inline Connector end view (C328)
      • Inline Connector end view (C339)
      • Inline Connector end view (C340)
      • Power seat motor assembly, left connector end view (C353)
      • Seat adjust switch, driver side front connector end view (C360)
      • Power point connector end view (C380)
      • Sliding door contact switch, right connector end view (C384)
      • Sliding door ajar switch, right connector end view (C398)
      • Inline Connector end view (C405)
      • Inline Connector end view (C406)
      • Inline Connector end view (C411)
      • Lamp assembly, left rear connector end view (C414)
      • Lamp assembly, right rear connector end view (C417)
      • Inline Connector end view (C421)
      • Inline Connector end view (C422)
      • Inline Connector end view (C423)
      • Inline Connector end view (C431)
      • Inline Connector end view (C432)
      • Inline Connector end view (C438)
      • Evaporative emission (EVAP) canister vent value connector end view (C450)
      • Reversing lamp, left connector end view (C451)
      • Rear axle speed sensor connector end view (C455)
      • Reversing lamp, right connector end view (C461)
      • High mounted stoplamp connector end view (C475)
      • Speaker, left rear connector end view (C484)
      • Speaker, right rear connector end view (C485)
      • Master window/door lock/unlock switch connector end view (C508)
      • Exterior rear view mirror, driver side connector end view (C521)
      • Speaker, left front connector end view (C523)
      • Power window motor, driver side front connector end view (C524)
      • Door lock actuator, left front connector end view (C525)
      • Exterior rear view mirror switch connector end view (C527)
      • Exterior rear view mirror, passenger side connector end view (C601)
      • Door lock actuator, right front connector end view (C603)
      • Power window motor, passenger side front connector end view (C608)
      • Speaker, right front connector end view (C612)
      • Front passenger window/door lock switch connector end view (C629)
      • Sliding door contact switch, right connector end view (C806)
      • Speaker, right middle connector end view (C813)
      • Side door ajar switch, right connector end view (C816)
      • Side door lock actuator, right connector end view (C817)
      • Vanity mirror lamp, right connector end view (C906)
      • Vanity mirror lamp, left connector end view (C907)
      • Inline Connector end view (C913)
      • Inline Connector end view (C919)
      • Inline Connector end view (C922)
      • Cargo lamp connector end view (C926)
      • Interior/map lamps assembly, front connector end view (C929)
      • Overhead console connector end view (C930)
      • Interior/map lamps assembly, front connector end view (C931)
      • Interior/map lamps assembly, rear connector end view (C932)
      • Function selector switch assembly, rear connector end view (C951)
      • Roof marker lamp, left connector end view (C970)
      • Roof marker lamp, left center connector end view (C971)
      • Roof marker lamp, center connector end view (C972)
      • Roof marker lamp, right center connector end view (C973)
      • Roof marker lamp, right connector end view (C974)
      • Video display, right connector end view (C977)
      • Horn relay connector end view (C1006)
      • A/C clutch relay connector end view (C1008)
      • Natural Gas Vehicle (NGV) module connector end view (C1009)
      • Inline Connector end view (C1010)
      • Blower motor relay connector end view (C1011)
      • PCM power relay connector end view (C1016)
      • Starter relay connector end view (C1017a)
      • Starter relay connector end view (C1017b)
      • Starter relay connector end view (C1017c)
      • PCM power diode connector end view (C1018)
      • Inline Connector end view (C1019)
      • Headlamp, left connector end view (C1021)
      • Park/turn lamp, left front connector end view (C1023)
      • Deactivator switch connector end view (C1025)
      • Inline Connector end view (C1026)
      • Daytime Running Lamps (DRL) module connector end view (C1030)
      • Inline Connector end view (C1033)
      • Battery Junction Box (BJB) connector end view (C1035a)
      • Battery Junction Box (BJB) connector end view (C1035b)
      • Headlamp, right connector end view (C1041)
      • Park/turn lamp, right front connector end view (C1043)
      • Inline Connector end view (C1045)
      • Inline Connector end view (C1046)
      • Inline Connector end view (C1047)
      • Fuel pump relay connector end view (C1051)
      • Engine Coolant Temperature (ECT) sender connector end view (C1061)
      • Ignition coil connector end view (C1065)
      • Idle Air Control (IAC) valve connector end view (C1066)
      • Differential Pressure Feedback EGR (DPFE) sensor connector end view (C1068)
      • EGR vacuum regulator solenoid connector end view (C1072)
      • Fuel heater connector end view (C1076)
      • A/C high pressure switch connector end view (C1078)
      • Glow plug relay connector end view (C1084a)
      • Glow plug relay connector end view (C1084b)
      • Glow plug relay connector end view (C1084c)
      • Glow plug relay connector end view (C1084d)
      • Manifold Absolute Pressure (MAP) sensor connector end view (C1087)
      • Vehicle Speed Sensor (VSS) connector end view (C1088)
      • Battery connector end view (C1100a)
      • Battery connector end view (C1100b)
      • Generator connector end view (C1104a)
      • Generator connector end view (C1104b)
      • Differential Pressure Feedback EGR (DPFE) sensor connector end view (C1130)
      • Inline Connector end view (C1147)
      • Inline Connector end view (C1148)
      • Cylinder... head temperature sensor connector end view (C1164)
      • Inline Connector end view (C1168)
      • Injector Driver Module (IDM) connector end view (C1174)
      • Trailer tow relay, reversing lamp connector end view (C1178)
      • Camshaft position sensor connector end view (C1180)
      • Fuel injector 1 connector end view (C1181)
      • Fuel injector 2 connector end view (C1182)
      • Fuel injector 3 connector end view (C1183)
      • Fuel injector 4 connector end view (C1184)
      • Fuel injector 5 connector end view (C1185)
      • Fuel injector 6 connector end view (C1186)
      • Trailer tow relay, parking lamp connector end view (C1199)
      • Trailer tow relay, battery charge connector end view (C1200)
      • Fuel injector 9 connector end view (C1204)
      • Fuel injector 10 connector end view (C1205)
      • Coil On Plug (COP) 9 connector end view (C1206)
      • Coil On Plug (COP) 10 connector end view (C1207)
      • Inline Connector end view (C1220)
      • Front blower motor connector end view (C1227)
      • Blower motor resistor connector end view (C1228)
      • Injector Driver Module (IDM) power relay connector end view (C1235)
      • Air intake heater grid connector end view (C1239a)
      • Air intake heater grid connector end view (C1239b)
      • Injection Pressure Regulator (IPR) connector end view (C1242)
      • Injection Control Pressure (ICP) sensor connector end view (C1244)
      • Manifold intake air heater relay connector end view (C1245a)
      • Manifold intake air heater relay connector end view (C1245b)
      • Manifold intake air heater relay connector end view (C1245c)
      • Manifold intake air heater relay connector end view (C1245d)
      • Battery II connector end view (C1249a)
      • Battery II connector end view (C1249b)
      • Stop lamp relay connector end view (C1250)
      • Generator, secondary connector end view (C1251a)
      • Generator, secondary connector end view (C1251b)
      • Vacuum warning switch connector end view (C1252)
      • Fuel pump connector end view (C1253)
      • Natural Gas Vehicle (NGV) timer jumper connector end view (C1254)
      • ABS relay connector end view (C1255)
      • High pitch horn connector end view (C1256)
      • Fuel rail temperature sensor connector end view (C1257)
      • Fuel rail cutoff valve connector end view (C1258)
      • Clearance lamp relay connector end view (C1259)
      • Exhaust Back Pressure (EBP) sensor connector end view (C1271)
      • Exhaust Pressure Regulator (EPR) connector end view (C1272)
      • Glow plug control module (GPCM) connector end view (C1273a)
      • Glow plug control module (GPCM) connector end view (C1273b)
      • 4R70W transmission connector end view (C1274)
      • Camshaft position sensor connector end view (C1275)
      • Engine Coolant Temperature (ECT) sender connector end view (C1276)
      • Inline Connector end view (C1278)
      • Inline Connector end view (C1279)
      • Inline Connector end view (C1282)
      • Auxiliary battery relay connector end view (C1283a)
      • Auxiliary battery relay connector end view (C1283b)
      • Auxiliary battery relay connector end view (C1283c)
      • Headlamp, left connector end view (C1284)
      • Headlamp, right connector end view (C1285)
      • Intake Manifold Runner Control (IMRC) module connector end view (C1286)
      • Fuel injector 7 connector end view (C1312)
      • Fuel injector 8 connector end view (C1313)
      • Valve cover assembly, left connector end view (C1317)
      • Valve cover assembly, right connector end view (C1318)
      • Brake shift interlock connector end view (C2008)
      • Parking brake switch connector end view (C2015)
      • Cigar lighter, front connector end view (C2031)
      • Power point connector end view (C2033)
      • Accelerator pedal position sensor connector end view (C2040)
      • Overdrive cancel switch connector end view (C2135)
      • Electronic flasher module connector end view (C2141)
      • Warning buzzer chime module connector end view (C2156)
      • Wiper Control Module (WCM) connector end view (C2157)
      • Idle validation switch connector end view (C2172)
      • Auxiliary Powertrain Control Module (APCM) connector end view (C2176)
      • ABS relay connector end view (C2186)
      • Inline Connector end view (C2187)
      • Radio connector end view (C2188a)
      • Radio connector end view (C2188b)
      • Driveline disconnect switch connector end view (C2190)
      • Electronic Crash Sensor (ECS) module connector end view (C2209)
      • Inline Connector end view (C3007)
      • Inline Connector end view (C3047)
      • Inline Connector end view (C3049)
      • Inline Connector end view (C3050)
      • Inline Connector end view (C3051)
      • Inline Connector end view (C3052)
      • Inline Connector end view (C3053)
      • Power point, console 1 connector end view (C3063)
      • Power point, console 2 connector end view (C3064)
      • Video cassette player connector end view (C3076)
      • Rear Seat Entertainment (RSE) module connector end view (C3077a)
      • Rear Seat Entertainment (RSE) module connector end view (C3077b)
      • Fuel sender connector end view (C3104)
      • Extended range fuel tank valve 1 connector end view (C3122)
      • Fuel tank pressure transducer sensor connector end view (C3123)
      • Fuel tank temperature sensor connector end view (C3124)
      • Alt... axle fuel tank valve, front connector end view (C3125)
      • Alt... axle fuel tank valve, rear connector end view (C3126)
      • Fuel pump module connector end view (C3127)
      • In... transit fuel pump module connector end view (C3128)
      • Door ajar switch, left front connector end view (C3129)
      • Speaker, left middle connector end view (C3130)
      • Memory lock module Lock jumper connector end view (C3131)
      • Midship fuel tank valve connector end view (C3132)
      • Inline Connector end view (C3133)
      • Inline Connector end view (C3134)
      • Inline Connector end view (C3135)
      • Inline Connector end view (C3136)
      • Inline Connector end view (C3137)
      • Inline Connector end view (C3138)
      • Inline Connector end view (C3139)
      • Remote keyless entry module connector end view (C3140a)
      • Remote keyless entry module connector end view (C3140b)
      • Door ajar switch, right front connector end view (C3141)
      • Inline Connector end view (C3149)
      • Fuel tank pressure transducer sensor connector end view (C3166)
      • Reversing alarm speaker connector end view (C4015a)
      • Reversing alarm speaker connector end view (C4015b)
      • Park/stop/turn lamp, right rear connector end view (C4032)
      • Park/stop/turn lamp, left rear connector end view (C4035)
      • License plate lamp connector end view (C4046)
      • Trailer tow connector, 4... pin connector end view (C4098)
      • Trailer tow connector, 7... pin connector end view (C4099)
      • Auxiliary blower motor connector end view (C4106)
      • Auxiliary blower motor resistor assembly connector end view (C4107)
      • Rear A/C blower speed relay 1 connector end view (C4117)
      • Rear A/C blower speed relay 2 connector end view (C4118)
      • Door ajar switch rear doors connector end view (C4119)
      • Door lock actuator, rear doors connector end view (C4120)
      • Door lock switch rear doors connector end view (C4121)
  • Charging Systems
    • Charging System - Generators & Regulators
      • Description
      • Adjustments
        • Belt Tension
      • Trouble Shooting
      • On-Vehicle Testing
        • Notes
        • Battery Drain Test
        • Battery Drains That Shut Off When Battery Cable Is Disconnected Test
        • Generator Load Test
        • Generator No-Load Test
      • System Tests
        • Notes
        • Test A: Battery Is Discharged Or Voltage Is Low
        • Test B: Warning Indicator Is On With Engine Running, System Is Not Charging
        • Test C: System Overcharges (Greater Than 15.5 Volts)
        • Test D: Warning Indicator Is On With Engine Running, System Is Charging
        • Test E: Warning Indicator Is Off With Ignition On
        • Test F: Warning Indicator Flickers Or Operates Intermittently
        • Test G: Generator Noisy
        • Test H: Radio Interference
      • Removal & Installation
        • Notes
        • Generator
          • Removal & Installation (4.2L)
          • Removal & Installation (4.6L & 5.4L 2V)
          • Removal & Installation (5.4L 4V)
          • Removal & Installation (Lightning)
        • Voltage Regulator
          • Notes
          • Removal & Installation (Except Lightning)
          • Removal & Installation (Lightning)
      • Torque Specifications
      • Generator Specifications
      • Wiring Diagrams
        • BLACKWOOD
        • Expedition
        • F150
        • Navigator
  • Component Locations
    • Diagnostic Connector (DLC) Locations
      • Domestic Cars
        • CHRYSLER Group LLC
        • Ford Motor Co.
        • General Motors
      • Domestic Light Trucks & Vans
        • CHRYSLER Group LLC
        • Ford Motor Co.
        • General Motors
      • Imported Cars & Trucks
        • ACURA
        • AUDI
        • BENTLEY
        • BMW
        • DAIHATSU
        • CHRYSLER Group LLC
        • FERRARI
        • Ford Motor Co.
        • General Motors
        • HONDA
        • HYUNDAI
        • INFINITI
        • ISUZU
        • Jaguar
        • KIA
        • Land Rover
        • LEXUS
        • MAZDA
        • MERCEDES-BENZ
        • MITSUBISHI
        • NISSAN
        • PEUGEOT
        • PORSCHE
        • RENAULT
        • Rolls-ROYCE
        • SAAB
        • SUBARU
        • SUZUKI
        • TOYOTA
        • VOLKSWAGEN
        • VOLVO
    • Electrical Component Locator
      • Buzzers, Relays & Timers
      • Circuit Protection Devices
      • Control Units
      • Motors
      • Sending Units & Sensors
      • Solenoids & Solenoid Valves
      • Switches
      • Miscellaneous
      • Connectors
      • Grounds
      • Splices
      • Component Location Graphics
  • Fuses & Circuit Breakers
    • Identification
      • Notes
      • Central Junction Box
      • Battery Junction Box
      • Fusible Links
      • Relay Boxes
  • Gauges
    • Analog Instrument Panels
      • Description & Operation
      • Component Locations
      • Trouble Shooting
      • Self-Diagnostic System
        • Notes
        • Retrieving Diagnostic Trouble Codes
          • Notes
          • Using Scan Tool
          • Using Hybrid Electronic Cluster
      • System Tests
        • Notes
        • Test A: No Communication With Hybrid Electronic Cluster
        • Test B: No Communication With Generic Electronic Module
        • Test C: Fuel Sender Open, Shorted Or Inaccurate
        • Test D: Low Fuel Indicator Never Or Always On
        • Test E: Oil Pressure Gauge Inaccurate Or Indicator Is Always On
        • Test F: Temperature Gauge Inaccurate
        • Test G: Speedometer/Odometer Inoperative
        • Test H: Safety Belt Indicator Inoperative (Chime Okay)
        • Test I: Safety Belt Indicator Does Not Operate Correctly (Chime Okay)
        • Test J: Door Ajar Indicator Inoperative (Chime Okay)
        • Test K: Door Ajar Indicator Does Not Operate Correctly (Chime Okay)
        • Test L: Brake Warning Indicator Inoperative Or Always On
        • Test M: Charging System Indicator Inoperative Or Always On
        • Test N: 4X4 Indicator Inoperative Or Always On
        • Test O: High Beam Indicator Inoperative Or Always On
        • Test P: Abs Indicator Inoperative Or Always On
        • Test Q: Ck SUSP Indicator Inoperative Or Always On
        • Test R: Service Engine Soon Indicator Inoperative
        • Test S: Turn/Hazard Indicator Inoperative Or Always On
        • Test T: Speed Control Indicator Is Never On
        • Test U: Low Washer Indicator Inoperative Or Always On
      • Removal & Installation
        • Notes
        • Generic Electronic Module
          • Notes
          • Removal & Installation
        • Headlight Switch
          • Removal & Installation
        • Instrument Cluster
          • Notes
          • Removal & Installation
        • Instrument Panel
          • Removal & Installation
        • 4-Wheel Anti-Lock Brake System Control Module
          • Removal & Installation
      • Torque Specifications
      • Wiring Diagrams
        • Expedition
        • Navigator
    • Overhead Console (Message Center)
      • Description & Operation
      • Component Locations
      • Adjustments
        • Compass Calibration
        • Compass Zone Adjustment
      • Self-Diagnostics
      • System Tests
        • Notes
        • Test A: The Message Center Is Not Operating Correctly - DTE Displays Co
        • Test B: The Message Center Is Not Operating Correctly - DTE Displays Cs
        • Test C: Not All Segments Of Display Illuminate
        • Test D: The Compass Is Inaccurate
        • Test E: The Message Center Display Is Blank
        • Test F: The Distance-To-Empty (DTE)/Average Fuel Economy Is Inoperative/Incorrect
      • Removal & Installation
        • Notes
        • Compass Sensor Module
        • Message Center
      • Wiring Diagrams
  • Motors, Switches, Relays
    • OEM Connector End Views
      • A/C clutch solenoid connector end view (C100)
      • Crankshaft position sensor connector end view (C101)
      • Generator connector end view (C102a)
      • Generator connector end view (C102b)
      • Generator connector end view (C102c)
      • Oil pressure switch connector end view (C103)
      • Engine Oil Temperature (EOT) sensor connector end view (C104)
      • Injection pressure sensor connector end view (C106)
      • Cylinder... head temperature sensor connector end view (C107)
      • Knock sensor connector end view (C108)
      • Knock sensor connector end view (C109)
      • Inline Connector end view (C110)
      • Coil On Plug (COP) 1 connector end view (C111)
      • Coil On Plug (COP) 2 connector end view (C112)
      • Coil On Plug (COP) 3 connector end view (C113)
      • Coil On Plug (COP) 4 connector end view (C114)
      • Coil On Plug (COP) 5 connector end view (C115)
      • Coil On Plug (COP) 6 connector end view (C116)
      • Coil On Plug (COP) 7 connector end view (C117)
      • Coil On Plug (COP) 8 connector end view (C118)
      • Speed control servo connector end view (C122)
      • EVAP canister purge valve connector end view (C123)
      • Brake fluid level switch connector end view (C124)
      • Windshield wiper motor connector end view (C125)
      • Mass Air Flow (MAF) sensor connector end view (C128)
      • Intake Air Temperature (IAT) sensor connector end view (C129)
      • A/C clutch cycling pressure switch connector end view (C130)
      • Ambient air temperature sensor connector end view (C132)
      • Inline Connector end view (C133)
      • Inline Connector end view (C134)
      • ABS control module connector end view (C135)
      • Windshield washer pump motor connector end view (C137)
      • Inline Connector end view (C139)
      • Inline Connector end view (C140)
      • Heated Oxygen Sensor (HO2S) #22 connector end view (C141)
      • Heated Oxygen Sensor (HO2S) #12 connector end view (C142)
      • Turbine Shaft Speed (TSS) sensor connector end view (C143)
      • Inline Connector end view (C144)
      • Inline Connector end view (C145)
      • Inline Connector end view (C146)
      • Wheel speed sensor, left front connector end view (C150)
      • ABS control module connector end view (C155a)
      • ABS control module connector end view (C155b)
      • Wheel speed sensor, right front connector end view (C160)
      • Digital Transmission Range (DTR) sensor connector end view (C167)
      • 4R100 transmission connector end view (C168)
      • Heated Oxygen Sensor (HO2S) #11 connector end view (C171)
      • Heated Oxygen Sensor (HO2S) #21 connector end view (C172)
      • Ignition transformer capacitor 1 connector end view (C174)
      • Powertrain Control Module (PCM) connector end view (C175)
      • Forward crash sensor connector end view (C177)
      • Camshaft position sensor connector end view (C180)
      • Fuel injector 1 connector end view (C181)
      • Fuel injector 2 connector end view (C182)
      • Fuel injector 3 connector end view (C183)
      • Fuel injector 4 connector end view (C184)
      • Fuel injector 5 connector end view (C185)
      • Fuel injector 6 connector end view (C186)
      • Fuel injector 7 connector end view (C187)
      • Fuel injector 8 connector end view (C188)
      • Throttle Position Sensor (TPS) connector end view (C189)
      • Inlet Manifold Runner Control (IMRC) module connector end view (C191)
      • Inline Connector end view (C192)
      • Output Shaft Speed (OSS) sensor connector end view (C193)
      • Ignition transformer capacitor 2 connector end view (C194)
      • Starter motor connector end view (C197a)
      • Starter motor connector end view (C197b)
      • Multifunction switch connector end view (C202a)
      • Multifunction switch connector end view (C202b)
      • Main light switch connector end view (C205)
      • Inline Connector end view (C210)
      • Inline Connector end view (C211)
      • Inline Connector end view (C212)
      • Inline Connector end view (C213)
      • Air bag sliding contact connector end view (C218a)
      • Air bag sliding contact connector end view (C218b)
      • Inline Connector end view (C219)
      • Instrument cluster connector end view (C220a)
      • Instrument cluster connector end view (C220b)
      • Instrument cluster Instrument cluster connector end view (C220c)
      • Inline Connector end view (C237)
      • Inline Connector end view (C238)
      • Inline Connector end view (C248)
      • Ignition switch connector end view (C250)
      • Data Link Connector End View (DLC) connector end view (C251)
      • Passenger air bag module connector end view (C256)
      • Inline Connector end view (C275)
      • Brake pedal position switch connector end view (C278)
      • Inertia fuel Shutoff (IFS) switch connector end view (C282)
      • Temperature blend door actuator connector end view (C289)
      • Inline Connector end view (C291)
      • Function selector switch assembly, front connector end view (C294a)
      • Function selector switch assembly, front connector end view (C294b)
      • Function selector switch assembly, front connector end view (C294c)
      • Function selector switch assembly, front connector end view (C294d)
      • Function selector switch assembly, front connector end view (C294e)
      • Inline Connector end view (C298)
      • Inline Connector end view (C299)
      • Inline Connector end view (C300)
      • Passenger safety belt retractor pretensioner connector end view (C303)
      • Inline Connector end view (C311)
      • Inline Connector end view (C312)
      • Inline Connector end view (C313)
      • Inline Connector end view (C314)
      • Inline Connector end view (C315)
      • Driver safety belt retractor pretensioner connector end view (C323)
      • Inline Connector end view (C327)
      • Inline Connector end view (C328)
      • Inline Connector end view (C339)
      • Inline Connector end view (C340)
      • Power seat motor assembly, left connector end view (C353)
      • Seat adjust switch, driver side front connector end view (C360)
      • Power point connector end view (C380)
      • Sliding door contact switch, right connector end view (C384)
      • Sliding door ajar switch, right connector end view (C398)
      • Inline Connector end view (C405)
      • Inline Connector end view (C406)
      • Inline Connector end view (C411)
      • Lamp assembly, left rear connector end view (C414)
      • Lamp assembly, right rear connector end view (C417)
      • Inline Connector end view (C421)
      • Inline Connector end view (C422)
      • Inline Connector end view (C423)
      • Inline Connector end view (C431)
      • Inline Connector end view (C432)
      • Inline Connector end view (C438)
      • Evaporative emission (EVAP) canister vent value connector end view (C450)
      • Reversing lamp, left connector end view (C451)
      • Rear axle speed sensor connector end view (C455)
      • Reversing lamp, right connector end view (C461)
      • High mounted stoplamp connector end view (C475)
      • Speaker, left rear connector end view (C484)
      • Speaker, right rear connector end view (C485)
      • Master window/door lock/unlock switch connector end view (C508)
      • Exterior rear view mirror, driver side connector end view (C521)
      • Speaker, left front connector end view (C523)
      • Power window motor, driver side front connector end view (C524)
      • Door lock actuator, left front connector end view (C525)
      • Exterior rear view mirror switch connector end view (C527)
      • Exterior rear view mirror, passenger side connector end view (C601)
      • Door lock actuator, right front connector end view (C603)
      • Power window motor, passenger side front connector end view (C608)
      • Speaker, right front connector end view (C612)
      • Front passenger window/door lock switch connector end view (C629)
      • Sliding door contact switch, right connector end view (C806)
      • Speaker, right middle connector end view (C813)
      • Side door ajar switch, right connector end view (C816)
      • Side door lock actuator, right connector end view (C817)
      • Vanity mirror lamp, right connector end view (C906)
      • Vanity mirror lamp, left connector end view (C907)
      • Inline Connector end view (C913)
      • Inline Connector end view (C919)
      • Inline Connector end view (C922)
      • Cargo lamp connector end view (C926)
      • Interior/map lamps assembly, front connector end view (C929)
      • Overhead console connector end view (C930)
      • Interior/map lamps assembly, front connector end view (C931)
      • Interior/map lamps assembly, rear connector end view (C932)
      • Function selector switch assembly, rear connector end view (C951)
      • Roof marker lamp, left connector end view (C970)
      • Roof marker lamp, left center connector end view (C971)
      • Roof marker lamp, center connector end view (C972)
      • Roof marker lamp, right center connector end view (C973)
      • Roof marker lamp, right connector end view (C974)
      • Video display, right connector end view (C977)
      • Horn relay connector end view (C1006)
      • A/C clutch relay connector end view (C1008)
      • Natural Gas Vehicle (NGV) module connector end view (C1009)
      • Inline Connector end view (C1010)
      • Blower motor relay connector end view (C1011)
      • PCM power relay connector end view (C1016)
      • Starter relay connector end view (C1017a)
      • Starter relay connector end view (C1017b)
      • Starter relay connector end view (C1017c)
      • PCM power diode connector end view (C1018)
      • Inline Connector end view (C1019)
      • Headlamp, left connector end view (C1021)
      • Park/turn lamp, left front connector end view (C1023)
      • Deactivator switch connector end view (C1025)
      • Inline Connector end view (C1026)
      • Daytime Running Lamps (DRL) module connector end view (C1030)
      • Inline Connector end view (C1033)
      • Battery Junction Box (BJB) connector end view (C1035a)
      • Battery Junction Box (BJB) connector end view (C1035b)
      • Headlamp, right connector end view (C1041)
      • Park/turn lamp, right front connector end view (C1043)
      • Inline Connector end view (C1045)
      • Inline Connector end view (C1046)
      • Inline Connector end view (C1047)
      • Fuel pump relay connector end view (C1051)
      • Engine Coolant Temperature (ECT) sender connector end view (C1061)
      • Ignition coil connector end view (C1065)
      • Idle Air Control (IAC) valve connector end view (C1066)
      • Differential Pressure Feedback EGR (DPFE) sensor connector end view (C1068)
      • EGR vacuum regulator solenoid connector end view (C1072)
      • Fuel heater connector end view (C1076)
      • A/C high pressure switch connector end view (C1078)
      • Glow plug relay connector end view (C1084a)
      • Glow plug relay connector end view (C1084b)
      • Glow plug relay connector end view (C1084c)
      • Glow plug relay connector end view (C1084d)
      • Manifold Absolute Pressure (MAP) sensor connector end view (C1087)
      • Vehicle Speed Sensor (VSS) connector end view (C1088)
      • Battery connector end view (C1100a)
      • Battery connector end view (C1100b)
      • Generator connector end view (C1104a)
      • Generator connector end view (C1104b)
      • Differential Pressure Feedback EGR (DPFE) sensor connector end view (C1130)
      • Inline Connector end view (C1147)
      • Inline Connector end view (C1148)
      • Cylinder... head temperature sensor connector end view (C1164)
      • Inline Connector end view (C1168)
      • Injector Driver Module (IDM) connector end view (C1174)
      • Trailer tow relay, reversing lamp connector end view (C1178)
      • Camshaft position sensor connector end view (C1180)
      • Fuel injector 1 connector end view (C1181)
      • Fuel injector 2 connector end view (C1182)
      • Fuel injector 3 connector end view (C1183)
      • Fuel injector 4 connector end view (C1184)
      • Fuel injector 5 connector end view (C1185)
      • Fuel injector 6 connector end view (C1186)
      • Trailer tow relay, parking lamp connector end view (C1199)
      • Trailer tow relay, battery charge connector end view (C1200)
      • Fuel injector 9 connector end view (C1204)
      • Fuel injector 10 connector end view (C1205)
      • Coil On Plug (COP) 9 connector end view (C1206)
      • Coil On Plug (COP) 10 connector end view (C1207)
      • Inline Connector end view (C1220)
      • Front blower motor connector end view (C1227)
      • Blower motor resistor connector end view (C1228)
      • Injector Driver Module (IDM) power relay connector end view (C1235)
      • Air intake heater grid connector end view (C1239a)
      • Air intake heater grid connector end view (C1239b)
      • Injection Pressure Regulator (IPR) connector end view (C1242)
      • Injection Control Pressure (ICP) sensor connector end view (C1244)
      • Manifold intake air heater relay connector end view (C1245a)
      • Manifold intake air heater relay connector end view (C1245b)
      • Manifold intake air heater relay connector end view (C1245c)
      • Manifold intake air heater relay connector end view (C1245d)
      • Battery II connector end view (C1249a)
      • Battery II connector end view (C1249b)
      • Stop lamp relay connector end view (C1250)
      • Generator, secondary connector end view (C1251a)
      • Generator, secondary connector end view (C1251b)
      • Vacuum warning switch connector end view (C1252)
      • Fuel pump connector end view (C1253)
      • Natural Gas Vehicle (NGV) timer jumper connector end view (C1254)
      • ABS relay connector end view (C1255)
      • High pitch horn connector end view (C1256)
      • Fuel rail temperature sensor connector end view (C1257)
      • Fuel rail cutoff valve connector end view (C1258)
      • Clearance lamp relay connector end view (C1259)
      • Exhaust Back Pressure (EBP) sensor connector end view (C1271)
      • Exhaust Pressure Regulator (EPR) connector end view (C1272)
      • Glow plug control module (GPCM) connector end view (C1273a)
      • Glow plug control module (GPCM) connector end view (C1273b)
      • 4R70W transmission connector end view (C1274)
      • Camshaft position sensor connector end view (C1275)
      • Engine Coolant Temperature (ECT) sender connector end view (C1276)
      • Inline Connector end view (C1278)
      • Inline Connector end view (C1279)
      • Inline Connector end view (C1282)
      • Auxiliary battery relay connector end view (C1283a)
      • Auxiliary battery relay connector end view (C1283b)
      • Auxiliary battery relay connector end view (C1283c)
      • Headlamp, left connector end view (C1284)
      • Headlamp, right connector end view (C1285)
      • Intake Manifold Runner Control (IMRC) module connector end view (C1286)
      • Fuel injector 7 connector end view (C1312)
      • Fuel injector 8 connector end view (C1313)
      • Valve cover assembly, left connector end view (C1317)
      • Valve cover assembly, right connector end view (C1318)
      • Brake shift interlock connector end view (C2008)
      • Parking brake switch connector end view (C2015)
      • Cigar lighter, front connector end view (C2031)
      • Power point connector end view (C2033)
      • Accelerator pedal position sensor connector end view (C2040)
      • Overdrive cancel switch connector end view (C2135)
      • Electronic flasher module connector end view (C2141)
      • Warning buzzer chime module connector end view (C2156)
      • Wiper Control Module (WCM) connector end view (C2157)
      • Idle validation switch connector end view (C2172)
      • Auxiliary Powertrain Control Module (APCM) connector end view (C2176)
      • ABS relay connector end view (C2186)
      • Inline Connector end view (C2187)
      • Radio connector end view (C2188a)
      • Radio connector end view (C2188b)
      • Driveline disconnect switch connector end view (C2190)
      • Electronic Crash Sensor (ECS) module connector end view (C2209)
      • Inline Connector end view (C3007)
      • Inline Connector end view (C3047)
      • Inline Connector end view (C3049)
      • Inline Connector end view (C3050)
      • Inline Connector end view (C3051)
      • Inline Connector end view (C3052)
      • Inline Connector end view (C3053)
      • Power point, console 1 connector end view (C3063)
      • Power point, console 2 connector end view (C3064)
      • Video cassette player connector end view (C3076)
      • Rear Seat Entertainment (RSE) module connector end view (C3077a)
      • Rear Seat Entertainment (RSE) module connector end view (C3077b)
      • Fuel sender connector end view (C3104)
      • Extended range fuel tank valve 1 connector end view (C3122)
      • Fuel tank pressure transducer sensor connector end view (C3123)
      • Fuel tank temperature sensor connector end view (C3124)
      • Alt... axle fuel tank valve, front connector end view (C3125)
      • Alt... axle fuel tank valve, rear connector end view (C3126)
      • Fuel pump module connector end view (C3127)
      • In... transit fuel pump module connector end view (C3128)
      • Door ajar switch, left front connector end view (C3129)
      • Speaker, left middle connector end view (C3130)
      • Memory lock module Lock jumper connector end view (C3131)
      • Midship fuel tank valve connector end view (C3132)
      • Inline Connector end view (C3133)
      • Inline Connector end view (C3134)
      • Inline Connector end view (C3135)
      • Inline Connector end view (C3136)
      • Inline Connector end view (C3137)
      • Inline Connector end view (C3138)
      • Inline Connector end view (C3139)
      • Remote keyless entry module connector end view (C3140a)
      • Remote keyless entry module connector end view (C3140b)
      • Door ajar switch, right front connector end view (C3141)
      • Inline Connector end view (C3149)
      • Fuel tank pressure transducer sensor connector end view (C3166)
      • Reversing alarm speaker connector end view (C4015a)
      • Reversing alarm speaker connector end view (C4015b)
      • Park/stop/turn lamp, right rear connector end view (C4032)
      • Park/stop/turn lamp, left rear connector end view (C4035)
      • License plate lamp connector end view (C4046)
      • Trailer tow connector, 4... pin connector end view (C4098)
      • Trailer tow connector, 7... pin connector end view (C4099)
      • Auxiliary blower motor connector end view (C4106)
      • Auxiliary blower motor resistor assembly connector end view (C4107)
      • Rear A/C blower speed relay 1 connector end view (C4117)
      • Rear A/C blower speed relay 2 connector end view (C4118)
      • Door ajar switch rear doors connector end view (C4119)
      • Door lock actuator, rear doors connector end view (C4120)
      • Door lock switch rear doors connector end view (C4121)
  • Starter System
    • Description
    • Component Locations
    • Adjustments
      • Digital Transmission Range Sensor
    • Trouble Shooting
    • On-Vehicle Testing
      • Notes
      • Voltage Drop Test
      • Starter Ground Circuit Test
    • System Tests
      • Notes
      • Test A: Engine Does Not Crank Or Relay Clicks
      • Test B: Unusual Starter Noise
    • Removal & Installation
      • Starter Motor
        • Notes
        • Removal & Installation
    • Overhaul
    • Starter Motor Specifications
    • Torque Specifications
    • Wiring Diagrams
      • Expedition
      • Navigator
  • Wiring Diagrams
    • OEM Connector End Views
      • A/C clutch solenoid connector end view (C100)
      • Crankshaft position sensor connector end view (C101)
      • Generator connector end view (C102a)
      • Generator connector end view (C102b)
      • Generator connector end view (C102c)
      • Oil pressure switch connector end view (C103)
      • Engine Oil Temperature (EOT) sensor connector end view (C104)
      • Injection pressure sensor connector end view (C106)
      • Cylinder... head temperature sensor connector end view (C107)
      • Knock sensor connector end view (C108)
      • Knock sensor connector end view (C109)
      • Inline Connector end view (C110)
      • Coil On Plug (COP) 1 connector end view (C111)
      • Coil On Plug (COP) 2 connector end view (C112)
      • Coil On Plug (COP) 3 connector end view (C113)
      • Coil On Plug (COP) 4 connector end view (C114)
      • Coil On Plug (COP) 5 connector end view (C115)
      • Coil On Plug (COP) 6 connector end view (C116)
      • Coil On Plug (COP) 7 connector end view (C117)
      • Coil On Plug (COP) 8 connector end view (C118)
      • Speed control servo connector end view (C122)
      • EVAP canister purge valve connector end view (C123)
      • Brake fluid level switch connector end view (C124)
      • Windshield wiper motor connector end view (C125)
      • Mass Air Flow (MAF) sensor connector end view (C128)
      • Intake Air Temperature (IAT) sensor connector end view (C129)
      • A/C clutch cycling pressure switch connector end view (C130)
      • Ambient air temperature sensor connector end view (C132)
      • Inline Connector end view (C133)
      • Inline Connector end view (C134)
      • ABS control module connector end view (C135)
      • Windshield washer pump motor connector end view (C137)
      • Inline Connector end view (C139)
      • Inline Connector end view (C140)
      • Heated Oxygen Sensor (HO2S) #22 connector end view (C141)
      • Heated Oxygen Sensor (HO2S) #12 connector end view (C142)
      • Turbine Shaft Speed (TSS) sensor connector end view (C143)
      • Inline Connector end view (C144)
      • Inline Connector end view (C145)
      • Inline Connector end view (C146)
      • Wheel speed sensor, left front connector end view (C150)
      • ABS control module connector end view (C155a)
      • ABS control module connector end view (C155b)
      • Wheel speed sensor, right front connector end view (C160)
      • Digital Transmission Range (DTR) sensor connector end view (C167)
      • 4R100 transmission connector end view (C168)
      • Heated Oxygen Sensor (HO2S) #11 connector end view (C171)
      • Heated Oxygen Sensor (HO2S) #21 connector end view (C172)
      • Ignition transformer capacitor 1 connector end view (C174)
      • Powertrain Control Module (PCM) connector end view (C175)
      • Forward crash sensor connector end view (C177)
      • Camshaft position sensor connector end view (C180)
      • Fuel injector 1 connector end view (C181)
      • Fuel injector 2 connector end view (C182)
      • Fuel injector 3 connector end view (C183)
      • Fuel injector 4 connector end view (C184)
      • Fuel injector 5 connector end view (C185)
      • Fuel injector 6 connector end view (C186)
      • Fuel injector 7 connector end view (C187)
      • Fuel injector 8 connector end view (C188)
      • Throttle Position Sensor (TPS) connector end view (C189)
      • Inlet Manifold Runner Control (IMRC) module connector end view (C191)
      • Inline Connector end view (C192)
      • Output Shaft Speed (OSS) sensor connector end view (C193)
      • Ignition transformer capacitor 2 connector end view (C194)
      • Starter motor connector end view (C197a)
      • Starter motor connector end view (C197b)
      • Multifunction switch connector end view (C202a)
      • Multifunction switch connector end view (C202b)
      • Main light switch connector end view (C205)
      • Inline Connector end view (C210)
      • Inline Connector end view (C211)
      • Inline Connector end view (C212)
      • Inline Connector end view (C213)
      • Air bag sliding contact connector end view (C218a)
      • Air bag sliding contact connector end view (C218b)
      • Inline Connector end view (C219)
      • Instrument cluster connector end view (C220a)
      • Instrument cluster connector end view (C220b)
      • Instrument cluster Instrument cluster connector end view (C220c)
      • Inline Connector end view (C237)
      • Inline Connector end view (C238)
      • Inline Connector end view (C248)
      • Ignition switch connector end view (C250)
      • Data Link Connector End View (DLC) connector end view (C251)
      • Passenger air bag module connector end view (C256)
      • Inline Connector end view (C275)
      • Brake pedal position switch connector end view (C278)
      • Inertia fuel Shutoff (IFS) switch connector end view (C282)
      • Temperature blend door actuator connector end view (C289)
      • Inline Connector end view (C291)
      • Function selector switch assembly, front connector end view (C294a)
      • Function selector switch assembly, front connector end view (C294b)
      • Function selector switch assembly, front connector end view (C294c)
      • Function selector switch assembly, front connector end view (C294d)
      • Function selector switch assembly, front connector end view (C294e)
      • Inline Connector end view (C298)
      • Inline Connector end view (C299)
      • Inline Connector end view (C300)
      • Passenger safety belt retractor pretensioner connector end view (C303)
      • Inline Connector end view (C311)
      • Inline Connector end view (C312)
      • Inline Connector end view (C313)
      • Inline Connector end view (C314)
      • Inline Connector end view (C315)
      • Driver safety belt retractor pretensioner connector end view (C323)
      • Inline Connector end view (C327)
      • Inline Connector end view (C328)
      • Inline Connector end view (C339)
      • Inline Connector end view (C340)
      • Power seat motor assembly, left connector end view (C353)
      • Seat adjust switch, driver side front connector end view (C360)
      • Power point connector end view (C380)
      • Sliding door contact switch, right connector end view (C384)
      • Sliding door ajar switch, right connector end view (C398)
      • Inline Connector end view (C405)
      • Inline Connector end view (C406)
      • Inline Connector end view (C411)
      • Lamp assembly, left rear connector end view (C414)
      • Lamp assembly, right rear connector end view (C417)
      • Inline Connector end view (C421)
      • Inline Connector end view (C422)
      • Inline Connector end view (C423)
      • Inline Connector end view (C431)
      • Inline Connector end view (C432)
      • Inline Connector end view (C438)
      • Evaporative emission (EVAP) canister vent value connector end view (C450)
      • Reversing lamp, left connector end view (C451)
      • Rear axle speed sensor connector end view (C455)
      • Reversing lamp, right connector end view (C461)
      • High mounted stoplamp connector end view (C475)
      • Speaker, left rear connector end view (C484)
      • Speaker, right rear connector end view (C485)
      • Master window/door lock/unlock switch connector end view (C508)
      • Exterior rear view mirror, driver side connector end view (C521)
      • Speaker, left front connector end view (C523)
      • Power window motor, driver side front connector end view (C524)
      • Door lock actuator, left front connector end view (C525)
      • Exterior rear view mirror switch connector end view (C527)
      • Exterior rear view mirror, passenger side connector end view (C601)
      • Door lock actuator, right front connector end view (C603)
      • Power window motor, passenger side front connector end view (C608)
      • Speaker, right front connector end view (C612)
      • Front passenger window/door lock switch connector end view (C629)
      • Sliding door contact switch, right connector end view (C806)
      • Speaker, right middle connector end view (C813)
      • Side door ajar switch, right connector end view (C816)
      • Side door lock actuator, right connector end view (C817)
      • Vanity mirror lamp, right connector end view (C906)
      • Vanity mirror lamp, left connector end view (C907)
      • Inline Connector end view (C913)
      • Inline Connector end view (C919)
      • Inline Connector end view (C922)
      • Cargo lamp connector end view (C926)
      • Interior/map lamps assembly, front connector end view (C929)
      • Overhead console connector end view (C930)
      • Interior/map lamps assembly, front connector end view (C931)
      • Interior/map lamps assembly, rear connector end view (C932)
      • Function selector switch assembly, rear connector end view (C951)
      • Roof marker lamp, left connector end view (C970)
      • Roof marker lamp, left center connector end view (C971)
      • Roof marker lamp, center connector end view (C972)
      • Roof marker lamp, right center connector end view (C973)
      • Roof marker lamp, right connector end view (C974)
      • Video display, right connector end view (C977)
      • Horn relay connector end view (C1006)
      • A/C clutch relay connector end view (C1008)
      • Natural Gas Vehicle (NGV) module connector end view (C1009)
      • Inline Connector end view (C1010)
      • Blower motor relay connector end view (C1011)
      • PCM power relay connector end view (C1016)
      • Starter relay connector end view (C1017a)
      • Starter relay connector end view (C1017b)
      • Starter relay connector end view (C1017c)
      • PCM power diode connector end view (C1018)
      • Inline Connector end view (C1019)
      • Headlamp, left connector end view (C1021)
      • Park/turn lamp, left front connector end view (C1023)
      • Deactivator switch connector end view (C1025)
      • Inline Connector end view (C1026)
      • Daytime Running Lamps (DRL) module connector end view (C1030)
      • Inline Connector end view (C1033)
      • Battery Junction Box (BJB) connector end view (C1035a)
      • Battery Junction Box (BJB) connector end view (C1035b)
      • Headlamp, right connector end view (C1041)
      • Park/turn lamp, right front connector end view (C1043)
      • Inline Connector end view (C1045)
      • Inline Connector end view (C1046)
      • Inline Connector end view (C1047)
      • Fuel pump relay connector end view (C1051)
      • Engine Coolant Temperature (ECT) sender connector end view (C1061)
      • Ignition coil connector end view (C1065)
      • Idle Air Control (IAC) valve connector end view (C1066)
      • Differential Pressure Feedback EGR (DPFE) sensor connector end view (C1068)
      • EGR vacuum regulator solenoid connector end view (C1072)
      • Fuel heater connector end view (C1076)
      • A/C high pressure switch connector end view (C1078)
      • Glow plug relay connector end view (C1084a)
      • Glow plug relay connector end view (C1084b)
      • Glow plug relay connector end view (C1084c)
      • Glow plug relay connector end view (C1084d)
      • Manifold Absolute Pressure (MAP) sensor connector end view (C1087)
      • Vehicle Speed Sensor (VSS) connector end view (C1088)
      • Battery connector end view (C1100a)
      • Battery connector end view (C1100b)
      • Generator connector end view (C1104a)
      • Generator connector end view (C1104b)
      • Differential Pressure Feedback EGR (DPFE) sensor connector end view (C1130)
      • Inline Connector end view (C1147)
      • Inline Connector end view (C1148)
      • Cylinder... head temperature sensor connector end view (C1164)
      • Inline Connector end view (C1168)
      • Injector Driver Module (IDM) connector end view (C1174)
      • Trailer tow relay, reversing lamp connector end view (C1178)
      • Camshaft position sensor connector end view (C1180)
      • Fuel injector 1 connector end view (C1181)
      • Fuel injector 2 connector end view (C1182)
      • Fuel injector 3 connector end view (C1183)
      • Fuel injector 4 connector end view (C1184)
      • Fuel injector 5 connector end view (C1185)
      • Fuel injector 6 connector end view (C1186)
      • Trailer tow relay, parking lamp connector end view (C1199)
      • Trailer tow relay, battery charge connector end view (C1200)
      • Fuel injector 9 connector end view (C1204)
      • Fuel injector 10 connector end view (C1205)
      • Coil On Plug (COP) 9 connector end view (C1206)
      • Coil On Plug (COP) 10 connector end view (C1207)
      • Inline Connector end view (C1220)
      • Front blower motor connector end view (C1227)
      • Blower motor resistor connector end view (C1228)
      • Injector Driver Module (IDM) power relay connector end view (C1235)
      • Air intake heater grid connector end view (C1239a)
      • Air intake heater grid connector end view (C1239b)
      • Injection Pressure Regulator (IPR) connector end view (C1242)
      • Injection Control Pressure (ICP) sensor connector end view (C1244)
      • Manifold intake air heater relay connector end view (C1245a)
      • Manifold intake air heater relay connector end view (C1245b)
      • Manifold intake air heater relay connector end view (C1245c)
      • Manifold intake air heater relay connector end view (C1245d)
      • Battery II connector end view (C1249a)
      • Battery II connector end view (C1249b)
      • Stop lamp relay connector end view (C1250)
      • Generator, secondary connector end view (C1251a)
      • Generator, secondary connector end view (C1251b)
      • Vacuum warning switch connector end view (C1252)
      • Fuel pump connector end view (C1253)
      • Natural Gas Vehicle (NGV) timer jumper connector end view (C1254)
      • ABS relay connector end view (C1255)
      • High pitch horn connector end view (C1256)
      • Fuel rail temperature sensor connector end view (C1257)
      • Fuel rail cutoff valve connector end view (C1258)
      • Clearance lamp relay connector end view (C1259)
      • Exhaust Back Pressure (EBP) sensor connector end view (C1271)
      • Exhaust Pressure Regulator (EPR) connector end view (C1272)
      • Glow plug control module (GPCM) connector end view (C1273a)
      • Glow plug control module (GPCM) connector end view (C1273b)
      • 4R70W transmission connector end view (C1274)
      • Camshaft position sensor connector end view (C1275)
      • Engine Coolant Temperature (ECT) sender connector end view (C1276)
      • Inline Connector end view (C1278)
      • Inline Connector end view (C1279)
      • Inline Connector end view (C1282)
      • Auxiliary battery relay connector end view (C1283a)
      • Auxiliary battery relay connector end view (C1283b)
      • Auxiliary battery relay connector end view (C1283c)
      • Headlamp, left connector end view (C1284)
      • Headlamp, right connector end view (C1285)
      • Intake Manifold Runner Control (IMRC) module connector end view (C1286)
      • Fuel injector 7 connector end view (C1312)
      • Fuel injector 8 connector end view (C1313)
      • Valve cover assembly, left connector end view (C1317)
      • Valve cover assembly, right connector end view (C1318)
      • Brake shift interlock connector end view (C2008)
      • Parking brake switch connector end view (C2015)
      • Cigar lighter, front connector end view (C2031)
      • Power point connector end view (C2033)
      • Accelerator pedal position sensor connector end view (C2040)
      • Overdrive cancel switch connector end view (C2135)
      • Electronic flasher module connector end view (C2141)
      • Warning buzzer chime module connector end view (C2156)
      • Wiper Control Module (WCM) connector end view (C2157)
      • Idle validation switch connector end view (C2172)
      • Auxiliary Powertrain Control Module (APCM) connector end view (C2176)
      • ABS relay connector end view (C2186)
      • Inline Connector end view (C2187)
      • Radio connector end view (C2188a)
      • Radio connector end view (C2188b)
      • Driveline disconnect switch connector end view (C2190)
      • Electronic Crash Sensor (ECS) module connector end view (C2209)
      • Inline Connector end view (C3007)
      • Inline Connector end view (C3047)
      • Inline Connector end view (C3049)
      • Inline Connector end view (C3050)
      • Inline Connector end view (C3051)
      • Inline Connector end view (C3052)
      • Inline Connector end view (C3053)
      • Power point, console 1 connector end view (C3063)
      • Power point, console 2 connector end view (C3064)
      • Video cassette player connector end view (C3076)
      • Rear Seat Entertainment (RSE) module connector end view (C3077a)
      • Rear Seat Entertainment (RSE) module connector end view (C3077b)
      • Fuel sender connector end view (C3104)
      • Extended range fuel tank valve 1 connector end view (C3122)
      • Fuel tank pressure transducer sensor connector end view (C3123)
      • Fuel tank temperature sensor connector end view (C3124)
      • Alt... axle fuel tank valve, front connector end view (C3125)
      • Alt... axle fuel tank valve, rear connector end view (C3126)
      • Fuel pump module connector end view (C3127)
      • In... transit fuel pump module connector end view (C3128)
      • Door ajar switch, left front connector end view (C3129)
      • Speaker, left middle connector end view (C3130)
      • Memory lock module Lock jumper connector end view (C3131)
      • Midship fuel tank valve connector end view (C3132)
      • Inline Connector end view (C3133)
      • Inline Connector end view (C3134)
      • Inline Connector end view (C3135)
      • Inline Connector end view (C3136)
      • Inline Connector end view (C3137)
      • Inline Connector end view (C3138)
      • Inline Connector end view (C3139)
      • Remote keyless entry module connector end view (C3140a)
      • Remote keyless entry module connector end view (C3140b)
      • Door ajar switch, right front connector end view (C3141)
      • Inline Connector end view (C3149)
      • Fuel tank pressure transducer sensor connector end view (C3166)
      • Reversing alarm speaker connector end view (C4015a)
      • Reversing alarm speaker connector end view (C4015b)
      • Park/stop/turn lamp, right rear connector end view (C4032)
      • Park/stop/turn lamp, left rear connector end view (C4035)
      • License plate lamp connector end view (C4046)
      • Trailer tow connector, 4... pin connector end view (C4098)
      • Trailer tow connector, 7... pin connector end view (C4099)
      • Auxiliary blower motor connector end view (C4106)
      • Auxiliary blower motor resistor assembly connector end view (C4107)
      • Rear A/C blower speed relay 1 connector end view (C4117)
      • Rear A/C blower speed relay 2 connector end view (C4118)
      • Door ajar switch rear doors connector end view (C4119)
      • Door lock actuator, rear doors connector end view (C4120)
      • Door lock switch rear doors connector end view (C4121)
    • System Wiring Diagrams
      • Using lemon2025'S Wiring Diagrams
      • Air Conditioning
      • Anti-Lock Brakes
      • Anti-Theft
      • Body Control Modules
      • Computer Data Lines
      • Cruise Control
      • Defoggers
      • Electronic Power Steering
      • Electronic Suspension
      • Engine Performance
        • 4.6L
        • 5.4L
      • Exterior Lights
      • Ground Distribution
      • Headlights
      • Horn
      • Instrument Cluster
      • Interior Lights
      • Memory Systems
      • Navigation
      • Power Distribution
      • Power Door Locks
      • Power Mirrors
      • Power Seats
      • Power Top/Sunroof
      • Power Windows
      • Radio
      • Shift Interlock
      • Starting/Charging
      • Supplemental Restraints
      • Transmission
        • Notes
        • 4.6L
        • 5.4L
      • Warning Systems
      • Wiper/Washer
    • Using lemon2025'S System Wiring Diagrams
      • Introduction
      • Wiring Diagram Features And Controls
      • Wiring Diagram Color Abbreviations
      • Wiring Diagram Symbols
      • Wiring Diagram Ground Number Locations
      • Wiring Diagram Component Locations
• Engine Mechanical
  • Accessory Drive Belts
    • Cooling System Specifications & Drive Belt Routing
      • Belt Adjustment
        • Notes
        • Belt Tension Adjustment Specifications (Villager)
        • Belt Tension Adjustment Specifications (Except Villager)
      • Drive Belt Routing
        • Notes
        • Drive Belt Routing (ECONOLINE & F150 Pickup - 4.2L)
        • Drive Belt Routing (BLACKWOOD, ECONOLINE, Excursion, Expedition, F150-550 Pickup & Navigator 4.6L, 5.4L & 6.8L With A/C, & Explorer & Mountaineer 4.6L)
        • Drive Belt Routing (ECONOLINE - 7.3L)
        • Drive Belt Routing (Escape - 2.0L)
        • Drive Belt Routing (Excursion & F250-550 Pickup 7.3L Diesel)
        • Drive Belt Routing (Explorer, Explorer Sport, Explorer Sport TRAC, Mountaineer & Ranger - 4.0L SOHC With A/C)
        • Drive Belt Routing (F150 Lightning 5.4L SC)
        • Ranger - Except 4.0L SOHC With A/C
          • Drive Belt Routing (Ranger - 2.3L)
          • Drive Belt Routing (Ranger - 3.0L)
          • Drive Belt Routing (Ranger - 4.0L SOHC)
        • Drive Belt Routing (Villager - 3.3L With A/C)
        • Drive Belt Routing (Windstar - 3.8L)
      • Cooling System Specifications
        • Coolant Replacement Interval
        • Cooling System Specifications (BLACKWOOD)
        • Cooling System Specifications (ECONOLINE)
        • Cooling System Specifications (Expedition & Navigator)
        • Cooling System Specifications (Excursion & F250-550 Pickups)
        • Cooling System Specifications (Escape)
        • Explorer, Explorer Sport, Explorer Sport TRAC, Mountaineer
        • Cooling System Specifications (F150 Pickup)
        • Cooling System Specifications (Ranger)
        • Cooling System Specifications (Villager)
        • Cooling System Specifications (WINDSTAR)
  • Auxiliary Emission Control Systems
    • Emission Control System Visual Inspection Procedures - General Information
      • * Please Read This First *
      • Emission Control Labels
      • Emission Control Visual Inspection
        • Notes
        • Positive Crankcase Ventilation (PCV)
        • Thermostatic Air Cleaner (TAC)
        • Fuel Evaporative System (EVAP)
        • Catalytic Converters
          • Oxidation Catalyst (OC)
          • Three-Way Catalyst (TWC)
          • Three-Way Catalyst + Oxidation Catalyst (TWC + OC)
        • Fill Pipe RESTRICTOR (Fr)
        • Exhaust Gas RECIRCULATION (EGR) System
          • Single Diaphragm EGR Valve
          • Dual Diaphragm EGR Valve
          • Positive Backpressure EGR (BP/EGR) Valve
          • Negative Backpressure EGR (BP/EGR) Valve
          • Digital EGR Valve
          • Integrated Electronic EGR Valve
        • Spark Controls (SPK)
        • Air Injection System (AIS)
          • Air Pump Injection System (AP)
          • Pulsed Secondary Air Injection (PAIR) System
        • Oxygen Sensor (O2)
        • Computerized Engine Controls (CEC)
        • Early Fuel Evaporation (EFE)
        • Emission Maintenance Reminder Light (EMR) (If Equipped)
        • Malfunction Indicator Light (Mil)
  • Cooling System (Mechanical)
    • Cooling System Specifications & Drive Belt Routing
      • Belt Adjustment
        • Notes
        • Belt Tension Adjustment Specifications (Villager)
        • Belt Tension Adjustment Specifications (Except Villager)
      • Drive Belt Routing
        • Notes
        • Drive Belt Routing (ECONOLINE & F150 Pickup - 4.2L)
        • Drive Belt Routing (BLACKWOOD, ECONOLINE, Excursion, Expedition, F150-550 Pickup & Navigator 4.6L, 5.4L & 6.8L With A/C, & Explorer & Mountaineer 4.6L)
        • Drive Belt Routing (ECONOLINE - 7.3L)
        • Drive Belt Routing (Escape - 2.0L)
        • Drive Belt Routing (Excursion & F250-550 Pickup 7.3L Diesel)
        • Drive Belt Routing (Explorer, Explorer Sport, Explorer Sport TRAC, Mountaineer & Ranger - 4.0L SOHC With A/C)
        • Drive Belt Routing (F150 Lightning 5.4L SC)
        • Ranger - Except 4.0L SOHC With A/C
          • Drive Belt Routing (Ranger - 2.3L)
          • Drive Belt Routing (Ranger - 3.0L)
          • Drive Belt Routing (Ranger - 4.0L SOHC)
        • Drive Belt Routing (Villager - 3.3L With A/C)
        • Drive Belt Routing (Windstar - 3.8L)
      • Cooling System Specifications
        • Coolant Replacement Interval
        • Cooling System Specifications (BLACKWOOD)
        • Cooling System Specifications (ECONOLINE)
        • Cooling System Specifications (Expedition & Navigator)
        • Cooling System Specifications (Excursion & F250-550 Pickups)
        • Cooling System Specifications (Escape)
        • Explorer, Explorer Sport, Explorer Sport TRAC, Mountaineer
        • Cooling System Specifications (F150 Pickup)
        • Cooling System Specifications (Ranger)
        • Cooling System Specifications (Villager)
        • Cooling System Specifications (WINDSTAR)
    • Engine Cooling System
      • Specifications
        • General Specifications
        • Torque Specifications
      • Description And Operation
        • Engine Cooling
      • Diagnosis And Testing
        • Engine Cooling
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Inspection and Verification
          • Symptom Chart
          • Pinpoint Tests
            • Pinpoint Test A: Loss Of Coolant
            • Pinpoint Test B: The Engine Overheats
            • Pinpoint Test C: The Engine Does Not Reach Normal Operating Temperature
          • Component Tests
            • Pressure Test
          • Cap-Pressure Relief
          • Thermostat
          • Thermostat-Electrical Test
          • Thermostat- Mechanical Test
          • Radiator Leak Test, Removed From Vehicle
          • Fan Clutch Test
          • Minimum Speed Fan Clutch Requirement Test
          • Maximum Speed Fan Clutch Requirement Test
      • General Procedures
        • Cooling System Draining, Filling and Bleeding
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Draining
          • Filling and Bleeding With RADKITPLUS
          • Filling Without RADKITPLUS
          • Bleeding Without RADKITPLUS
        • Flushing - Engine and Radiator
        • Backflushing - Heater Core
      • Removal And Installation
        • Block Heater
          • Material
          • Removal and Installation
        • Thermostat - 4.6L and 5.4L (2V)
          • Removal and Installation
        • Thermostat - 5.4L (4V)
          • Removal and Installation
        • Water Pump
          • Material
          • Removal and Installation
        • Radiator
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Cooling Fan
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Degas Bottle
          • Removal and Installation
  • Mechanical
    • Engine - 4.6L & 5.4L
      • Specifications
        • Torque Specifications
        • General Specifications
      • Description And Operation
        • Engine
        • Engine Component View
          • Notes
          • 4.6L Romeo Engine - Lower and Front End
          • 4.6L Upper End Components
          • 4.6L Engine Induction System Components
          • 4.6L Engine Exterior Components
          • 5.4L Engine - Upper End
          • 5.4L Engine Induction System
          • 5.4L Engine - Lower End
          • 5.4L Engine - Exterior Components
      • Diagnosis And Testing
        • Engine
      • In-Vehicle Repair
        • Intake Manifold - 4.6L
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Intake Manifold - 5.4L
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Valve Cover LH
          • Material
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Valve Cover RH
          • Material
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Crankshaft Pulley
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Material
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Crankshaft Front Oil Seal
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Material
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Engine Front Cover
          • Material
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Timing Drive Components - Windsor Engine
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Material
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Timing Drive Components - Romeo Engine
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Material
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Valve Springs
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Valve Seals
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Hydraulic Lash Adjuster
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Camshaft Roller Followers
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Camshaft
          • Material
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Exhaust Manifold RH
          • Removal and Installation
        • Exhaust Manifold LH
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Oil Filter Adapter - 4x2
          • Material
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Oil Filter Adapter - 4x4
          • Material
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Oil Level Indicator and Tube
          • Material
          • Removal and Installation
        • Oil Pan - 4x2, 4.6L
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Material
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Oil Pan - 4x2, 5.4L
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Material
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Oil Pan - 4x4
          • Material
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Oil Pump
          • Material
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Oil Pump Screen and Pickup Tube
          • Material
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Flexplate
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Crankshaft Rear Oil Seal
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Material
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Crankshaft Rear Seal with Retainer Plate
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Material
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Engine Mount - LH
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Engine Mount - RH
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Removal
          • Installation
      • Removal
        • Engine
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Removal
        • Cylinder Heads - 4.6L
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Material
          • Removal
        • Cylinder Heads - 5.4L
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Material
          • Removal
      • Disassembly
        • Engine - 4.6L and 5.4L
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Material
          • Disassembly
      • Disassembly And Assembly Of Subassemblies
        • Cylinder Head
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Material
          • Disassembly
          • Assembly
        • Piston - Pin Connecting Rod, Press Fit
          • Material
          • Disassembly
          • Assembly
        • Piston - Pin Connecting Rod, Floating Pin
          • Material
          • Disassembly
          • Assembly
        • Intake Manifold Assembly - 4.6L
          • Material
          • Disassembly
          • Assembly
        • Intake Manifold Assembly - 5.4L
          • Disassembly
          • Assembly
      • Assembly
        • Engine - 4.6L
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Material
          • Assembly
        • Engine - 5.4L
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Material
          • Assembly
      • Installation
        • Engine
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Material
          • Installation
        • Cylinder Heads - 4.6L
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Material
          • Installation
        • Cylinder Heads - 5.4L
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Material
          • Installation
    • Engine System-General Information
      • Specifications
        • General Specifications
      • Description And Operation
        • Engine
      • Diagnosis And Testing
        • Engine
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Material
          • Inspection and Verification
          • Symptom Chart
          • Component Tests
            • Engine Oil Leaks
            • Engine Oil Leaks - Fluorescent Oil Additive Method
            • Leakage Points - Underhood
            • Leakage Points - Under Engine, With Vehicle on Hoist
            • Leakage Points - With Transmission and Flywheel Removed
          • Compression Test - Compression Gauge Check
            • Notes
            • Compression Test - Test Results
            • Compression Test - Interpreting Compression Readings
          • Cylinder Leakage Detection
          • Excessive Engine Oil Consumption
            • Notes
            • Basic Pre-checks
            • Detailed Pre-checks
            • Oil Consumption Test
            • Post Checks, Evaluation and Corrective Action
          • Intake Manifold Vacuum Test
            • Notes
            • Intake Manifold Vacuum Test - Interpreting Vacuum Gauge Readings
            • Oil Pressure Test
          • Valve Train Analysis - Engine Off, Valve Cover Removed
            • Notes
            • Valve Train Analysis - Engine Off, Rocker Arm
            • Valve Train Analysis - Engine Off, Camshaft Roller Followers and Hydraulic Lash Adjusters, Overhead Camshaft
            • Valve Train Analysis - Engine Off, Camshaft - Engines
            • Valve Train Analysis - Valve Springs
            • Valve Train Analysis - Engine Off, Valve Spring Retainer and Valve Spring Retainer Keys
            • Valve Train Analysis - Engine Off, Valves and Cylinder Head
          • Valve Train Analysis - Engine Running
            • Notes
            • Valve Train Analysis - Engine Running, Valves and Cylinder Head
            • Valve Train Analysis - Engine Running, Camshaft Lobe Lift - OHC Engines
            • Valve Train Analysis - Engine Running, Valve Tappet
      • General Procedures
        • Sprockets
        • Camshaft Journal - Diameter
        • Camshaft Journal - Clearance, Plastigage Method
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Procedure
        • Camshaft End Play - OHC Engines
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Procedure
        • Camshaft - Lobe Surface
        • Camshaft Lobe Lift
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Procedure
        • Camshaft Runout
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Procedure
        • Crankshaft Main Bearing Journal - Diameter
        • Crankshaft Main Bearing Journal - Taper
        • Crankshaft Main Bearing Journal - Clearance
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Procedure
        • Crankshaft End Play
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Procedure
        • Crankshaft Runout
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Procedure
        • Crankshaft - Connecting Rod Journal Taper, Out of Round
        • Cylinder Bore - Taper
        • Cylinder Bore - Out-of-Round
        • Piston Inspection
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Procedure
        • Piston - Pin to Bore Diameter
        • Piston - Diameter
        • Piston - to Cylinder Bore Clearance
        • Piston - Selection
        • Piston - Ring End Gap
        • Piston - Ring-to-Groove Clearance
        • Piston - Pin Diameter
        • Connecting Rod - Cleaning
        • Connecting Rod - Large End Bore
        • Connecting Rod - Bushing Diameter
        • Connecting Rod - Bend
        • Connecting Rod - Twist
        • Connecting Rod - Piston Pin Side Clearance
        • Connecting Rod - Bearing Journal Clearance
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Procedure
        • Roller Follower - Inspection
          • Push rod engines
          • OHC engines
        • Valve Tappet - Inspection
          • Push rod engines
          • OHC engines
        • Valve - Stem Diameter
        • Valve - Stem to Valve Guide Clearance
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Procedure
        • Valve - Inspection
        • Valve - Guide Inner Diameter
        • Valve - Guide Reaming
        • Valve - Spring Installed Length
        • Valve - Spring Free Length
        • Valve - Spring Squareness
        • Valve Spring Strength
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Procedure
        • Valve - Seat Inspection
          • Valve and Seat Refacing Measurements
        • Valve - Seat Width
        • Valve - Seat Runout
        • Cylinder Head - Distortion
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Procedure
        • Cylinder Bore - Cleaning
        • Cylinder Block Core Plug Replacement
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Material
          • Procedure
            • Notes
            • Expansion-Type
        • Spark Plug - Inspection
        • Exhaust Manifold - Inspection
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Procedure
        • Bearing - Inspection
  • Starter System
    • Description
    • Component Locations
    • Adjustments
      • Digital Transmission Range Sensor
    • Trouble Shooting
    • On-Vehicle Testing
      • Notes
      • Voltage Drop Test
      • Starter Ground Circuit Test
    • System Tests
      • Notes
      • Test A: Engine Does Not Crank Or Relay Clicks
      • Test B: Unusual Starter Noise
    • Removal & Installation
      • Starter Motor
        • Notes
        • Removal & Installation
    • Overhaul
    • Starter Motor Specifications
    • Torque Specifications
    • Wiring Diagrams
      • Expedition
      • Navigator
• Engine Performance
  • Engine Control System - Adjustments
    • Engine Mechanical
    • Valve Clearance
    • Ignition Timing
      • Gasoline Engines
        • Except Villager
        • Villager
    • Injector Timing
      • Diesel Engines
    • Idle Speed
      • Gasoline Engines
        • Except Villager
        • Villager
      • Diesel Engines
    • Throttle Position Sensor
      • Gasoline Engines
        • Except Villager
        • Villager
    • Accelerator Pedal Sensor
      • Diesel Engines
  • Application
    • Engine Introduction - Trucks
      • Engine Introduction - Trucks
        • Notes
        • Vehicle Identification Number Description
          • Notes
          • World Manufacturer Identifier - Position 1
          • Brake Type & Gross Vehicle Weight Rating (GVWR) - Position 2
          • Line, Series & Body Type Code - Position 3
          • Engine Code - Position 4
          • Computer-Generated Check Digit - Position 5
          • Model Year Code - Position 6
          • Assembly Plant Code - Position 7
          • Production Sequence Number - Position 8
        • Model/Year VIN Code Applications
        • Engine Code Location
  • Emissions
    • EGR Function Testing - Ford - Trucks
      • EGR Function Testing - Ford - Trucks
        • Test 1
          • Ported EGR Valve
        • Test 2
          • Backpressure Transducer EGR System
        • Test 3
          • Integral Backpressure Transducer Assembly
        • Test 4
          • Electronic EGR Valve
        • Test 5
          • Vacuum Amplifier (If Equipped)
        • Test 6
          • EEC-V Equipped Vehicles
        • Test 7
          • 1996-97 EEC-IV Equipped Trucks
        • Test 8
          • EGR Valve
          • EGR Vacuum Regulator Solenoid
        • Test 9
    • Emission Applications - Gas
      • Emission Applications
    • Emission Control Abbreviations
      • "A"
      • "B"
      • "C"
      • "D"
      • "E"
      • "F"
      • "G"
      • "H"
      • "I"
      • "K"
      • "L"
      • "M"
      • "N"
      • "O"
      • "P"
      • "R"
      • "S"
      • "T"
      • "V"
      • "W"
    • State Emission Standards - Diesel
      • ARIZONA
      • Colorado
      • CONNECTICUT
      • IDAHO
      • KENTUCKY
      • MASSACHUSETTS
      • New YORK
      • OHIO
      • RHODE Island
      • UTAH
      • WASHINGTON
    • State Emission Standards - Gas
      • ALASKA
      • ARIZONA
      • CALIFORNIA
        • California Emission Standards ASM Tests
        • Legend
        • Pass/Fail Emission Standards = A+B / VTW
      • Colorado
      • CONNECTICUT
      • DELAWARE
      • District Of COLUMBIA
      • GEORGIA
      • IDAHO
      • ILLINOIS
      • INDIANA
      • KENTUCKY
      • MARYLAND
      • MASSACHUSETTS
      • MISSOURI
      • NEVADA
      • New Jersey
      • New MEXICO
      • New YORK
      • North CAROLINA
      • OHIO
      • OREGON
      • PENNSYLVANIA
      • RHODE Island
      • TENNESSEE
      • TEXAS
      • UTAH
      • VIRGINIA
      • WASHINGTON
      • WISCONSIN
      • U. S. EPA ASM2525 & ASM5015 Start-Up Emission Standards
      • U. S. EPA Revised Final ASM Emission Standards (ASM5015 & ASM2525)
      • U.S. EPA Im240 Emission Standards
        • Start-Up Standards
        • Final Standards
  • Mode 6 - 2002 Ford - Except Diesel
    • Introduction
    • Catalyst Monitor
    • Misfire Monitor
    • Air System Monitor
    • EVAP Monitor
    • Front Ho2S Monitor
    • Rear Ho2S Monitor
    • EGR Monitor
  • Engine Controls - Pin Voltage Charts
    • Introduction
    • Test Equipment
    • Test Procedures
      • Notes
      • Pin Voltage Testing
      • Symptom Testing
        • Notes
        • Reference Value Symptom-To-PID (Bi-Fuel)
        • Reference Value Symptom-To-PID (Gasoline & NGV)
      • PID Testing
        • Notes
        • Accessing Generic OBD-II PIDs
        • Accessing Ford Specific PIDs
      • Pcm Connectors
      • Powertrain Control Module Locations
    • PID Definitions & Pin Voltage/PID Values
      • Notes
      • PID Definitions
        • Generic OBD-II PID Definitions
        • Ford Motor Co. Gasoline OBD-II PID Definitions
        • Ford Motor Co. Bi-Fuel OBD-II PID Definitions
      • Pin Voltage/PID Value Tables
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Blackwood & Navigator 5.4L 4V A/T
          • BLACKWOOD & Navigator 5.4L 4V A/T - Inputs
          • BLACKWOOD & Navigator 5.4L 4V A/T - Outputs
          • BLACKWOOD & Navigator 5.4L 4V A/T - Generic OBD-II PID Values
        • Econoline 5.4L A/T (Compressed Natural Gas)
          • ECONOLINE 5.4L A/T (Compressed Natural Gas) - Inputs
          • ECONOLINE 5.4L A/T (Compressed Natural Gas) - Outputs
          • ECONOLINE 5.4L A/T (Compressed Natural Gas) - Generic OBD-II PID Values
        • Econoline 5.4L Gasoline A/T (4R70W)
          • ECONOLINE 5.4L Gasoline A/T (4R70W) - Inputs
          • ECONOLINE 5.4L Gasoline A/T (4R70W) - Outputs
          • ECONOLINE 5.4L Gasoline A/T (4R70W) - Generic OBD-II PID Values
        • Econoline 5.4L Gasoline A/T (4R100)
          • ECONOLINE 5.4L Gasoline A/T (4R100) - Inputs
          • ECONOLINE 5.4L Gasoline A/T (4R100) - Outputs
          • ECONOLINE 5.4L Gasoline A/T (4R100) - Generic OBD-II PID Values
        • Econoline, Excursion & F250-550 7.3L Diesel
          • 7.3L Diesel - Inputs & Outputs
        • Econoline, Expedition & F150 4.6L A/T (4R70W)
          • ECONOLINE, Expedition & F150 4.6L A/T (4R70W) - Inputs
          • ECONOLINE, Expedition & F150 4.6L A/T - Outputs
          • ECONOLINE, Expedition & F150 4.6L A/T - Generic OBD-II PID Values
        • Econoline & F150 Pickup 4.2L A/T (4R70W)
          • ECONOLINE & F150 4.2L A/T (4R70W) - Inputs
          • ECONOLINE & F150 4.2L A/T (4R70W) - Outputs
          • ECONOLINE & F150 4.2L A/T (4R70W) - Generic OBD-II PID Values
        • Econoline & F250-550 6.8L A/T (4R100)
          • ECONOLINE & F250-550 6.8L A/T (4R100) - Inputs
          • ECONOLINE & F250-550 6.8L A/T (4R100) - Outputs
          • ECONOLINE & F250-550 6.8L A/T (4R100) - Generic OBD-II PID Values
        • Escape 2.0L 4V M/T
          • Escape 2.0L 4V M/T - Inputs
          • Escape 2.0L 4V M/T - Outputs
          • Escape 2.0L 4V M/T - Generic OBD-II PID Values
        • Escape 3.0L 4V A/T
          • Escape 3.0L 4V A/T - Inputs
          • Escape 3.0L 4V A/T - Outputs
          • Escape 3.0L 4V A/T - Generic OBD-II PID Values
        • Excursion 5.4L A/T (4R100)
          • Excursion 5.4L A/T (4R100) - Inputs
          • Excursion 5.4L A/T (4R100) - Outputs
          • Excursion 5.4L A/T (4R100) - Generic OBD-II PID Values
        • Excursion 6.8L A/T (4R100)
          • Excursion 6.8L A/T (4R100) - Inputs
          • Excursion 6.8L A/T (4R100) - Outputs
          • Excursion 6.8L A/T (4R100) - Generic OBD-II PID Values
        • Expedition & F150 5.4L 2V A/T (4R100)
          • Expedition & F150 5.4L 2V A/T (4R100) - Inputs
          • Expedition & F150 5.4L 2V A/T (4R100) - Outputs
          • Expedition & F150 5.4L 2V A/T (4R100) - Generic OBD-II PID Values
        • Explorer & Mountaineer 4.0L A/T (5R55W)
          • Explorer & Mountaineer 4.0L A/T (5R55W) - Inputs
          • Explorer & Mountaineer 4.0L A/T (5R55W) - Outputs
          • Explorer & Mountaineer 4.0L A/T (5R55W) - Generic OBD-II PID Values
        • Explorer 4.0L M/T (M5OD-R4)
          • Explorer 4.0L M/T (M5OD-R4) - Inputs
          • Explorer 4.0L M/T (M5OD-R4) - Outputs
          • Explorer 4.0L M/T (M5OD-R4) - Generic OBD-II PID Values
        • Explorer & Mountaineer 4.6L A/T (5R55W)
          • Explorer & Mountaineer 4.6L A/T (5R55W) - Inputs
          • Explorer & Mountaineer 4.6L A/T (5R55W) - Outputs
          • Explorer & Mountaineer 4.6L A/T (5R55W) - Generic OBD-II PID Values
        • Explorer Sport & Explorer Sport Trac 4.0L A/T (Flexible Fuel)
          • Explorer Sport & Explorer Sport TRAC 4.0L A/T (Flexible Fuel) - Inputs
          • Explorer Sport & Explorer Sport TRAC 4.0L A/T (Flexible Fuel) - Outputs
          • Explorer Sport & Explorer Sport TRAC 4.0L A/T (Flexible Fuel) - Generic OBD-II PID Values
        • Explorer Sport & Explorer Sport Trac 4.0L A/T (Gasoline)
          • Explorer Sport & Explorer Sport TRAC 4.0L A/T (Gasoline) - Inputs
          • Explorer Sport & Explorer Sport TRAC 4.0L A/T (Gasoline) - Outputs
          • Explorer Sport & Explorer Sport TRAC 4.0L A/T (Gasoline) - Generic OBD-II PID Values
        • Explorer Sport & Explorer Sport Trac 4.0L M/T (M5OD-R1)
          • Explorer Sport & Explorer Sport TRAC 4.0L M/T (M5OD-R1) - Inputs
          • Explorer Sport & Explorer Sport TRAC 4.0L M/T (M5OD-R1) - Outputs
          • Explorer Sport & Explorer Sport TRAC 4.0L M/T (M5OD-R1) - Generic OBD-II PID Values
        • F150 4.2L M/T (M5OD-R2)
          • F150 4.2L M/T (M5OD-R2) - Inputs
          • F150 4.2L M/T (M5OD-R2) - Outputs
          • F150 4.2L M/T (M5OD-R2) - Generic OBD-II PID Values
        • F150 4.6L M/T (M5OD-R2)
          • F150 4.6L M/T (M5OD-R2) - Inputs
          • F150 4.6L M/T (M5OD-R2) - Outputs
          • F150 4.6L M/T (M5OD-R2) - Generic OBD-II PID Values
        • F150 5.4L Gasoline A/T (4R70W)
          • F150 5.4L Gasoline A/T (4R70W) - Inputs
          • F150 5.4L Gasoline A/T (4R70W) - Outputs
          • F150 5.4L Gasoline A/T (4R70W) - Generic OBD-II PID Values
        • F150 5.4L Compressed Natural Gas A/T (4R70W & 4R100)
          • F150 5.4L Compressed Natural Gas A/T (4R70W & 4R100) - Inputs
          • F150 5.4L Compressed Natural Gas A/T (4R70W & 4R100) - Outputs
          • F150 5.4L Compressed Natural Gas A/T (4R70W & 4R100) - Generic OBD-II PID Values
        • F150 5.4L (Bi-Fuel)
          • F150 5.4L (Bi-Fuel) - Inputs
          • F150 5.4L (Bi-Fuel) - Outputs
          • Cause PID Fault Definitions
        • F150 5.4L SC Lightning A/T (4R100)
          • F150 5.4L SC Lightning A/T (4R100) - Inputs
          • F150 5.4L SC Lightning A/T (4R100) - Outputs
          • F150 5.4L SC Lightning A/T (4R100) - Generic OBD-II PID Values
        • F250-550 5.4L A/T (4R100)
          • F250-350 5.4L A/T (4R100) - Inputs
          • F250-350 5.4L A/T (4R100) - Outputs
          • F250-350 5.4L A/T (4R100) - Generic OBD-II PID Values
        • F250-350 5.4L M/T (ZF S6-650)
          • F250-350 5.4L M/T (ZF S6-650) - Inputs
          • F250-350 5.4L M/T (ZF S6-650) - Outputs
          • F250-350 5.4L M/T (ZF S6-650) - Generic OBD-II PID Values
        • F250-550 6.8L M/T (S6-650)
          • F250-550 6.8L M/T (S6-650) - Inputs
          • F250-550 6.8L M/T (S6-650) - Outputs
          • F250-550 6.8L M/T (S6-650) - Generic OBD-II PID Values
        • F650-750 7.3L Diesel
          • 7.3L Diesel - Inputs & Outputs
        • Ranger 2.3L A/T (5R44E)
          • Ranger 2.3L A/T (5R44E) - Inputs
          • Ranger 2.3L A/T (5R44E) - Outputs
          • Ranger 2.3L A/T (5R44E) - Generic OBD-II PID Values
        • Ranger 2.3L M/T (M5OD-R1)
          • Ranger 2.3L M/T (M5OD-R1) - Inputs
          • Ranger 2.3L M/T (M5OD-R1) - Outputs
          • Ranger 2.3L M/T (M5OD-R1) - Generic OBD-II PID Values
        • Ranger 3.0L Gasoline A/T (5R44E)
          • Ranger 3.0L Gasoline A/T (5R44E) - Inputs
          • Ranger 3.0L Gasoline A/T (5R44E) - Outputs
          • Ranger 3.0L Gasoline A/T (5R44E) - Generic OBD-II PID Values
        • Ranger 3.0L Flexible Fuel A/T (5R44E)
          • Ranger 3.0L Flexible Fuel A/T (5R44E) - Inputs
          • Ranger 3.0L Flexible Fuel A/T (5R44E) - Outputs
          • Ranger 3.0L Flexible Fuel A/T (5R44E) - Generic OBD-II PID Values
        • Ranger 3.0L M/T (M5OD-R1)
          • Ranger 3.0L M/T (M5OD-R1) - Inputs
          • Ranger 3.0L M/T (M5OD-R1) - Outputs
          • Ranger 3.0L M/T (M5OD-R1) - Generic OBD-II PID Values
        • Ranger 4.0L A/T (5R55E)
          • Ranger 4.0L A/T (5R55E) - Inputs
          • Ranger 4.0L A/T (5R55E) - Outputs
          • Ranger 4.0L A/T (5R55E) - Generic OBD-II PID Values
        • Ranger 4.0L M/T (M5OD-R1)
          • Ranger 4.0L M/T (M5OD-R1) - Inputs
          • Ranger 4.0L M/T (M5OD-R1) - Outputs
          • Ranger 4.0L M/T (M5OD-R1) - Generic OBD-II PID Values
        • Villager 3.3L A/T (4F20E)
          • Villager 3.3L A/T (4F20E) - Inputs
          • Villager 3.3L - Outputs
        • Windstar 3.8L A/T (4F50N)
          • WINDSTAR 3.8L A/T (4F50N) - Inputs
          • WINDSTAR 3.8L A/T (4F50N) - Outputs
          • WINDSTAR 3.8L A/T (4F50N) - Generic OBD-II PID Values
  • Remove, Overhaul & Install
    • Engine Controls - Removal, Overhaul & Installation - BLACKWOOD, Expedition, F150 Pickup & Navigator - Gasoline
      • Introduction
      • Air Induction Systems
        • Intake Manifold
          • Removal & Installation (4.6L & 5.4L 2V)
          • Removal & Installation (4.2L - Intake Manifold Spacer)
          • Removal & Installation (4.2L - Lower Intake Manifold)
          • Removal & Installation (4.6L - Lower Intake Manifold)
          • Removal & Installation (5.4 4V - Lower Intake Manifold)
          • Removal (4.2L - Upper Intake Manifold)
          • Installation
          • Removal & Installation (5.4L 4V - Upper Intake Manifold)
        • Intake Manifold Tuning Valve
          • Removal & Installation (4.6L)
          • Removal & Installation (5.4L 4V)
        • Supercharger
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Supercharger By-Pass Solenoid
          • Removal & Installation
        • Throttle Body
          • Removal (Except 5.4L)
          • Installation
          • Removal & Installation (5.4L)
      • Computerized Engine Controls
        • Notes
        • Powertrain Control Module
          • Removal & Installation
      • Engine Sensors & Switches
        • Notes
        • Camshaft Position Sensor
        • Camshaft Position Synchronizer
        • Crankshaft Position Sensor
        • Cylinder Head Temperature Sensor
        • Fuel Tank Pressure Sensor
        • Heated Oxygen Sensor
        • Intake Manifold Tuning Valve
        • Knock Sensor
        • Supercharger By-Pass Solenoid
      • Relays & Solenoids
        • Notes
        • Intake Manifold Tuning Valve
        • Supercharger By-Pass Solenoid
      • Cooling Systems
        • Notes
        • Cooling System Bleeding
        • Charge Air Cooling System (F150 5.4L SC)
          • Bleeding
          • Water Pump Removal & Installation
          • Radiator Removal & Installation
      • Ignition Systems
        • Notes
        • Camshaft Position Sensor
          • Removal & Installation (4.6L & 5.4L)
        • Camshaft Position Synchronizer
          • Notes
          • Removal (4.2L)
          • Installation
        • Crankshaft Position Sensor
          • Notes
          • Removal & Installation
        • Cylinder Head Temperature Sensor
          • Removal & Installation (4.2L)
          • Removal & Installation (4.6L & 5.4L 2V)
          • Removal & Installation (5.4L 4V)
        • Coils
          • Removal & Installation (Coil-On-Plug 2-Valve)
          • Removal & Installation (Coil-On-Plug 4-Valve)
          • Removal & Installation (4.2L Coil Pack)
        • Knock Sensor
          • Removal & Installation (4.2L)
          • Removal & Installation (4.6L & 5.4L)
        • Spark Plugs
          • Notes
          • Removal & Installation (5.4L 4V)
      • Fuel Systems
        • Fuel System Safety Precautions
          • Safe Fuel Handling Practices
          • Inertia Fuel Shutoff Switch Reset Procedure
        • Fuel System Pressure Release
        • Fuel Line Connectors
          • Push Connect Coupling
          • "R" Clip Coupling
          • Spring Lock Coupling
        • Fuel Filter
          • Removal & Installation - Blackwood
          • Fuel Filter Removal & Installation - Expedition & Navigator
          • Fuel Filter Removal & Installation - F 150
        • Fuel Pressure Regulator
          • Notes
          • Removal & Installation (4.2L)
          • Removal & Installation (4.6L, 5.4L)
        • Fuel Pump
          • Removal & Installation
        • Fuel Rails & Injectors
          • Removal (4.2L)
          • Installation
          • Removal & Installation (4.6L)
          • Removal & Installation (5.4L)
        • Fuel Tank
          • Notes
          • Removal & Installation
        • Heated Oxygen Sensor
          • Removal
          • Installation
      • Evaporative Emissions Systems
        • Evaporative Emissions System Safety Precautions
        • Vapor Tube Fittings
        • Charcoal Canister
          • Removal & Installation
        • Fuel Tank Pressure Sensor
          • Removal & Installation
        • After Repair Procedure
      • Emissions Systems & Subsystems
        • PCV Valve
      • Torque Specifications
        • Except BLACKWOOD, F150 5.4L SC & Navigator
        • BLACKWOOD & Navigator
        • F150 5.4L SC
  • Sensor Range Charts
    • Engine Controls - Sensor Operating Range Charts
      • Introduction
  • Specifications
    • Engine Controls - Service & Adjustment Specifications
      • Introduction
      • Capacities
        • Cooling System Capacities
        • Engine Oil Capacities
        • Transmission & Transfer Case Capacities
        • Differential Fluid Capacities
      • Quick-Service
        • Service Intervals & Specifications
        • Belt Adjustment
      • Mechanical Checks
        • Engine Compression
          • Diesel Engines
          • Gasoline Engines
        • Valve Clearance
      • Air Induction Systems
        • Supercharger
      • Ignition Systems
        • High Tension Wire Resistance
        • Spark Plugs
          • Notes
          • Spark Plug Specifications (4-Cylinder)
          • Spark Plug Specifications (V6)
          • Spark Plug Specifications (V8)
          • Spark Plug Specifications (V10)
        • Firing Order & Timing Marks
          • Notes
          • Firing Order & Timing Marks (2.0L)
          • Spark Plug Wire Routing (2.0L)
          • Firing Order & Timing Marks (2.3L)
          • Firing Order & Timing Marks (3.0L Ranger)
          • Firing Order & Timing Marks (3.0L Escape)
          • Firing Order (3.3L)
          • Firing Order & Timing Marks (3.8L)
          • Spark Plug Wire Routing (3.8L)
          • Firing Order (4.0L - Explorer & Mountaineer)
          • Spark Plug Wire Routing (4.0L - Explorer & Mountaineer)
          • Firing Order & Timing Marks (4.0L - Ranger)
          • Spark Plug Wire Routing (4.0L - Ranger)
          • Firing Order & Timing Marks (4.2L - E-Series)
          • Spark Plug Wire Routing (4.2L - E-Series)
          • Firing Order & Timing Marks (4.2L - F-Series)
          • Spark Plug Wire Routing (4.2L - F-Series)
          • Firing Order & Timing Marks (4.6L & 5.4L)
          • Spark Plug Coils & Firing Order (4.6L) (Not Coil On Plug)
          • Spark Plug Coils (4.6L & 5.4L)
          • Spark Plug Coils (5.4L)
          • Firing Order (6.8L)
          • Spark Plug Coils (6.8L)
          • Firing Order (7.3L Diesel)
        • Ignition Timing
      • Fuel Systems
        • Fuel Pump
        • Idle Mixture
        • Idle Speed
          • Villager
        • Throttle Position Sensor
          • Notes
          • TP Sensor Output (Villager)
          • TP Sensor Output (Except Villager)
    • Firing Order & Cylinder Identification
      • Firing Order & Cylinder Identification
        • Notes
        • 3 Cylinder Engine
        • 4 Cylinder Engine
        • 5 Cylinder Engine
        • V6 Engine
          • 3.3L (VIN T) Engines
          • 3.0L Villager Engine
          • All Other V6 Engines Except 3.3L (VIN T) & 3.0L Villager Engine
        • V8 Engine
          • 3.9L (VIN A) V8 Engines
          • 5.2L V8 Engines
          • 5.0L (Mustang Only) & 6.2L V8 Engines
          • All Other Gasoline V8 Engines Except 3.9L (VIN A), 5.0L (Mustang Only), 5.2L & 6.2L
          • Diesel V8 Engine (To 2010)
          • 6.7L Diesel V8 Engine (From 2011)
        • V10 Engine
    • Fuel System Pressure Specifications
      • Fuel Systems
        • Fuel Pressure - Cars
        • Fuel Pressure - Trucks
  • System
    • Engine Controls - Basic Diagnostic Procedures - Except Diesel
      • Introduction
      • Preliminary Inspection & Adjustments
        • Visual Inspection
        • Mechanical Inspection
          • Compression
          • Exhaust System Backpressure
      • Fuel Systems
        • Notes
        • Preliminary Checks
        • Fuel System Pressure Release
          • Notes
          • Gasoline Engines
        • Fuel Pressure
          • Bi-Fuel & Natural Gas Vehicle Engines
          • Gasoline Engines
        • Fuel Injectors
          • Fuel Injector Resistance
          • Fuel Injector Check
        • Inertia Fuel Shutoff Switch
      • Ignition Checks
        • Preliminary Checks
        • EDIS (DISTRIBUTORLESS) Ignition System
          • Notes
          • Spark Check
        • Ignition Coil Resistance
      • Idle Speed & Ignition Timing
        • Notes
        • Idle Mixture Adjustment
        • Ignition Timing
      • Throttle Position Sensor Adjustment
      • Summary
    • Engine Controls - Self-Diagnostics Introduction- EEC-V - Gasoline & NGV
      • Introduction
      • Self-Diagnostic System
        • Diagnostic Formats
        • Diagnostic Trouble Codes
          • Notes
          • KOEO & KOER Self-Tests
          • Continuous Memory Codes
        • Retrieving Codes
        • Reading Codes
          • Notes
          • KOEO & KOER On-Demand Self-Test Codes
          • Pass Codes
          • Continuous Memory Codes
        • Clearing Codes
          • Notes
          • PCM Reset Procedure
          • Keep Alive Random Access Memory Reset Procedure
        • Powertrain Control Module Location
      • Quick Test
        • Notes
        • Visual Check
        • Vehicle Preparation & Equipment Hookup
        • KOEO On-Demand Self-Test
          • Description
          • Performing Self-Test
        • KOER On-Demand Self-Test
          • Description
          • BPP, PSP & TCS Test Procedures
          • Performing Self-Test
        • Continuous Memory Self-Test
          • Description
          • Performing Self-Test
      • Additional System Functions
        • Notes
        • Parameter Identification Mode
          • Notes
          • Description
          • Accessing Generic OBD-II PIDs
          • Accessing Ford Specific PIDs
        • On-Board System Readiness Test Mode
          • Description
          • Accessing OSR Test Mode
        • Freeze Frame Data Mode
          • Description
          • Accessing Freeze Frame Data Mode PIDs
        • Diagnosing Adaptive Fuel DTCS
          • Notes
          • Description
          • Obtain Freeze Frame Data
          • Using LONGFT1 & LONGFT2 (Dual Bank Engines) PIDs
          • Resetting Long Term Fuel Trims
          • P0171/P0174 System Too Lean Diagnostic Aids
          • P0172/P0175 System Too Rich Diagnostic Aids
        • Output Test Mode
          • Notes
          • Description
          • Accessing Output Test Mode
        • Failure Mode Effects Management
        • Hardware Limited Operational Strategy
        • Engine Rpm/Vehicle Speed Limiter
      • Diagnostic Monitors
        • Description
        • Catalyst Efficiency Monitor
          • Description
          • Switch Ratio Method (1996-2002)
          • Index Ratio Method (Some 2001-Later)
          • General Catalyst Monitor Operation
        • Comprehensive Component Monitor
        • Evaporative Emission Leak Check Monitor
        • Exhaust Gas RECIRCULATION System Monitor - Differential Pressure Feedback EGR
        • Electric Exhaust Gas RECIRCULATION System Monitor
        • Fuel System Monitor
        • Heated Oxygen Sensor Monitor
          • Description
          • Testing
        • Misfire Detection Monitoring
        • Secondary Air Injection System Monitor - Electric Secondary Air Injection Pump System
        • Thermostat Monitor
        • Drive Cycle Procedure
          • Notes
          • OBD-II Drive Cycle Description
          • OBD-II Drive Cycle Vehicle Preparation
          • OBD-II Drive Cycle Procedure
      • Programming Pcm
        • Notes
        • Description
        • Flash Vehicle Identification Block Procedure
      • Fuel System Safety Precautions
        • Gasoline System
          • Notes
          • Safe Fuel Handling Practices (Gasoline, Methanol & Methanol Blends)
          • Inertia Fuel Shutoff Switch Reset Procedure
        • Natural Gas System
          • Notes
          • Safe Fuel Handling Practices (Natural Gas)
      • Summary
      • Diagnostic Trouble Code Definitions
      • System Tests
        • Notes
        • How To Use System Tests
      • Evaporative Emissions Diagnostic Trouble Code Definitions
      • System Tests (Evaporative Emission)
        • Notes
        • Canister Vent Solenoid Closing Procedure
        • Evaporative Emissions System Leak Test
        • Evaporative Emission Repair Verification Drive Cycle
        • Test A: DTC P0442: Small Leak Detected In EVAP System
          • Notes
          • Diagnostic Aids
          • Continental & Focus
          • Crown Victoria, Escape, Escort, Grand Marquis & Town Car
          • LS & Thunderbird
          • Ranger
          • Sable & Taurus
          • All Others
        • Test B: DTC P0455: Major Leak Or No Flow Detected In EVAP System Or DTC P1443: Very Small Or No Purge Flow Detected In EVAP System
          • Notes
          • Diagnostic Aids
          • Continental
          • Focus
          • LS & Thunderbird
          • Sable & Taurus
          • All Others
        • Test C: DTC P1450: Excessive Vacuum Detected In Fuel Tank
          • Notes
          • Diagnostic Aids
          • Continental
          • Escort
          • Focus
          • LS & Thunderbird
          • Sable & Taurus
          • All Others
    • Engine Controls - System & Component Tests - EEC-V - Gasoline
      • Introduction
        • Notes
        • Engine Cover
          • Removal & Installation
      • Air Induction Systems
        • Intake Air Control
          • Intake Manifold Runner Control Solenoid
          • Intake Manifold Swirl Control Solenoid
          • Intake Manifold Tuning Valve Solenoid
      • Computerized Engine Controls
        • Powertrain Control Module
          • Ground Circuits
          • Power Circuits
      • Engine Sensors & Switches
        • Switches
          • Brake Pedal Applied/Brake Pedal Position Switch
          • Clutch Pedal Position Switch
          • Inertia Fuel Shutoff Switch
          • Park/Neutral Position Or Clutch Pedal Position Switch
          • Power Steering Pressure Switch
          • Reverse Switch
          • Transmission Control Switch
        • Sensors
          • Notes
          • Air Conditioning Evaporator Temperature Sensor
          • Air Conditioning Pressure Sensor
          • Barometric Pressure Sensor
          • Camshaft Position Sensor
          • Crankshaft Position Sensor
          • Cylinder Head Temperature Sensor
          • Engine Coolant Temperature Sensor
          • Engine Oil Temperature Sensor
          • Engine Fuel Temperature Sensor
          • Fuel Rail Pressure Sensor
          • Heated Oxygen Sensor
          • Intake Air Temperature Sensor
          • Intake Air Temperature 2 Sensor (F150 Lightning 5.4L SC Only)
          • Knock Sensor
          • Mass Airflow Sensor
          • Output Shaft Speed Sensor
          • Power Steering Pressure Sensor
          • Thermal Manifold Absolute Pressure Sensor
          • Throttle Position Sensor
          • Transfer Case Speed Sensor
          • Vehicle Speed Sensor
      • Relays & Solenoids
        • Relays
          • Notes
          • Cooling Fan Control, Fuel Pump & PCM Power Relay
        • Solenoids
          • Air Injection By-Pass Solenoid
          • Air Injection Diverter Solenoid
          • Canister Vent Solenoid
          • EGR Vacuum Regulator Solenoid
          • Fuel Rail Solenoid
          • Idle Air Control Solenoid
          • Intake Manifold Runner Control Solenoid
          • Intake Manifold Swirl Control Solenoid (Ranger 2.3L Only)
          • Intake Manifold Tuning Valve Solenoid
          • Supercharger (Boost) By-Pass Solenoid
          • Variable Cam Timing Solenoid
      • Fuel Systems
        • Fuel Delivery
          • Fuel Pressure Regulator
          • Fuel Pump Relay
          • Fuel System Pressure Check
        • Fuel Control
          • Fuel Injector
      • Idle Control System
        • Idle Air Control Solenoid
      • Ignition Systems
      • Emission Systems & Sub-Systems
        • Catalytic Converter
        • Emissions Compliance
          • Notes
          • Diagnostic Routines
        • Fuel Evaporation
          • Notes
          • Canister Vent Solenoid
          • EVAP Canister (All Models)
          • EVAP Canister Purge Valve
        • Secondary Air Injection
        • EGR Systems
          • Electric Exhaust Gas Recirculation (Ranger 2.3L Only)
          • Exhaust Gas Recirculation
        • Positive Crankcase Ventilation
      • Evaporative Emission System Tests
        • Notes
        • Canister Vent Solenoid Closing Procedure
        • Evaporative Emissions System Leak Test
        • Hissing Sound When Removing Fuel Cap
          • Notes
          • Blackwood, Econoline, Escape, Excursion, Expedition, Explorer, F250-550 Super Duty Pickup, Mountaineer, Navigator, Ranger & Windstar
          • Continental
          • Crown Victoria, Grand Marquis & Town Car
          • Escort, Escort ZX2 & Focus
          • F150 Pickup
          • LS & Thunderbird
          • Mustang
          • Sable & Taurus
        • Excessive Fuel Odor
          • Notes
          • Blackwood, Econoline, Escape, Expedition, Excursion, Explorer, F250-550 Super Duty Pickup, Mountaineer, Navigator, Ranger & Windstar
          • Continental, Escort, Escort ZX2, Focus, Crown Victoria, Grand Marquis, Sable, Taurus & Town Car
          • F150 Pickup
          • LS & Thunderbird
          • Mustang
        • Unable To Refuel Vehicle
          • Notes
          • Continental, Crown Victoria, Escape, Grand Marquis & Town Car
          • Escort, Escort ZX2, Focus, Ranger, Sable & Taurus (With ORVR Only)
          • LS & Thunderbird
          • Mustang
          • Windstar
    • Engine Controls - System Tests A Through FB - EEC-V - Gasoline & NGV
      • Test A: No-Start
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test B: EEC-V Power Relay
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test C: Reference Voltage
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test DA: Temperature Sensor Test (IAT, ECT & EOT)
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test Db: Engine Fuel Temperature Sensor
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test Dc: Mass Airflow Sensor
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test Dd: Fuel Rail Pressure Sensor
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test DF: Vehicle Speed Circuit Check
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test Dg: Knock Sensor
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test DH: Throttle Position Sensor
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test DJ: Air Conditioning Evaporator Temperature Sensor
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test DL: Cylinder Head Temperature Sensor
        • Notes
        • Description
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test Dm: Thermal Manifold Absolute Pressure Sensor
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test DP: Vehicle Speed Sensor/Transfer Case Speed Sensor
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test DQ: Barometric Pressure Sensor
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test Dr: Camshaft Position Sensor
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test DS: Air Conditioning Pressure Sensor
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test DT: Power Steering Pressure Sensor
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test DU: Intake Air Temperature 2
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test FB: Power Take Off
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
    • Engine Controls - System Tests FD Through KA - EEC-V - Gasoline & NGV
      • Test FD: Brake Pedal Position Switch
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test Ff: Power Steering Pressure Switch
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test FH: Generator Load Input
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test H: Fuel Control
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test Ha: Natural Gas Fuel Control
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test HB: Natural Gas Fuel Delivery System
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test HC: Gasoline Fuel Delivery System
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test Hd: Misfire Detection Monitor
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test He: EGR System
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test Hf: Catalyst Efficiency Monitor & Exhaust Systems
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test Hg: PCV System
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test HK: Variable Cam Timing
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test HM: Secondary Air Injection System
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test HU: Air Intake System
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test HX: Evaporative Emission Monitor & System
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test HY: Generator/Regulator System
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test JB: Secondary Ignition
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test JD: Crankshaft Position Sensor
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test JE: Integrated Ignition Coil Failure
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test JF: Integrated Ignition Coil On Plug Failure
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test JH: Tachometer Output Failure
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test KA: Fuel Pump Relay
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
    • Engine Controls - System Tests Kb Through Z - EEC-V - Gasoline & NGV
      • Test Kb: Fuel Pump Driver Module
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test Kc: Fuel Shutoff Valve Relay
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test KD: Electric Exhaust Gas RECIRCULATION
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test KE: Idle Air Control Valve
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test KF: Fan Control Relay
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test Kg: VISCTRONIC Drive Fan Clutch
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test KH: Hydraulic Cooling Fan
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test KJ: Supercharger By-Pass Control
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test Kl: Shift Indicator Light
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test Km: Wot A/C Cut-Off
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test KP: Charge Air Cooler Pump
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test KQ: Thermostat Heater Control
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test NB: Malfunction Indicator Light
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test NC: Ignition Engine Speed Input Circuit
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test ND: Engine Rpm/Vehicle Speed Limiter
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test QA: Unable To Activate Self-Test/SCP Communication Error/DTC Not Listed
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test QB: KOEO DTC P0603, P1605 Or KOEO, KOER & Continuous Memory DTC P1633
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test QC: OBD-II Monitor Testing Not Complete; DTC P1000
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test QD: DTC P1260
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test Ta: Park/Neutral Position Or Clutch Pedal Position Switches
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test Tb: Transmission Control Switch/Transmission Control Indicator Lamp
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • TEST TG: 4x4 LOW RANGE
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test Th: Reverse Switch
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test TJ: Output Shaft Speed Sensor
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test X: Constant Control Relay Module
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test Z: Intermittent
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
    • Engine Controls - Trouble Shooting - No Codes - EEC-V - Gasoline & NGV
      • Introduction
      • Symptoms
        • Notes
        • Symptom Diagnosis
        • Rough Or Rolling Idle, Stalls, Misses, Hesitation Or Surge
          • Notes
          • Preliminary Checks
          • Symptom Checks Using Scan Tool PIDs
          • Engine Runs Rough At Idle
          • Engine Now Starts, But Stalls In Park Or Neutral
          • Miscellaneous Component Or System Checks
          • Natural Gas Vehicles With Rough Idle
          • Idle Concerns With A/C On (Continental, LS, Thunderbird & Windstar)
          • Additional Intermittent Testing
          • Additional Checks
        • Hard Start/Long Crank Or Erratic Start/Crank
          • Preliminary Checks
          • Miscellaneous Component Or System Checks
          • Additional Intermittent Testing
        • No-Start/Normal Crank
          • Notes
          • Preliminary Checks
          • Miscellaneous Component Or System Checks
          • Engine Will Now Start & Run Normally At Part Throttle
          • Additional Intermittent Testing
        • Slow Return To Idle
          • Preliminary Checks
          • Miscellaneous Component Or System Checks
        • Fast Idle Or Diesels/Runs On
          • Preliminary Checks
          • Engine Idles Fast
          • Miscellaneous Component Or System Checks
          • Additional Intermittent Testing
        • Low Idle (Stalls On Deceleration)
          • Preliminary Checks
          • Stall Or Quit On Deceleration (A/T Models)
          • Low Idle With A/C On (Econoline 4.6L, 5.4L & 6.8L)
          • Miscellaneous Component Or System Checks
        • Backfires
          • Preliminary Checks
          • Miscellaneous Component Or System Checks
          • Additional Intermittent Testing
        • Lack/Loss Of Power
          • Notes
          • Preliminary Checks
          • Symptom Checks Using Scan Tool PIDs
          • Miscellaneous Component Or System Checks
          • Lack/Loss Of Power (Mustang Only)
          • Lack/Loss Of Power (F150 Lightning 5.4L SC Only)
          • Additional Intermittent Testing
          • Additional Checks
        • Spark Knock
          • Preliminary Checks
          • Miscellaneous Component Or System Checks
          • Additional Intermittent Testing
        • Poor Fuel Economy
          • Notes
          • Preliminary Checks
          • Symptom Checks Using Scan Tool PIDs
          • Miscellaneous Component Or System Checks
          • Additional Checks
          • Additional Intermittent Testing
        • Vehicle Fails Emissions/Emissions Compliance
        • Hissing Sound When Removing Fuel Cap
        • Excessive Fuel Odor
        • Unable To Refuel Vehicle
        • Warning Indicator Lights
          • Notes
          • Preliminary Check
          • Pickups With Power Takeoff (PTO) & MIL Concern
          • MIL Always On When Engine Is Running, No DTCs Are Present
          • TCIL Always On When Engine Is Running, No DTCs Are Present
          • MIL Inoperative (Including Bulb Check When Engine Is First Started)
          • Transmission Control Indicator (TCIL) Inoperative
          • Temperature Warning Indicator Light Or Temperature Gauge Inoperative (Models With CHT Sensor Only)
          • SIL Always On Or Inoperative
          • Fuel Cap Indicator Light Always On Or Inoperative
          • Additional Intermittent Testing
        • Automatic Transmission Down Or Upshift, Or Engagement Concern
          • Preliminary Checks
          • Miscellaneous Component Or System Checks
          • Additional Intermittent Testing
        • Speedometer Or Tachometer Inoperative
          • Preliminary Checks
          • Tachometer Inoperative On Models With Clean Tach Output (CTO) Only
          • Speedometer/Odometer Inoperative On Models With Manual Shift On-The-Fly (MSOF) Only
          • Additional Checks
        • High Oil Consumption
          • Preliminary Checks
          • Miscellaneous Component Or System Checks
        • Electric, Hydraulic Or VISCTRONIC Cooling Fan Inoperative
          • Preliminary Checks
          • Miscellaneous Component Or System Checks
        • Electric, Hydraulic Or VISCTRONIC Cooling Fan(S) Always On
          • Notes
          • Miscellaneous Component Or System Checks
        • Exhaust Smoke
          • Notes
          • Black Smoke (Rich Mixture)
          • Blue Smoke (Burning Oil)
          • White Smoke (Water In Combustion)
        • Fuel Odor
          • Preliminary Checks
          • Symptom Checks
        • Engine Noise
          • Notes
          • Symptom Checks
        • Climate Control (Lack Of A/C Cooling, A/C Always On Or A/C Inoperative)
          • Notes
          • Lack Of A/C Cooling Or A/C Inoperative (Mustang)
          • A/C Always On (Mustang)
          • A/C Does Not Turn Off During WOT (Mustang)
          • A/C System Concerns (All Others)
          • WACF PID Displays YES
        • Exhaust Odor (Sulfur Smell)
          • Notes
          • Preliminary Checks
          • Symptom Checks
  • Testing & Diagnosis
    • Engine Controls - Basic Diagnostic Procedures - Except Diesel
      • Introduction
      • Preliminary Inspection & Adjustments
        • Visual Inspection
        • Mechanical Inspection
          • Compression
          • Exhaust System Backpressure
      • Fuel Systems
        • Notes
        • Preliminary Checks
        • Fuel System Pressure Release
          • Notes
          • Gasoline Engines
        • Fuel Pressure
          • Bi-Fuel & Natural Gas Vehicle Engines
          • Gasoline Engines
        • Fuel Injectors
          • Fuel Injector Resistance
          • Fuel Injector Check
        • Inertia Fuel Shutoff Switch
      • Ignition Checks
        • Preliminary Checks
        • EDIS (DISTRIBUTORLESS) Ignition System
          • Notes
          • Spark Check
        • Ignition Coil Resistance
      • Idle Speed & Ignition Timing
        • Notes
        • Idle Mixture Adjustment
        • Ignition Timing
      • Throttle Position Sensor Adjustment
      • Summary
    • Engine Controls - Self-Diagnostics Introduction- EEC-V - Gasoline & NGV
      • Introduction
      • Self-Diagnostic System
        • Diagnostic Formats
        • Diagnostic Trouble Codes
          • Notes
          • KOEO & KOER Self-Tests
          • Continuous Memory Codes
        • Retrieving Codes
        • Reading Codes
          • Notes
          • KOEO & KOER On-Demand Self-Test Codes
          • Pass Codes
          • Continuous Memory Codes
        • Clearing Codes
          • Notes
          • PCM Reset Procedure
          • Keep Alive Random Access Memory Reset Procedure
        • Powertrain Control Module Location
      • Quick Test
        • Notes
        • Visual Check
        • Vehicle Preparation & Equipment Hookup
        • KOEO On-Demand Self-Test
          • Description
          • Performing Self-Test
        • KOER On-Demand Self-Test
          • Description
          • BPP, PSP & TCS Test Procedures
          • Performing Self-Test
        • Continuous Memory Self-Test
          • Description
          • Performing Self-Test
      • Additional System Functions
        • Notes
        • Parameter Identification Mode
          • Notes
          • Description
          • Accessing Generic OBD-II PIDs
          • Accessing Ford Specific PIDs
        • On-Board System Readiness Test Mode
          • Description
          • Accessing OSR Test Mode
        • Freeze Frame Data Mode
          • Description
          • Accessing Freeze Frame Data Mode PIDs
        • Diagnosing Adaptive Fuel DTCS
          • Notes
          • Description
          • Obtain Freeze Frame Data
          • Using LONGFT1 & LONGFT2 (Dual Bank Engines) PIDs
          • Resetting Long Term Fuel Trims
          • P0171/P0174 System Too Lean Diagnostic Aids
          • P0172/P0175 System Too Rich Diagnostic Aids
        • Output Test Mode
          • Notes
          • Description
          • Accessing Output Test Mode
        • Failure Mode Effects Management
        • Hardware Limited Operational Strategy
        • Engine Rpm/Vehicle Speed Limiter
      • Diagnostic Monitors
        • Description
        • Catalyst Efficiency Monitor
          • Description
          • Switch Ratio Method (1996-2002)
          • Index Ratio Method (Some 2001-Later)
          • General Catalyst Monitor Operation
        • Comprehensive Component Monitor
        • Evaporative Emission Leak Check Monitor
        • Exhaust Gas RECIRCULATION System Monitor - Differential Pressure Feedback EGR
        • Electric Exhaust Gas RECIRCULATION System Monitor
        • Fuel System Monitor
        • Heated Oxygen Sensor Monitor
          • Description
          • Testing
        • Misfire Detection Monitoring
        • Secondary Air Injection System Monitor - Electric Secondary Air Injection Pump System
        • Thermostat Monitor
        • Drive Cycle Procedure
          • Notes
          • OBD-II Drive Cycle Description
          • OBD-II Drive Cycle Vehicle Preparation
          • OBD-II Drive Cycle Procedure
      • Programming Pcm
        • Notes
        • Description
        • Flash Vehicle Identification Block Procedure
      • Fuel System Safety Precautions
        • Gasoline System
          • Notes
          • Safe Fuel Handling Practices (Gasoline, Methanol & Methanol Blends)
          • Inertia Fuel Shutoff Switch Reset Procedure
        • Natural Gas System
          • Notes
          • Safe Fuel Handling Practices (Natural Gas)
      • Summary
      • Diagnostic Trouble Code Definitions
      • System Tests
        • Notes
        • How To Use System Tests
      • Evaporative Emissions Diagnostic Trouble Code Definitions
      • System Tests (Evaporative Emission)
        • Notes
        • Canister Vent Solenoid Closing Procedure
        • Evaporative Emissions System Leak Test
        • Evaporative Emission Repair Verification Drive Cycle
        • Test A: DTC P0442: Small Leak Detected In EVAP System
          • Notes
          • Diagnostic Aids
          • Continental & Focus
          • Crown Victoria, Escape, Escort, Grand Marquis & Town Car
          • LS & Thunderbird
          • Ranger
          • Sable & Taurus
          • All Others
        • Test B: DTC P0455: Major Leak Or No Flow Detected In EVAP System Or DTC P1443: Very Small Or No Purge Flow Detected In EVAP System
          • Notes
          • Diagnostic Aids
          • Continental
          • Focus
          • LS & Thunderbird
          • Sable & Taurus
          • All Others
        • Test C: DTC P1450: Excessive Vacuum Detected In Fuel Tank
          • Notes
          • Diagnostic Aids
          • Continental
          • Escort
          • Focus
          • LS & Thunderbird
          • Sable & Taurus
          • All Others
    • Engine Controls - System & Component Tests - EEC-V - Gasoline
      • Introduction
        • Notes
        • Engine Cover
          • Removal & Installation
      • Air Induction Systems
        • Intake Air Control
          • Intake Manifold Runner Control Solenoid
          • Intake Manifold Swirl Control Solenoid
          • Intake Manifold Tuning Valve Solenoid
      • Computerized Engine Controls
        • Powertrain Control Module
          • Ground Circuits
          • Power Circuits
      • Engine Sensors & Switches
        • Switches
          • Brake Pedal Applied/Brake Pedal Position Switch
          • Clutch Pedal Position Switch
          • Inertia Fuel Shutoff Switch
          • Park/Neutral Position Or Clutch Pedal Position Switch
          • Power Steering Pressure Switch
          • Reverse Switch
          • Transmission Control Switch
        • Sensors
          • Notes
          • Air Conditioning Evaporator Temperature Sensor
          • Air Conditioning Pressure Sensor
          • Barometric Pressure Sensor
          • Camshaft Position Sensor
          • Crankshaft Position Sensor
          • Cylinder Head Temperature Sensor
          • Engine Coolant Temperature Sensor
          • Engine Oil Temperature Sensor
          • Engine Fuel Temperature Sensor
          • Fuel Rail Pressure Sensor
          • Heated Oxygen Sensor
          • Intake Air Temperature Sensor
          • Intake Air Temperature 2 Sensor (F150 Lightning 5.4L SC Only)
          • Knock Sensor
          • Mass Airflow Sensor
          • Output Shaft Speed Sensor
          • Power Steering Pressure Sensor
          • Thermal Manifold Absolute Pressure Sensor
          • Throttle Position Sensor
          • Transfer Case Speed Sensor
          • Vehicle Speed Sensor
      • Relays & Solenoids
        • Relays
          • Notes
          • Cooling Fan Control, Fuel Pump & PCM Power Relay
        • Solenoids
          • Air Injection By-Pass Solenoid
          • Air Injection Diverter Solenoid
          • Canister Vent Solenoid
          • EGR Vacuum Regulator Solenoid
          • Fuel Rail Solenoid
          • Idle Air Control Solenoid
          • Intake Manifold Runner Control Solenoid
          • Intake Manifold Swirl Control Solenoid (Ranger 2.3L Only)
          • Intake Manifold Tuning Valve Solenoid
          • Supercharger (Boost) By-Pass Solenoid
          • Variable Cam Timing Solenoid
      • Fuel Systems
        • Fuel Delivery
          • Fuel Pressure Regulator
          • Fuel Pump Relay
          • Fuel System Pressure Check
        • Fuel Control
          • Fuel Injector
      • Idle Control System
        • Idle Air Control Solenoid
      • Ignition Systems
      • Emission Systems & Sub-Systems
        • Catalytic Converter
        • Emissions Compliance
          • Notes
          • Diagnostic Routines
        • Fuel Evaporation
          • Notes
          • Canister Vent Solenoid
          • EVAP Canister (All Models)
          • EVAP Canister Purge Valve
        • Secondary Air Injection
        • EGR Systems
          • Electric Exhaust Gas Recirculation (Ranger 2.3L Only)
          • Exhaust Gas Recirculation
        • Positive Crankcase Ventilation
      • Evaporative Emission System Tests
        • Notes
        • Canister Vent Solenoid Closing Procedure
        • Evaporative Emissions System Leak Test
        • Hissing Sound When Removing Fuel Cap
          • Notes
          • Blackwood, Econoline, Escape, Excursion, Expedition, Explorer, F250-550 Super Duty Pickup, Mountaineer, Navigator, Ranger & Windstar
          • Continental
          • Crown Victoria, Grand Marquis & Town Car
          • Escort, Escort ZX2 & Focus
          • F150 Pickup
          • LS & Thunderbird
          • Mustang
          • Sable & Taurus
        • Excessive Fuel Odor
          • Notes
          • Blackwood, Econoline, Escape, Expedition, Excursion, Explorer, F250-550 Super Duty Pickup, Mountaineer, Navigator, Ranger & Windstar
          • Continental, Escort, Escort ZX2, Focus, Crown Victoria, Grand Marquis, Sable, Taurus & Town Car
          • F150 Pickup
          • LS & Thunderbird
          • Mustang
        • Unable To Refuel Vehicle
          • Notes
          • Continental, Crown Victoria, Escape, Grand Marquis & Town Car
          • Escort, Escort ZX2, Focus, Ranger, Sable & Taurus (With ORVR Only)
          • LS & Thunderbird
          • Mustang
          • Windstar
    • Engine Controls - System Tests A Through FB - EEC-V - Gasoline & NGV
      • Test A: No-Start
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test B: EEC-V Power Relay
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test C: Reference Voltage
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test DA: Temperature Sensor Test (IAT, ECT & EOT)
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test Db: Engine Fuel Temperature Sensor
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test Dc: Mass Airflow Sensor
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test Dd: Fuel Rail Pressure Sensor
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test DF: Vehicle Speed Circuit Check
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test Dg: Knock Sensor
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test DH: Throttle Position Sensor
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test DJ: Air Conditioning Evaporator Temperature Sensor
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test DL: Cylinder Head Temperature Sensor
        • Notes
        • Description
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test Dm: Thermal Manifold Absolute Pressure Sensor
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test DP: Vehicle Speed Sensor/Transfer Case Speed Sensor
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test DQ: Barometric Pressure Sensor
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test Dr: Camshaft Position Sensor
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test DS: Air Conditioning Pressure Sensor
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test DT: Power Steering Pressure Sensor
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test DU: Intake Air Temperature 2
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test FB: Power Take Off
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
    • Engine Controls - System Tests FD Through KA - EEC-V - Gasoline & NGV
      • Test FD: Brake Pedal Position Switch
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test Ff: Power Steering Pressure Switch
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test FH: Generator Load Input
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test H: Fuel Control
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test Ha: Natural Gas Fuel Control
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test HB: Natural Gas Fuel Delivery System
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test HC: Gasoline Fuel Delivery System
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test Hd: Misfire Detection Monitor
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test He: EGR System
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test Hf: Catalyst Efficiency Monitor & Exhaust Systems
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test Hg: PCV System
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test HK: Variable Cam Timing
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test HM: Secondary Air Injection System
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test HU: Air Intake System
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test HX: Evaporative Emission Monitor & System
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test HY: Generator/Regulator System
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test JB: Secondary Ignition
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test JD: Crankshaft Position Sensor
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test JE: Integrated Ignition Coil Failure
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test JF: Integrated Ignition Coil On Plug Failure
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test JH: Tachometer Output Failure
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test KA: Fuel Pump Relay
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
    • Engine Controls - System Tests Kb Through Z - EEC-V - Gasoline & NGV
      • Test Kb: Fuel Pump Driver Module
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test Kc: Fuel Shutoff Valve Relay
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test KD: Electric Exhaust Gas RECIRCULATION
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test KE: Idle Air Control Valve
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test KF: Fan Control Relay
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test Kg: VISCTRONIC Drive Fan Clutch
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test KH: Hydraulic Cooling Fan
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test KJ: Supercharger By-Pass Control
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test Kl: Shift Indicator Light
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test Km: Wot A/C Cut-Off
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test KP: Charge Air Cooler Pump
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test KQ: Thermostat Heater Control
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test NB: Malfunction Indicator Light
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test NC: Ignition Engine Speed Input Circuit
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test ND: Engine Rpm/Vehicle Speed Limiter
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test QA: Unable To Activate Self-Test/SCP Communication Error/DTC Not Listed
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test QB: KOEO DTC P0603, P1605 Or KOEO, KOER & Continuous Memory DTC P1633
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test QC: OBD-II Monitor Testing Not Complete; DTC P1000
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test QD: DTC P1260
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test Ta: Park/Neutral Position Or Clutch Pedal Position Switches
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test Tb: Transmission Control Switch/Transmission Control Indicator Lamp
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • TEST TG: 4x4 LOW RANGE
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test Th: Reverse Switch
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test TJ: Output Shaft Speed Sensor
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test X: Constant Control Relay Module
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test Z: Intermittent
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
    • Engine Controls - Trouble Shooting - No Codes - EEC-V - Gasoline & NGV
      • Introduction
      • Symptoms
        • Notes
        • Symptom Diagnosis
        • Rough Or Rolling Idle, Stalls, Misses, Hesitation Or Surge
          • Notes
          • Preliminary Checks
          • Symptom Checks Using Scan Tool PIDs
          • Engine Runs Rough At Idle
          • Engine Now Starts, But Stalls In Park Or Neutral
          • Miscellaneous Component Or System Checks
          • Natural Gas Vehicles With Rough Idle
          • Idle Concerns With A/C On (Continental, LS, Thunderbird & Windstar)
          • Additional Intermittent Testing
          • Additional Checks
        • Hard Start/Long Crank Or Erratic Start/Crank
          • Preliminary Checks
          • Miscellaneous Component Or System Checks
          • Additional Intermittent Testing
        • No-Start/Normal Crank
          • Notes
          • Preliminary Checks
          • Miscellaneous Component Or System Checks
          • Engine Will Now Start & Run Normally At Part Throttle
          • Additional Intermittent Testing
        • Slow Return To Idle
          • Preliminary Checks
          • Miscellaneous Component Or System Checks
        • Fast Idle Or Diesels/Runs On
          • Preliminary Checks
          • Engine Idles Fast
          • Miscellaneous Component Or System Checks
          • Additional Intermittent Testing
        • Low Idle (Stalls On Deceleration)
          • Preliminary Checks
          • Stall Or Quit On Deceleration (A/T Models)
          • Low Idle With A/C On (Econoline 4.6L, 5.4L & 6.8L)
          • Miscellaneous Component Or System Checks
        • Backfires
          • Preliminary Checks
          • Miscellaneous Component Or System Checks
          • Additional Intermittent Testing
        • Lack/Loss Of Power
          • Notes
          • Preliminary Checks
          • Symptom Checks Using Scan Tool PIDs
          • Miscellaneous Component Or System Checks
          • Lack/Loss Of Power (Mustang Only)
          • Lack/Loss Of Power (F150 Lightning 5.4L SC Only)
          • Additional Intermittent Testing
          • Additional Checks
        • Spark Knock
          • Preliminary Checks
          • Miscellaneous Component Or System Checks
          • Additional Intermittent Testing
        • Poor Fuel Economy
          • Notes
          • Preliminary Checks
          • Symptom Checks Using Scan Tool PIDs
          • Miscellaneous Component Or System Checks
          • Additional Checks
          • Additional Intermittent Testing
        • Vehicle Fails Emissions/Emissions Compliance
        • Hissing Sound When Removing Fuel Cap
        • Excessive Fuel Odor
        • Unable To Refuel Vehicle
        • Warning Indicator Lights
          • Notes
          • Preliminary Check
          • Pickups With Power Takeoff (PTO) & MIL Concern
          • MIL Always On When Engine Is Running, No DTCs Are Present
          • TCIL Always On When Engine Is Running, No DTCs Are Present
          • MIL Inoperative (Including Bulb Check When Engine Is First Started)
          • Transmission Control Indicator (TCIL) Inoperative
          • Temperature Warning Indicator Light Or Temperature Gauge Inoperative (Models With CHT Sensor Only)
          • SIL Always On Or Inoperative
          • Fuel Cap Indicator Light Always On Or Inoperative
          • Additional Intermittent Testing
        • Automatic Transmission Down Or Upshift, Or Engagement Concern
          • Preliminary Checks
          • Miscellaneous Component Or System Checks
          • Additional Intermittent Testing
        • Speedometer Or Tachometer Inoperative
          • Preliminary Checks
          • Tachometer Inoperative On Models With Clean Tach Output (CTO) Only
          • Speedometer/Odometer Inoperative On Models With Manual Shift On-The-Fly (MSOF) Only
          • Additional Checks
        • High Oil Consumption
          • Preliminary Checks
          • Miscellaneous Component Or System Checks
        • Electric, Hydraulic Or VISCTRONIC Cooling Fan Inoperative
          • Preliminary Checks
          • Miscellaneous Component Or System Checks
        • Electric, Hydraulic Or VISCTRONIC Cooling Fan(S) Always On
          • Notes
          • Miscellaneous Component Or System Checks
        • Exhaust Smoke
          • Notes
          • Black Smoke (Rich Mixture)
          • Blue Smoke (Burning Oil)
          • White Smoke (Water In Combustion)
        • Fuel Odor
          • Preliminary Checks
          • Symptom Checks
        • Engine Noise
          • Notes
          • Symptom Checks
        • Climate Control (Lack Of A/C Cooling, A/C Always On Or A/C Inoperative)
          • Notes
          • Lack Of A/C Cooling Or A/C Inoperative (Mustang)
          • A/C Always On (Mustang)
          • A/C Does Not Turn Off During WOT (Mustang)
          • A/C System Concerns (All Others)
          • WACF PID Displays YES
        • Exhaust Odor (Sulfur Smell)
          • Notes
          • Preliminary Checks
          • Symptom Checks
  • Theory and Operation
    • Engine Controls - Theory & Operation - Gasoline & NGV
      • Introduction
      • Air Induction Systems
        • Idle Control System
          • Idle Air Control Valve Assembly
        • Supercharger (F150 Lightning 5.4L SC)
          • Supercharger Assembly
          • Supercharger By-Pass System
          • Supercharger Intercooler (Charge Air Cooler) System
        • Variable Induction System
          • Intake Manifold Runner Control - 2.0L (VIN P), 2.5L (VIN L), Windstar 3.8L (VIN 4), & 4.2L (VIN 2)
          • Intake Manifold Swirl Control Vacuum Actuated System - 2.3L (VIN D)
          • Intake Manifold Tuning Valve - 3.0L (VIN S), Econoline & Pickup 4.6L (VIN W), & 5.4L 4V (VIN A)
      • Computerized Engine Controls
        • Powertrain Control Module
          • Notes
          • Hardware Limited Operation Strategy
          • Integrated Electronic Ignition System
          • Keep Alive Random Access Memory
        • Power & Ground Signals
          • Vehicle Buffered Power
          • Vehicle Power
          • Vehicle Reference Voltage
          • Mass Air Flow Return
          • Signal Return
          • Power Ground
          • Gold Plated Terminals
        • Powertrain Control Module Software
          • Engine RPM/Vehicle Speed Limiter
          • Fail-Safe Cooling Strategy
          • Failure Mode Effects Management
          • Flash Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory
          • Fuel Trim
          • Idle Air Trim
          • Idle Speed Control Closed Throttle Determination
          • Multiplexing
          • Standard Corporate Protocol
        • Diagnostic Monitors
          • Notes
          • Catalyst Efficiency Monitor Description
          • Catalyst Efficiency Monitor - Switch Ratio Method (1996-2002)
          • Catalyst Efficiency Monitor - Index Ratio Method (Some 2001-Later)
          • General Catalyst Monitor Operation
          • Comprehensive Component Monitor
          • Evaporative Emission Leak Check Monitor
          • Exhaust Gas Recirculation System Monitor - Differential Pressure Feedback EGR
          • Electric Exhaust Gas Recirculation System Monitor
          • Fuel System Monitor
          • Heated Oxygen Sensor Monitor
          • Misfire Detection Monitoring
          • Secondary Air Injection System Monitor - Electric Secondary Air Injection Pump System
          • Thermostat Monitor
        • Constant Control Relay Module
        • Fuel Pump Driver Module
        • Generic Electronic Module
        • Natural Gas Vehicle Module
        • Input Devices
          • Notes
          • A/C Cycling Switch
          • A/C Pressure Sensor
          • Air Conditioning Evaporator Temperature Sensor
          • Air Conditioning Pressure Sensor
          • A/C High Pressure Switch
          • Brake Pressure Applied/Brake Deactivator Switch
          • Brake Pedal Position Switch
          • Camshaft Position Sensor
          • Clutch Pedal Position Switch
          • Crankshaft Position Sensor
          • Cylinder Head Temperature Sensor
          • Differential Pressure Feedback EGR Sensor
          • Engine Coolant Temperature Sensor
          • Engine Fuel Temperature Sensor
          • Engine Oil Temperature Sensor
          • Fan Speed Sensor
          • Fuel Level Input
          • Fuel Pump Monitor (With Fuel Pump Driver Module)
          • Fuel Pump Monitor (Without Fuel Pump Driver Module)
          • Fuel Tank Pressure Sensor
          • Fuel Rail Pressure Sensor
          • Generator Load
          • Generator Monitor
          • Heated Oxygen Sensor
          • Intake Air Temperature Sensor
          • Intake Manifold Runner Control
          • Intake Manifold Swirl Control
          • Intake Manifold Tuning Valve
          • Knock Sensor
          • Mass Airflow Sensor
          • Output Shaft Speed Sensor
          • Power Steering Pressure Sensor
          • Power Steering Pressure Switch
          • Power Take-Off Switch
          • Thermal Manifold Absolute Pressure Sensor
          • Throttle Position Sensor
          • Transmission Control Switch
          • Vehicle Speed Sensor
          • 4x4 Mode Switch
        • Output Devices
          • Notes
          • Canister Vent Solenoid
          • Coil Pack
          • Coil On Plug
          • EGR Vacuum Regulator Solenoid
          • Electric Secondary Air Injection Pump
          • Evaporative Emission Canister Purge Valve
          • Fan Control
          • Fuel Cap Off Indicator Light
          • Fuel Injectors
          • Fuel Pump (Applications Using Fuel Pump Relay For Fuel Pump ON/OFF Control)
          • Fuel Pump Driver Module Applications & Applications With Fuel Pump Functions Incorporated In Rear Electronic Module)
          • Generator Communication
          • Hydraulic Cooling Fan Drive (LS & Thunderbird Only)
          • Idle Air Control Valve
          • Intake Manifold Runner Control
          • Intake Manifold Swirl Control
          • Intake Manifold Tuning Valve
          • Malfunction Indicator Light
          • Secondary Air Injection By-Pass Solenoid
          • Solid State Relay
          • Thermostat Heater Control
          • Transmission Control Indicator Light
          • Wide Open Throttle A/C Cut-Off Relay
          • Vapor Management Valve
          • Vehicle Speed Output
          • Visctronic Drive Fan Clutch
      • Fuel Systems (Gasoline)
        • Fuel Delivery
          • Notes
          • Returnable Fuel System
          • Mechanical Returnless Fuel System
          • Electronic Returnless Fuel System
          • Inertia Fuel Shutoff Switch (All Fuel Systems)
        • Fuel Control
          • Notes
          • Fuel Injectors
      • Fuel System (Natural Gas)
        • Fuel Delivery
          • Notes
          • Fueling Connector
          • Fuel Lines & Fittings
          • Fuel Rail
          • Fuel Rail Shutoff Valve
          • Fuel Tank Shutoff Valve
          • Inertia Fuel Shutoff Switch
          • NG Fuel Pressure Regulator
        • Fuel Control
          • Natural Gas Vehicle Module
          • NG Fuel Injectors
      • Ignition Systems
        • Integrated Electronic Ignition System
          • Notes
          • Description
          • Coil Pack System
          • Coil On Plug System
      • Variable Cam Timing System
        • Variable Cam Timing
          • Description
          • Variable Cam Timing Solenoid Valve
          • Variable Cam Timing Unit Assembly
      • Catalyst & Exhaust Systems
        • Catalyst System
          • Notes
          • Catalytic Converter
          • Light Off Catalyst
          • 3-Way Catalytic Converter
          • 3-Way Catalyst Conversion Efficiency
        • Exhaust System
          • Notes
          • Hardware
          • Exhaust Manifold & Runners
          • Exhaust Pipes
          • Upstream & Downstream Heated Oxygen Sensors
          • Muffler
      • Evaporative Emission Systems
        • Fuel Evaporative Systems
        • Enhanced Evaporative Emission System
          • Notes
          • EVAP Canister Purge Valve
        • On-Board Refueling Vapor Recovery EVAP System
        • Positive Crankcase Ventilation
      • Secondary Air Injection System
        • Description
        • Electric Secondary Air Injection System
          • Notes
          • AIR By-Pass Solenoid
          • AIR Diverter Valve
          • Electric AIR Pump
      • EGR Systems
        • Notes
        • Description
        • Differential Pressure Feedback EGR System
          • Notes
          • Differential Pressure Feedback EGR Sensor (Remote Mounted)
          • Differential Pressure Feedback EGR Sensor (Tube Mounted)
          • EGR Vacuum Regulator Solenoid
          • EGR Valve
          • Orifice Tube Assembly
        • Electric EGR Motor System
      • Self-Diagnostic System
        • Notes
        • Malfunction Indicator Light
      • Miscellaneous Controls
        • Pcm Controlled Charging System
          • Description
          • Generator Communication
          • Generator Load
          • Generator Monitor
  • Vacuum Diagrams - Trucks
    • Introduction
      • Notes
      • Pcm Calibrations
      • Protocol 3 Code Descriptions
    • Vacuum Hose Diagram(S)
      • BLACKWOOD, Expedition, F150 Pickup & Navigator
      • ECONOLINE
      • Escape
      • Excursion & F250-550 Super Duty Pickup
      • Explorer & Mountaineer
      • Explorer Sport & Explorer Sport TRAC
      • Ranger
      • Villager
      • WINDSTAR
  • Engine Performance - Wiring Diagrams
    • Wiring Diagrams
      • BLACKWOOD
      • Continental
      • Cougar
      • Crown Victoria & Grand Marquis
      • ECONOLINE
      • Escape
      • Escort
      • Escort ZX2
      • Excursion & Pickup (F250/F550)
      • Expedition & Navigator
      • Explorer & Mountaineer
      • Explorer Sport & Explorer Sport TRAC
      • Focus
      • LS
      • Mustang
      • Pickup (F150)
      • Ranger
      • Sable & TAURUS
      • THUNDERBIRD
      • Town Car
      • Villager
      • WINDSTAR
• General Information
  • Abbreviations
    • Commonly Used Abbreviations - General Information
      • * Please Read This First *
      • "A"
      • "B"
      • "C"
      • "D"
      • "E"
      • "F"
      • "G"
      • "H"
      • "I"
      • "J"
      • "K"
      • "L"
      • "M"
      • "N"
      • "O"
      • "P"
      • "Q"
      • "R"
      • "S"
      • "T"
      • "V"
      • "W"
    • Emission Control Abbreviations
      • "A"
      • "B"
      • "C"
      • "D"
      • "E"
      • "F"
      • "G"
      • "H"
      • "I"
      • "K"
      • "L"
      • "M"
      • "N"
      • "O"
      • "P"
      • "R"
      • "S"
      • "T"
      • "V"
      • "W"
  • Basic Trouble Shooting
    • Basic Trouble Shooting - General Information
      • * Please Read This First *
      • Accessories & Electrical
        • Charging System Trouble Shooting
        • Ignition System Trouble Shooting
        • Starter Trouble Shooting
      • Air Conditioning & Heat
        • Air Conditioning Trouble Shooting
        • Heater System Trouble Shooting
      • Brakes
        • Brake System Trouble Shooting
      • Engine Mechanical
        • Cooling System Trouble Shooting
        • Gasoline Engine - Mechanical Trouble Shooting
      • Engine Performance
        • Carburetor Trouble Shooting:
        • Diesel Engine Trouble Shooting
        • Fuel Injection Trouble Shooting
        • Ignition System Trouble Shooting
        • Starter Trouble Shooting
        • Tune-Up Trouble Shooting - Gas Engine Vehicles
        • Vacuum Pump - Diesel Trouble Shooting
      • Manual Transmission
        • Manual Transmission Trouble Shooting
      • Powertrain
        • Clutch Trouble Shooting
        • Drive Axle - Noise Diagnosis
          • Unrelated Noises
          • Non-Drive Axle Noises
          • Gear Noise
          • Chuckle
          • Knock
          • Clunk
          • Bearing Whine
          • Bearing Rumble
          • Chatter On Turns
          • Axle Shaft Noise
          • Vibration
        • Drive Axle - RWD Trouble Shooting
        • Fwd Axle Shafts & CV Joints Trouble Shooting
      • Steering & Suspension
        • Manual Steering Gear Trouble Shooting
        • Power Steering Trouble Shooting
        • Steering Column Trouble Shooting
        • Suspension Trouble Shooting
        • Wheel Alignment Trouble Shooting
    • Commonly Used Abbreviations - General Information
      • * Please Read This First *
      • "A"
      • "B"
      • "C"
      • "D"
      • "E"
      • "F"
      • "G"
      • "H"
      • "I"
      • "J"
      • "K"
      • "L"
      • "M"
      • "N"
      • "O"
      • "P"
      • "Q"
      • "R"
      • "S"
      • "T"
      • "V"
      • "W"
    • Emission Control Abbreviations
      • "A"
      • "B"
      • "C"
      • "D"
      • "E"
      • "F"
      • "G"
      • "H"
      • "I"
      • "K"
      • "L"
      • "M"
      • "N"
      • "O"
      • "P"
      • "R"
      • "S"
      • "T"
      • "V"
      • "W"
    • Engine Performance - Trouble Shooting - General Information
      • * Please Read This First *
      • Engine Performance
  • Brakes
    • Anti-Lock Brake Safety Precautions - General Information
      • * Please Read This First *
      • Anti-Lock Brake Safety Precautions
    • Map - Brake Systems
      • Brake Systems
        • Notes
        • Map Standards Of Service
        • The Map Process - Overview
        • The Map Process - Overview Of Service Requirements And Suggestions
        • Accelerometers
        • Accumulators
        • Anchor Pins
        • Anti-Lock Brake Control Assembly(Module)
        • Anti-Lock Brake Controller
        • Anti-Lock Brake Systems
        • Axle Seal
        • Backing Plates
        • Bleeder Screw
        • Brake Abs Active Light (Blue)
        • Brake Fluid
        • Brake Friction Material
        • Brake On - Off Switch
        • Brake Pads
        • Brake Pedals
        • Brake Shoe Hardware
        • Brake Shoes
        • Brake Stoplight Switches
        • Brake Warning Light (Amber)
        • Brake Warning Light (Red)
        • Bulb Sockets
        • Bulbs And LEDS
        • Caliper Hardware
        • Caliper Mounting Pin
        • Caliper Piston
        • Caliper Shim
        • Caliper Slider Pin (Bolt) Dust Boot
        • Caliper Slider Pin (Bolt)
        • Calipers
        • Combination Valve
        • Controllers
        • Digital Ratio Axle Controllers And Buffers (Drab And Dram)
        • Disable Switches
        • Drums
        • Electrical Brake Pumps
        • Electrical Park Motor
        • Electrical Pumps And Motors
        • Electro-Magnetic Interference
        • Electronic Brake Control Modulator
        • Electronic Brake Distribution
        • Electronic Brake Traction Control Module
        • Electronic Controllers
        • Electronic Traction Control
        • External Brake Cable
        • Flow Control Valve
        • Fluid Level Sensor Switches
        • Fluid
        • Four Wheel Drive Switches
        • Friction Material
        • G Sensors
        • Gaskets
        • Gravitational Switches
        • Grease Seal
        • Height Sensing Proportioning Valve
        • High Pressure Accumulator
        • Hoses
        • Hub
        • Hydraulic Control Unit
        • Hydraulic Modulators
        • Hydro-Boosters
        • Hydro-Electric Boosters (POWERMASTER)
        • Ignition Disable Switches
        • Lamp Driver Relay
        • Lateral Acceleration Switches
        • LEDS
        • Lenses
        • Low Pressure Accumulator
        • Lug Nut
        • Master Cylinder Cover Gasket
        • Master Cylinders
        • Modulators
        • Motor Pack
        • Motors
        • Pads
        • Parking Brake Cable
        • Parking Brake Mechanism
        • Parking Brake Shoes
        • Parking Brake Switches
        • Parking Brake Systems
        • Pedal Travel Switches
        • Pedals
        • Power Distribution Center
        • POWERMASTER
        • Pressure Differential Switches
        • Pressure Switches
        • Pressure Transducers
        • Proportioning Valve
        • Pumps
        • Relays
        • RELUCTOR (Speed) Ring
        • Rotors
        • Self-Adjusting Systems
        • Shoe Hardware
        • Shoes
        • Sockets
        • Speed Sensor (RELUCTOR) Ring
        • Speed Sensors (Electronic Wheel And Vehicle)
        • Star Wheel
        • Steel Brake Lines
        • Stoplight Switches
        • Stroke Sensor
        • Switches
        • Tires
        • Tone Ring
        • Toothed Rings (Tone Wheel)
        • Traction Control System (TCS)
        • Transfer Tubes
        • Vacuum Boosters
        • Vacuum Hoses
        • Valves
        • Wear Indicator
        • Wheel Attachment Hardware
        • Wheel Bearings, Races And Seals
        • Wheel Cylinders
        • Wiring Harnesses
        • Yaw Rate Sensor
      • Brake System CHECKSHEET
      • Reason Code Explanation
      • Automotive Terminology & Definitions
    • Map - Routine Inspection Reference Guide
      • Routine Inspection Reference Guide
        • Notes
        • Map Standards Of Service
        • The Map Process - Overview
        • The Map Process - Overview Of Service Requirements And Suggestions
        • Maintenance Overview
          • Antifreeze/Coolant
          • Visual Inspection
          • Radiator Cap Test
          • Engine Fan
          • Cooling System Power Flush And Refill
          • Belts (Except Timing Belts)
          • Belt TENSIONER
          • Automatic Transmission Fluid
          • Automatic Transmission Fluid Exchange & Filter Replacement
          • Engine Oil
          • Air Filters
          • Cabin Air Filter
          • Brake Fluid
          • Battery
          • Battery Cables
          • Power Steering
          • Power Steering Fluid
          • Wiper Blades
        • Routine Inspection CHECKSHEET
        • Routine Inspection - UICS
          • Brake Systems
            • Notes
            • Brake Fluid
            • Bulbs And LEDS
            • Hoses
            • Lenses
            • Lug Nut
            • Master Cylinder Cover Gasket
            • Parking Brake Cable
            • Vacuum Hoses
            • Wheel Attachment Hardware
            • Wheel Bearings, Races And Seals
          • Drivetrain And Transmission
            • Notes
            • Automatic Transmission Fluid
            • Clutch Master Cylinders
            • Cooler Lines
            • Coolers
            • Differential Fluid
            • Drain Plugs And Gaskets
            • Filters And Screens
            • Fluids And Lubricants
            • Hoses, Lines, And Tubes
            • Hydraulic Fluid
            • Lubricants
            • Manual Transmission Fluid
            • Mounts (Engine, Transaxle And Transmission)
            • Transfer Case Fluid
            • Vacuum Hoses
          • Electrical Systems
            • Batteries
            • Battery Cables
            • Battery Trays And Hold Down Hardware
            • Bulbs, Sealed Beams And LEDS
            • Fuses, Fusible Links And Circuit Breakers
            • Ground Cables And Straps
            • Ground Straps
            • Lenses
            • Sealed Beams
            • Washer Pumps
            • Wiper Arms And Blades
            • Wiper Hoses And Nozzles
            • Wiper Pump Reservoirs
          • Engine Performance And Maintenance
            • Notes
            • Accessory Belts
            • Air Filter Elements
            • Air Filter Gaskets
            • Air Filter Housings And Gaskets
            • Air Pump Belts
            • Batteries
            • Battery Connectors
            • Belt Idler Assemblies (Accessory And Cam Belts)
            • Belt TENSIONERS (Accessory And Cam Belt)
            • Chemical Engine DECARBONIZATION
            • Combustion Chamber Cleaning
            • Coolant Recovery Tanks
            • Coolant
            • Distributor Caps
            • Distributor Rotors
            • Engine Cooling Systems
            • Engine DECARBONIZATION
            • Engine Oil Drain Plugs And Gaskets
            • Engine Oil Filters And Canisters
            • Engine Oil
            • Fuel Filters
            • Fuel Injector Cleaning
            • Fuel Injectors
            • Fuel System Cleaning Service
            • Hose Clamps
            • Hose Connectors
            • Hose Couplers
            • Hoses And Tubes (Fuel Lines, Radiator, Vacuum, By-Pass, Heater, Recovery Tank And Oil Coolers)
            • Ignition Wires (Secondary)
            • Intake Cleaning
            • O2 Sensors
            • PCV Breather Elements
            • PCV Valves
            • Radiator Caps And Pressurized Expansion Tank Caps
            • Spark Plugs
            • Thermostats And Housings
            • Throttle Body Cleaning
            • Timing Belts
            • Vacuum Hoses, Tubes And Connections (Non-Metallic)
          • Exhaust Systems
            • Notes
            • Exhaust And Tail Pipes
          • Heating, Ventilation And Air Conditioning Systems
            • Notes
            • Belts
            • Cabin Air Filters
            • Coolant
            • Evaporator Drain Tubes
            • Evaporator Filters
            • In-Line Filters
            • Vacuum Hoses And Tubes
          • Steering And Suspension, Wheel Alignment, Wheels And Tires
            • Notes
            • Hydraulic Hoses
            • Power Steering Belts
            • Power Steering Fluid
            • Power Steering Hoses
            • Shock Absorbers, Strut Cartridges And Strut Assemblies
            • Strut Rods
            • Tire Pressure Monitoring System
            • Tire Pressure Sensors
            • Tires
            • Valve Stems
            • Wheel Attachment Hardware
            • Wheel Bearings, Races And Seals
      • Wheel & Tire Supplement
        • Notes
        • Tires
        • Mounting Tires
        • Vehicle Tire Placard
        • Tire Rotation
        • Wheel Lug Nut Torque & Clamping Force
        • Popular Tire Rotation Patterns
        • Wheels And Rims
        • Tire Pressure Monitoring Systems
        • Wheels & Tires CHECKSHEET
        • Wheel & Tire - UICS
          • Tire Pressure Monitoring System
          • Tire Pressure Sensors
          • Tires
          • Wheel Alignment
          • Wheel Attachment Hardware
          • Wheels (Rims)
      • Reason Code Explanation
      • Automotive Terminology & Definitions
  • Check Lists
    • Symptom Check List Worksheet - General Information
      • * Please Read This First *
      • Purpose
        • Notes
        • Why Use the Symptom Check List Worksheets?
        • Making the Worksheets a Part of Your Normal Routine
      • Symptom Check List Worksheets
        • Condensed Version - All On One Page
        • Full Version - All On Four Pages
        • Individual System-Based Check Lists
  • Computer Relearn Procedures
    • Introduction
      • Body Controls
      • Engine Controls
    • CHRYSLER Corp.
      • A/C Calibration (Caravan, Town & Country, & Voyager)
        • Description
        • Procedure
      • A/C Calibration (CONCORDE, Intrepid & 300M)
      • Body Control Module (CONCORDE, Intrepid, SEBRING Convertible, SEBRING Sedan, Stratus Sedan & 300M)
      • Drive Learn Procedure (DAKOTA - 4.7L, DURANGO - 4.7L & Ram Pickup 1500 - 4.7L)
        • Notes
        • Procedure To Learn A Smooth 1st Neutral To Drive Shift
        • Procedure To Learn A Smooth Neutral To Drive Garage Shift
        • Procedure To Learn The 1st 2-3 Shift After A Restart Or Shift To Reverse
        • Procedure To Learn A Smooth 2-3 & 3-4 Upshift
        • Procedure To Learn A Smooth 4-3 Coastdown & Part Throttle 4-3 Kickdown
        • Procedure To Learn A Smooth 1-2 Upshift & 3-2 Kickdown
        • Procedure To Learn A Smooth Manual 2-1 Pulldown Shift As Well As A Neutral To Reverse Shift
        • Procedure To Learn A Smooth Neutral To Reverse Shift
        • Procedure To Learn A Smooth 4-5 Upshift for 545RFE
      • Engine Control Module Programming (Diesel)
      • Immobilizer System (SEBRING Coupe & Stratus Coupe)
        • Notes
        • Encrypted Code Registration
        • Key ID Registration
      • Instrument Cluster (Ram Van & Ram Wagon)
      • Pinion Factor Procedure
        • Except Concorde, Durango - With NGC, Intrepid & 300M
        • Concorde, Durango - With NGC, Intrepid & 300M
      • Power Liftgate Learn Cycle (Caravan & Town & Country)
        • Description
        • Procedure
      • Power Sliding Door Learn Cycle (Caravan & Town & Country)
        • Description
        • Procedure
      • Powertrain Control Module Programming (Except Ram Pickup 2500 & 3500 - Gasoline, Ram Van & Ram Wagon)
      • Powertrain Control Module Programming (Ram Pickup 2500 & 3500 - Gasoline, Ram Van & Ram Wagon)
      • Sentry Key Immobilizer Module Programming
      • Programming Ignition Keys To Sentry Key Immobilizer Module
        • Using Scan Tool
        • Programming Ignition Keys Using Customer Learn Method
      • Torque Converter Clutch Break-In Procedure (CONCORDE, Intrepid & 300M)
        • Description
        • Break-In Procedure
      • Transmission Shift Quality Quick Learn Procedure (DAKOTA - 4.7L, DURANGO - 4.7L & Ram Pickup 1500 - 4.7L)
      • Transaxle Shift Quality Quick Learn Procedure
      • Vehicle DRIVEABILITY Computer Relearn Procedure
    • Ford Motor Co.
      • Notes
      • Control Module Programming
        • Notes
        • Programmable Module Installation Procedure
        • Steering Column Lock Actuator Module Parameter Reset (LS - Manual Transmission Only)
      • Customer Preferences
      • Instrument Cluster Programming
        • Notes
        • Instrument Cluster Programming Procedure "A"
        • Instrument Cluster Programming Procedure "B"
        • Security Access Procedure
      • Power Sliding Door Initialization (WINDSTAR Only)
      • Programming Powertrain Control Module (All Models)
        • Notes
        • Description
        • Flash Vehicle Identification (VID) Block Procedure
      • Rear Ride Height Initializing Procedure (BLACKWOOD Only)
        • Calibration Procedure
    • General Motors (Cars)
      • Notes
      • Crankshaft Position Sensor System Variation Learn Procedure
        • Alero, Aurora - 4.0L, Bonneville, Cavalier - 2.2L, Century, Corvette, Deville, Eldorado, Grand Am, Grand Prix, Impala, LeSabre, Malibu, Monte Carlo, Park Avenue, Regal, Seville & Sunfire - 2.2L
        • Camaro & Firebird - 3.8L
        • Camaro & Firebird - 5.7L
        • Cavalier & Sunfire - 2.4L
        • Intrigue - 3.5L
        • Saturn - 1.9L
        • Saturn - 2.2L
      • Engine Control Module
        • Saturn - 3.0L
      • Idle Air Control Valve Learn Procedure
        • Deville, Eldorado & Seville
      • Powertrain Control Module
        • Alero - 2.2L, Cavalier, Grand Am - 2.2L, Saturn - 1.9L & Sunfire
        • Remote Programming (Alero - 3.4L, Aurora, Bonneville, Camaro, Century, Deville, Eldorado, Firebird, Grand Am, Grand Prix, Impala, Intrigue, LeSabre, Malibu, Monte Carlo, Park Avenue, Regal & Seville)
        • Off-Board Programming (Alero - 3.4L, Aurora, Bonneville, Camaro, Century, Deville, Eldorado, Firebird, Grand Am, Grand Prix, Impala, Intrigue, LeSabre, Malibu, Monte Carlo, Park Avenue, Regal & Seville)
        • Remote Programming (Corvette)
        • Off-Board Programming (Corvette)
      • Theft Deterrent System Components
        • 10-Minute Learn Procedure (Alero, Cavalier, Century, Corvette, Grand Am, Impala, Malibu, Monte Carlo, Regal & Sunfire)
        • 30-Minute Learn Procedure (Alero, Cavalier, Century, Corvette, Grand Am, Impala, Malibu, Monte Carlo, Regal & Sunfire)
        • Set Up A New Theft Deterrent Control Module (Aurora, Bonneville, Deville, Eldorado, Intrigue, LeSabre, Park Avenue & Seville)
        • 10-Minute Learn Procedure (Aurora, Bonneville, Deville, Eldorado, Intrigue, LeSabre, Park Avenue & Seville)
        • 30-Minute Learn Procedure (Aurora, Bonneville, Deville, Eldorado, Intrigue, LeSabre, Park Avenue & Seville)
        • Passlock™ Anti-Theft Seed & Key Method (Saturn - 1.9L)
        • Passlock™ Anti-Theft Auto Learn Method (Saturn - 1.9L)
        • Auto Learn Method (Saturn - 2.2L & 3.0L)
        • Saturn Service Stall Method (Saturn - 2.2L & 3.0L)
      • Throttle Body Relearn Procedure
        • Saturn - 3.0L
      • Throttle Position Sensor Learn Procedure
        • Deville, Eldorado & Seville
    • General Motors (Trucks & Vans)
      • Notes
      • Crankshaft Position Sensor System Variation Learn Procedure
        • Avalanche, Astro, Aztek, Blazer, Bravada, Cab & Chassis - 8.1L, Chevy Express - 4.3L, 5.0L, 5.7L & 8.1L, Cutaway - 5.7L & 8.1L, Envoy, Envoy XL, Escalade, Escalade EXT, Jimmy Canadian, Montana, Rendezvous, RV Cutaway - 5.7L & 8.1L, S10 Pickup, Safari, Savana - 4.3L, 5.0L, 5.7L & 8.1L, Savana Camper Special -5.7L & 8.1L, Savana Special - 5.7L & 8.1L, Sierra - 4.3L, 4.8L, 5.3L, 6.0L & 8.1L, Silhouette, Silverado - 4.3L, 4.8L, 5.3L, 6.0L & 8.1L, Sonoma, Suburban, Tahoe, Trailblazer, Venture, Yukon & Yukon XL
        • Vue - 2.2L
      • Engine Control Module Programming
        • Remote Programming (Sierra & Silverado - 6.6L)
        • Off-Board Programming (Sierra & Silverado - 6.6L)
        • Vue - 2.2L
        • Vue - 3.0L
      • Fuel Injection Pump Top Dead Center Offset Adjustment
        • Learning A TDC Offset (Cab & Chassis, Chevy Express, Cutaway, RV Cutaway, Savana, Savana Camper Special & Savana Special - 6.5L)
      • Glow Plug System Relearn Procedure
        • Cab & Chassis, Chevy Express, Cutaway, RV Cutaway, Savana, Savana Camper Special & Savana Special - 6.5L
      • Powertrain Control Module
        • Remote Programming (Avalanche, Astro, Aztek, Blazer, Bravada, Cab & Chassis - 8.1L, Chevy Express - 5.0L, 5.7L & 8.1L, Cutaway - 5.7L & 8.1L, Envoy, Envoy XL, Escalade, Escalade EXT, Jimmy Canadian, Montana, Rendezvous, RV Cutaway - 5.7L & 8.1L, S10 Pickup - 4.3L, Safari, Savana - 5.0L, 5.7L & 8.1L, Savana Camper Special - 5.7L & 8.1L, Savana Special - 5.7L & 8.1L, Sierra - 4.3L, 4.8L, 5.3L, 6.0L & 8.1L, Silhouette, Silverado - 4.3L, 4.8L, 5.3L, 6.0L & 8.1L, Sonoma - 4.3L, Suburban, Tahoe, Trailblazer, Venture, Yukon & Yukon XL)
        • Off-Board Programming (Avalanche, Astro, Aztek, Blazer, Bravada, Cab & Chassis - 8.1L, Chevy Express - 5.0L, 5.7L & 8.1L, Cutaway - 5.7L & 8.1L, Envoy, Envoy XL, Escalade, Escalade EXT, Jimmy Canadian, Montana, Rendezvous, RV Cutaway - 5.7L & 8.1L, S10 Pickup - 4.3L, Safari, Savana - 5.0L, 5.7L & 8.1L, Savana Camper Special - 5.7L & 8.1L, Savana Special - 5.7L & 8.1L, Sierra - 4.3L, 4.8L, 5.3L, 6.0L & 8.1L, Silhouette, Silverado - 4.3L, 4.8L, 5.3L, 6.0L & 8.1L, Sonoma - 4.3L, Suburban, Tahoe, Trailblazer, Venture, Yukon & Yukon XL)
        • PCM Programming (Cab & Chassis, Chevy Express, Cutaway, RV Cutaway, Savana, Savana Camper Special & Savana Special - 6.5L)
        • Programming TDC Offset (Cab & Chassis, Chevy Express, Cutaway, RV Cutaway, Savana, Savana Camper Special & Savana Special - 6.5L)
        • PCM Programming (S10 Pickup - 2.2L, Sonoma - 2.2L & Tracker)
      • Theft Deterrent System Components
        • 10-Minute Learn Procedure (Avalanche, Astro, Blazer, Cab & Chassis, Chevy Express, Cutaway, Escalade, Escalade EXT, Jimmy Canadian, RV Cutaway, S10 Pickup, Safari, Savana, Savana Camper Special & Savana Special, Sierra, Silverado, Sonoma, Suburban, Tahoe, Yukon & Yukon XL)
        • 30-Minute Learn Procedure (Avalanche, Astro, Blazer, Cab & Chassis, Chevy Express, Cutaway, Escalade, Escalade EXT, Jimmy Canadian, RV Cutaway, S10 Pickup, Safari, Savana, Savana Camper Special & Savana Special, Sierra, Silverado, Sonoma, Suburban, Tahoe, Yukon & Yukon XL)
        • Set Up a New Theft Deterrent Control Module (Aztek, Montana, Rendezvous, Silhouette & Venture)
        • 10-Minute Learn Procedure (Aztek, Montana, Rendezvous, Silhouette & Venture)
        • 30-Minute Learn Procedure (Aztek, Montana, Rendezvous, Silhouette & Venture)
        • 10 Minute Learn Procedure With Standard Key (Bravada, Envoy, Envoy XL & Trailblazer)
        • 30 Minute Learn Procedure With Standard Key (Bravada, Envoy, Envoy XL & Trailblazer)
        • Procedure To Set Up New Theft Deterrent Control Module With Transponder Key (Bravada, Envoy, Envoy XL & Trailblazer)
        • 10 Minute Re-Learn Procedure (Bravada, Envoy, Envoy XL & Trailblazer)
        • Auto Learn Method (Vue)
        • Saturn Service Stall Method (Vue)
      • Throttle Body Relearn Procedure
        • Vue - 3.0L
    • Jeep
      • Drive Learn Procedure (Grand CHEROKEE & Liberty)
        • Notes
        • Procedure To Learn A Smooth 1st Neutral To Drive Shift
        • Procedure To Learn A Smooth Neutral To Drive Garage Shift
        • Procedure To Learn The 1st 2-3 Shift After A Restart Or Shift To Reverse
        • Procedure To Learn A Smooth 2-3 & 3-4 Upshift
        • Procedure To Learn A Smooth 4-3 Coastdown & Part Throttle 4-3 Kickdown
        • Procedure To Learn A Smooth 1-2 Upshift & 3-2 Kickdown
        • Procedure To Learn A Smooth Manual 2-1 Pulldown Shift As Well As A Neutral To Reverse Shift
        • Procedure To Learn A Smooth Neutral To Reverse Shift
        • Procedure To Learn A Smooth 4-5 Upshift for 545RFE
      • Powertrain Control Module Programming
        • Notes
        • Updating Secret Key Data
      • Sentry Key Immobilizer Module Programming
      • Programming Ignition Keys To Sentry Key Immobilizer Module
        • Using Scan Tool
        • Using Customer Learn Method
      • Shift Quality Quick-Learn Procedure (Grand CHEROKEE & Liberty)
        • Overview
        • Quick-Learn Procedure
  • OBD-II Drive Cycles
    • 1996-99 Gasoline Models (Except Villager)
      • Introduction
      • Vehicle Preparation for OBD-II or Monitor Repair Verification Drive Cycle
      • OBD-II Drive Cycle
      • Monitor Repair Verification Drive Cycles
    • 1996 Villager
      • OBD-II Drive Cycle Test Procedure
      • Misfire Detection Repair Verification Drive Cycle
    • 1997-99 Villager
      • OBD-II Drive Cycle
    • 2000-04 Gasoline Models
      • Introduction
      • Drive Cycle Recommendations
      • Drive Cycle Procedures
    • 2005-09 Gasoline Models
      • Description of On Board Diagnostic (OBD) Drive Cycle
        • Notes
        • Drive Cycle Recommendations
    • 2010-12 Gasoline Models (Except Fiesta)
      • Description of On Board Diagnostic (OBD) Drive Cycle
      • Drive Cycle Recommendations
    • 2011-12 Fiesta
      • Description of On Board Diagnostic (OBD) Drive Cycle
      • Drive Cycle Recommendations
    • 2003-07 6.0L Diesel
      • Description
      • Drive Cycle Procedure:
    • 2008-10 6.4L Diesel
      • Description
      • Drive Cycle Procedure:
    • 2011-12 6.7L Diesel
      • Description
      • Drive Cycle Procedure
    • 1996-03 7.3L Diesel
      • Description
      • Performing Drive Cycle
    • 2005-09 Hybrid
      • Description
      • Drive Cycle Recommendations
    • 2005-12 Escape Hybrid
      • Description
      • Drive Cycle
    • 2011-12 Fusion Hybrid
      • Description
      • Drive Cycle Recommendations
  • Driveline/Axles
    • Drive Axle Noise Diagnosis - General Information
      • * Please Read This First *
      • Unrelated Noises
      • Non-Drive Axle Noises
      • Gear Noise
      • Chuckle
      • Knock
      • Clunk
      • Bearing Whine
      • Bearing Rumble
      • Chatter On Turns
      • Axle Shaft Noise
      • Vibration
    • Gear Tooth Contact Patterns - General Information
      • * Please Read This First *
      • Inspection
        • Notes
        • Gear Tooth Contact Pattern
      • Adjustments
        • Notes
        • Gear Backlash & Pinion Shim Changes
    • Map - Drive Train & Transmission
      • Drive Train & Transmission Systems
        • Notes
        • Map Standards Of Service
        • The Map Process - Overview
        • The Map Process - Overview Of Service Requirements And Suggestions
      • Drivetrain And Transmission
        • Notes
        • Actuators (Electrical)
        • Actuators (Vacuum)
        • Automatic Transmission / Transaxle Assemblies/CVTS
        • Automatic Transmission Fluid
        • Axles
        • Bearings And Races
        • Bell Cranks
        • Bell Housings
        • Bushings (External)
        • Cables (Speedometer)
        • Cables (TV, Detent And Shift)
        • Carrier Bearings
        • Clutch Cables And Cable Housings
        • Clutch Discs (Manual Transmissions)
        • Clutch Forks
        • Clutch Linkages (Mechanical)
        • Clutch Master Cylinders
        • Clutch Pedals
        • Clutch Pivots
        • Clutch Pressure Plates
        • Clutch Release Bearings
        • Clutch Slave Cylinders (Concentric)
        • Clutch Slave Cylinders (Conventional Or External)
        • Companion Flanges
        • Connectors
        • Cooler Bypass Valves
        • Cooler Lines
        • Coolers
        • CV Joints
        • Differential And Final Drive Assemblies
        • Differential Fluid
        • Dip Stick Tubes
        • Dip Sticks (Fluid Level Indicators)
        • Dowel Pins, Guides And Pilot Holes
        • Drain Plugs And Gaskets
        • Drive Shaft Flanges
        • Drive Shafts And Half Shafts
        • Dust Boots
        • Engine Mounts
        • Exciter Rings
        • Filler Tubes
        • Filters And Screens
        • Flanges
        • Flex Plates
        • Fluid Level Indicators
        • Fluids And Lubricants
        • Flywheels
        • Force Motors
        • Gaskets
        • Guides
        • Half Shafts
        • Hoses, Lines, And Tubes
        • Housings (Bell, Case, Tail(Extension) And Auxiliary)
        • Hydraulic Fluid
        • Intermediate Shaft Support Bearings
        • Key Interlock Systems
        • Limited Slips
        • Lines
        • Linkages (External)
        • Locking Hub Assemblies
        • Locking Hub Control Knobs
        • Lubricants
        • Manual Transmission Fluid
        • Manual Transmission/Transaxle Assemblies
        • Metal Clad Seals
        • METALASTIC Joints
        • Modulator Pins
        • Modulators
        • Mounts (Engine, Transaxle And Transmission)
        • Odometer Drives (Mechanical)
        • Odometer Heads (Mechanical)
        • Oil Pans
        • Pans
        • Pilot Holes
        • Pressure Plates
        • Pressure Switches
        • Races
        • Rubber Joints (METALASTIC)
        • Screens
        • Seals (Metal Clad)
        • Seals
        • Selector Interlock Systems
        • Sensors
        • Servos
        • Shift Interlock Systems (Selector And Key Interlock Systems)
        • Side Covers
        • Slip Yokes
        • Solenoids
        • Speed Sensors (Electronic Wheel And Vehicle)
        • Speedometer- Driven Gear Housing
        • Speedometer/Odometer Drives (Mechanical)
        • Speedometer/Odometer Heads (Mechanical)
        • Speedometers/Odometers (Electronic)
        • Switches
        • Tone Wheels
        • Toothed Rings (Tone Wheel)
        • Torque Converters
        • Transaxle Mounts
        • Transducers (Transmission)
        • Transfer Case Assemblies
        • Transfer Case Fluid
        • Transmission Coolers
        • Transmission Mounts
        • Transmission Pans
        • Transmission Range Indicators (PRNDL)
        • Tubes
        • Universal Joints (CARDAN Or Cross Type)
        • Vacuum Controls
        • Vacuum Hoses
        • Vacuum Motors
        • Vacuum-Operated Switches
        • Vehicle Speed Sensors
        • Vents
        • Vibration Dampers
        • Wheel Attachment Hardware
        • Wheel Speed Sensors
        • Wiring Harnesses And Connectors
        • Yokes And Slip Yokes
      • Reason Code Explanation
      • Automotive Terminology & Definitions
    • Trouble Shooting - Clutches - General Information
      • * Please Read This First *
      • All Models
  • DTC Index
    • A/C-Heater Systems (Automatic) DTCS
    • Air Bag Restraint Systems DTCS
    • Anti-Lock Brakes DTCS
    • Anti-Theft Systems (Passive) DTCS
    • Automatic Transmission Electronic Controls Diagnosis DTCS
      • Automatic Transmission Electronic Controls (4R100) DTCS
      • Automatic Transmission Electronic Controls (4R70W) DTCS
    • Electric Cooling Fans DTCS
    • Evaporative Emissions DTCS
    • Generators & Regulators DTCS
    • Instrument Panels DTCS
      • Hybrid Electronic Cluster DTCS
      • Generic Electronic Module DTCS
    • Parking Aid Systems DTCS
    • Power Door Locks & Remote Keyless Entry Systems DTCS
    • Power Mirrors DTCS
    • Power Seats DTCS
    • Power Windows DTCS
    • Self-Diagnostics DTCS
    • Steering Column Switches DTCS
    • Suspension (Electronic) DTCS
      • 2WD
      • 4WD
    • Transfer Case DTCS
    • Wiper/Washer Systems DTCS
  • Electrical
    • Map - Electrical Systems
      • Electrical Systems
        • Notes
        • Map Standards Of Service
        • The Map Process - Overview
        • The Map Process - Overview Of Service Requirements And Suggestions
        • Actuator Motors (Electric)
        • Actuator Motors (Vacuum)
        • Air Bags
        • Alternators And Generators
        • Amplifiers
        • Antennas
        • Batteries
        • Battery Cables, Wires And Connectors
        • Battery Cables
        • Battery Trays And Hold Down Hardware
        • Battery Wires
        • Belts
        • Bulb Sockets
        • Bulbs, Sealed Beams And LEDS
        • Cd Players
        • Cigarette Lighter Assemblies
        • Circuit Breakers
        • Clutch Switches
        • Connectors
        • Control Modules
        • Cruise Control Brake Switches
        • Cruise Control Cables
        • Cruise Control Clutch Switches
        • Cruise Control Linkages And Cables
        • Cruise Control Reservoirs
        • Cruise Control Tubes
        • Cruise Control Vacuum Dump Release Valves
        • Cruise Control Vacuum Hoses, Tubes And
        • Cruise Control Vehicle Speed Sensors
        • Defoggers
        • Defrosters
        • Delays
        • Dimmers
        • Electric Heaters
        • Equalizers
        • Fuse Blocks
        • Fuse Boxes And Blocks
        • Fuses, Fusible Links And Circuit Breakers
        • Fusible Links
        • Gauges
        • Generators
        • Ground Cables And Straps
        • Ground Straps
        • Headlight Adjusters
        • Heating Elements (Defrosters, Defoggers, Electric Heaters And Seats)
        • Horns And Sirens
        • Ignition Switches
        • Indicator Lights
        • Keyless Entry Keypads And Transmitters
        • Keyless Entry Transmitters
        • LEDS
        • Lenses
        • Microphones
        • Mirrors (ELECTROCHROMATIC And Heated)
        • Motors
        • Neutral Safety Switches
        • Odometers, Speedometers And Tachometers (Cable Driven)
        • Odometers
        • Power Distribution Center
        • Pulleys
        • Receivers, Amplifiers, Equalizers And Sub-Woofer Volume Controls
        • Relay Boxes
        • Relays
        • Sealed Beams
        • Seat Heaters
        • Security Alarm Sensors
        • Sirens
        • Solenoids
        • Speakers And Microphones
        • Speedometer And Tachometer Linkages And Cables
        • Speedometer Cables
        • Speedometers
        • Starters
        • Sub-Woofer Volume Control
        • Switches
        • Tachometer Cables
        • Tachometers
        • Tape Players And Cd Players
        • TENSIONERS
        • Timers
        • Transceivers
        • Transducers
        • Vacuum Accumulators (Reservoirs)
        • Voltage Regulators
        • Washer Fluid Level Senders
        • Washer Pumps
        • Wiper Arms And Blades
        • Wiper Blades
        • Wiper Hoses And Nozzles
        • Wiper Linkages
        • Wiper Nozzles
        • Wiper Pump Reservoirs
        • Wiring Harnesses And Connectors
      • Battery, Starting & Charging System CHECKSHEET
      • Reason Code Explanation
      • Automotive Terminology & Definitions
    • Using lemon2025'S System Wiring Diagrams
      • Introduction
      • Wiring Diagram Features And Controls
      • Wiring Diagram Color Abbreviations
      • Wiring Diagram Symbols
      • Wiring Diagram Ground Number Locations
      • Wiring Diagram Component Locations
  • Engine
    • Engine Overhaul Procedures - General Information
      • * Please Read This First *
      • Description
      • Engine Identification
      • Inspection Procedures
        • * Please Read This First *
        • General
        • Magnetic Particle Inspection
          • Notes
          • Magnaflux & Magnaglo
        • Penetrant Inspection
          • Notes
          • Zyglo
          • Dye Check
        • Ultrasonic Inspection
        • X-Ray Inspection
        • Pressure Testing
      • Cleaning Procedures
        • * Please Read This First *
        • General
        • Bead Blasting
        • Chemical Cleaning
      • Component Cleaning
        • * Please Read This First *
        • Sheet Metal Parts
        • Intake & Exhaust Manifolds
      • Cylinder Head Replacement
        • * Please Read This First *
        • Removal
        • Installation
        • Valve Adjustment
      • Cylinder Head Overhaul
        • * Please Read This First *
        • Cylinder Head Disassembly
        • Cylinder Head Cleaning & Inspection
        • Valve Springs
        • Valve Guide
          • Notes
          • Measuring Valve Guide Clearance
          • Reaming Valve Guide
          • Replacing Valve Guide
        • Valves & Valve Seats
          • Notes
          • Valve Grinding
          • Valve Lapping
          • Valve Seat Grinding
          • Valve Seat Replacement
          • Valve Seat Concentricity
        • Cylinder Head Reassembly
          • Notes
          • Valve Stem Installed Height
        • Valve Stem Oil Seals
          • Notes
          • Replacement (On-Vehicle)
        • Valve Spring Installed Height
        • Rocker Arms & Assemblies
          • Notes
          • Rocker Studs
          • Rocker Arms & Shafts
        • Push Rods
        • Lifters
          • Notes
          • Hydraulic Lifters
          • Mechanical Lifters
      • Pistons, Connecting Rods & Bearings
        • * Please Read This First *
        • Ridge Removal
        • Piston & Connecting Rod Removal
        • Piston & Connecting Rod
          • Notes
          • Disassembly
          • Cleaning
          • Inspection
        • Piston & Cylinder Bore Fit
        • Assembling Piston & Connecting Rod
        • Checking Piston Ring Clearances
        • Piston & Connecting Rod Installation
        • Connecting Rod Side Clearance
        • Main & Connecting Rod Bearing Clearance
          • Notes
          • Plastigage Method
          • Micrometer & Telescopic Gauge Method
      • Crankshaft & Main Bearings
        • * Please Read This First *
        • Removal
        • Cleaning & Inspection
        • Installation
        • Crankshaft End Play
          • Notes
          • Dial Indicator Method
          • Feeler Gauge Method
        • Cylinder Block
          • Notes
          • Block Cleaning
          • Block Inspection
          • Cylinder Bore Inspection
          • Cylinder Honing
          • Deck Warpage
          • Deck Height
          • Main Bearing Bore & Alignment
          • Expansion Plug Removal
          • Expansion Plug Installation
          • Oil Gallery Plug Removal
          • Oil Gallery Plug Installation
      • Camshaft
        • * Please Read This First *
        • Cleaning & Inspection
        • Camshaft Bearings
          • Notes
          • Removal & Installation
        • Camshaft Installation
        • Camshaft End Play
      • Timing Chains & Belts
        • * Please Read This First *
        • Timing Chains
        • Timing Belts
        • Tension Adjustment
      • Timing Gears
        • * Please Read This First *
        • Timing Gear Backlash & RUNOUT
        • Rear Main Oil Seal Installation
          • Notes
          • One-Piece Type Seal
          • Rope Type Seal
          • Split-Rubber Type Seal
      • Oil Pump
        • * Please Read This First *
        • Rotor Type
        • Gear Type
      • Break-In Procedure
        • * Please Read This First *
        • Engine Pre-Oiling
        • Initial Start-Up
        • Camshaft
        • Piston Rings
        • Final Adjustments
    • General Cooling System Service - General Information
      • * Please Read This First *
      • Description
      • Maintenance
        • Draining
        • Flushing
          • Notes
          • Radiator
          • Engine Block
        • Refilling
      • Testing
        • Thermostat
        • Pressure Testing
          • Notes
          • Radiator Cap
          • Cooling System
  • Engine Performance
    • Electrostatic Discharge Warning - General Information
      • * Please Read This First *
      • Introduction
      • Handling Static-Sensitive Circuits/Devices
      • Checking Static-Sensitive Circuits/Devices
    • Engine Performance Diagnostic Routine Outline - General Information
      • * Please Read This First *
      • Where Does DRIVEABILITY Diagnosis Start?
        • Perform Basic Inspection
        • Check For Trouble Codes
        • Diagnose Symptom
        • Test System
    • Engine Performance Safety Precautions
      • Engine Performance Safety Precautions
    • Map - Engine Performance & Maintenance
      • Engine Performance And Maintenance (Including Exhaust Systems)
        • Notes
        • Map Standards Of Service
        • The Map Process - Overview
        • The Map Process - Overview Of Service Requirements And Suggestions
      • Engine Performance & Maintenance CHECKSHEET
      • Engine Performance And Maintenance
        • Notes
        • Accelerator Pedal Position Sensor
        • Accessory Belts
        • Accessory Pulleys
        • Air Conditioning Cycling Switches
        • Air Conditioning Pressure Sensors
        • Air Ducts And Tubes
        • Air Filter Elements
        • Air Filter Gaskets
        • Air Filter Housings And Gaskets
        • Air Fuel Ratio Sensors
        • Air Injection Control Solenoids
        • Air Plenums
        • Air Pump Belts
        • Air Pumps (Electric Driven)
        • Air Tubes
        • Aspirator, Check And DECEL Valves
        • Baffles
        • Ballast Primary Supply Resistor Wires
        • Ballast Resistors And Primary Supply Resistors
        • Barometric Pressure Sensors
        • Batteries
        • Battery Cables, Wires And Connectors
        • Battery Connectors
        • Battery Trays And Hold Down Hardware
        • Battery Wires
        • Belt Idler Assemblies (Accessory And Cam Belts)
        • Belt TENSIONERS (Accessory And Cam Belt)
        • Belt-Driven Air Pumps
        • Boost Control Mechanism
        • Camshaft Position Sensors
        • Carburetors And Chokes
        • Casting Core Plugs And Expansion Plugs
        • Charge Air Coolers ""INTERCOOLERS"" (CAC)
        • Check Valves
        • Chemical Engine DECARBONIZATION
        • Chokes
        • Clutch Pedal Position Switches
        • Cold Start Injectors
        • Combustion Chamber Cleaning
        • Connectors
        • Coolant Recovery Tanks
        • Coolant
        • Cooling Fan Motor Modules
        • Cooling Fan Motor Relays And Modules
        • Cooling Fan Motor Resistors
        • Cooling Fan Motor Sensors And Switches
        • Cooling Fan Motor Switches
        • Cooling Fan Motors
        • Crankshaft Position Sensors
        • Cylinder Deactivation Solenoid
        • Cylinder Head Assemblies
        • DECEL Valves
        • Deflectors
        • Dip Stick Tubes
        • Dip Sticks And Tubes
        • Distributor Advances And Retarders (Mechanical And Vacuum)
        • Distributor Boots And Shields
        • Distributor Caps
        • Distributor Retarders (Mechanical And Vacuum)
        • Distributor Rotors
        • Distributor Shields
        • Distributors
        • Early Fuel Evaporation Valves (Heat Riser Assemblies)
        • EGR Coolers
        • EGR Exhaust Manifold Passages
        • EGR Intake And Exhaust Manifold Passages
        • EGR Plates And Coolers
        • Electronic Spark Control Modules
        • Electronic Transmission Control Devices
        • Electronic Transmission Feedback Devices
        • Engine Coolant Temperature Sensors
        • Engine Cooling Systems
        • Engine Covers (Oil Pan, Valve Cover, Timing Cover)
        • Engine DECARBONIZATION
        • Engine Oil Canisters
        • Engine Oil Coolers (External)
        • Engine Oil Drain Plugs And Gaskets
        • Engine Oil Filters And Canisters
        • Engine Oil Gaskets
        • Engine Oil Pressure Gauges (Mechanical)
        • Engine Oil
        • Evaporative Emissions (EVAP) Canister Filters
        • Evaporative Emissions (EVAP) Canister Purge Devices
        • Evaporative Emissions (EVAP) Canisters
        • Evaporative Emissions (EVAP) Feedback Devices
        • Exhaust Gas RECIRCULATION Devices
        • Exhaust Gas RECIRCULATION Feedback Devices
        • Expansion Plugs
        • Fan Control Sensor
        • Fuel Accumulators And Dampers
        • Fuel And Cold Start Injectors
        • Fuel Caps
        • Fuel Dampers
        • Fuel Delivery Check Valves
        • Fuel Distributors (BOSCH Cis)
        • Fuel Filler Necks And RESTRICTORS
        • Fuel Filters
        • Fuel Injector Cleaning
        • Fuel Injectors
        • Fuel Level Senders
        • Fuel Pressure Regulators
        • Fuel Pumps (In-Tank, External, Electrical Or Mechanical)
        • Fuel Rails
        • Fuel RESTRICTORS
        • Fuel System Cleaning Service
        • Fuel Tanks
        • Fuel
        • Gaskets
        • Grommets (Valve Cover)
        • Harmonic Dampers
        • Heater Control Valves
        • Heater Cores
        • Hose Clamps
        • Hose Connectors
        • Hose Couplers
        • Hoses And Tube Couplers, Connectors And Clamps
        • Hoses And Tubes (Fuel Lines, Radiator, Vacuum, By-Pass, Heater, Recovery Tank And Oil Coolers)
        • Housings
        • Idle Air Controls
        • Idle Speed Control Actuators
        • Ignition Boots
        • Ignition Coil Towers
        • Ignition Coils
        • Ignition Control Modules (ICM)
        • Ignition Switches
        • Ignition Terminals
        • Ignition Wires (Secondary)
        • Inertia Fuel Shut-Off Switches
        • Intake Air Temperature Sensors
        • Intake Cleaning
        • Intake Manifolds
        • In-Tank Fuel Strainers
        • INTERCOOLERS
        • Knock Sensors
        • Liquid Vapor Separators
        • Long Block Assemblies
        • Manifold Absolute Pressure (Map) Sensors
        • Mass Air Flow (MAF) Sensors
        • Metal Air Manifolds And Pipes
        • Metal Air Pipes
        • Mix Control Solenoids
        • Motor Mounts
        • O2 Sensors
        • Oil Pans
        • Oil Pressure Sending Units
        • Oil Pump Pick-Up Screens
        • Oil Pumps
        • O-Rings, Gaskets, Seals And Spring Locks
        • Park Neutral Position Switches
        • PCV Breather Elements
        • PCV Orifices
        • PCV Valves
        • Pick-Up Assemblies (Includes Magnetic, Hall Effect And Optical)
        • Power Steering Pressure Sensors
        • Powertrain Control Modules (Pcm) And Prom
        • Powertrain Control Prom
        • Pressurized Expansion Tank Caps
        • Radiator / Cooling Fan Blades
        • Radiator / Cooling Fan Clutches
        • Radiator Caps And Pressurized Expansion Tank Caps
        • Radiators
        • Roll Over Valves
        • Sealing Compounds
        • Seals
        • Secondary Air Injection System Management Devices
        • Sensors
        • Short Block Assemblies
        • Shrouds, Baffles And Deflectors
        • Spark Plugs
        • Spring Locks
        • Super Chargers
        • Switches
        • Thermal Vacuum Valves
        • Thermostatic Air Door Assemblies
        • Thermostats And Housings
        • Throttle Bodies
        • Throttle Body Cleaning
        • Throttle Cables
        • Throttle Linkages And Cables
        • Throttle Position Sensors
        • Throttle Position Switches
        • Timing Belt Sprockets
        • Timing Belts
        • Timing Covers
        • Torque Struts
        • Transmission Range Switches
        • Tube Clamps
        • Tube Connectors
        • Tube Couplers
        • Tubes
        • Turbo Chargers
        • Vacuum Connections
        • Vacuum Hoses, Tubes And Connections (Non-Metallic)
        • Vacuum Regulator Solenoids
        • Vacuum Tubes
        • Valve Covers
        • Vehicle Speed Senors
        • Volume Air Flow Sensors
        • Waste Gate And Boost Control Mechanisms
        • Waste Gate Control Solenoids
        • Water Pumps (Electric)
        • Water Pumps (Non-Electric)
        • Wiring Harnesses And Connectors
      • Reason Code Explanation
      • Automotive Terminology & Definitions
    • Parasitic Load Explanation & Test Procedures - General Information
      • * Please Read This First *
      • General Information
      • Testing For Parasitic Load
        • Notes
        • CHRYSLER Ignition Off Draw (IOD) Test
        • Test Procedure Using Test Switch
        • Intermittent Parasitic Load Problems
        • Diode Check & Solenoid Test
        • Quad Driver Test
    • State Emission Standards - Diesel
      • ARIZONA
      • Colorado
      • CONNECTICUT
      • IDAHO
      • KENTUCKY
      • MASSACHUSETTS
      • New YORK
      • OHIO
      • RHODE Island
      • UTAH
      • WASHINGTON
    • State Emission Standards - Gas
      • ALASKA
      • ARIZONA
      • CALIFORNIA
        • California Emission Standards ASM Tests
        • Legend
        • Pass/Fail Emission Standards = A+B / VTW
      • Colorado
      • CONNECTICUT
      • DELAWARE
      • District Of COLUMBIA
      • GEORGIA
      • IDAHO
      • ILLINOIS
      • INDIANA
      • KENTUCKY
      • MARYLAND
      • MASSACHUSETTS
      • MISSOURI
      • NEVADA
      • New Jersey
      • New MEXICO
      • New YORK
      • North CAROLINA
      • OHIO
      • OREGON
      • PENNSYLVANIA
      • RHODE Island
      • TENNESSEE
      • TEXAS
      • UTAH
      • VIRGINIA
      • WASHINGTON
      • WISCONSIN
      • U. S. EPA ASM2525 & ASM5015 Start-Up Emission Standards
      • U. S. EPA Revised Final ASM Emission Standards (ASM5015 & ASM2525)
      • U.S. EPA Im240 Emission Standards
        • Start-Up Standards
        • Final Standards
    • Waveforms - Injector Pattern Tutorial - General Information
      • * Please Read This First *
      • Purpose Of This Article
        • Notes
        • Scope Of This Article
      • Is A Lab Scope Necessary?
        • Introduction
        • Overview Of NOID Light
          • Notes
          • Use the Right Noid Light
        • Overview Of DVOM
          • Notes
          • Checking Injector Resistance
          • Checking Available Voltage At the Injector
          • Checking Injector On-Time With Built-In Function
          • Checking Injector On-Time With Dwell Or Duty
          • How A Duty Cycle Meter and Dwell Meter Work
          • Strengths of Dwell/Duty Meter
          • Weaknesses of Dwell/Duty Meter
      • The Two Types Of Injector Drivers
        • Notes
        • Overview
        • Voltage Controlled Circuit ("Saturated Switch")
        • Current Controlled Circuit ("Peak & Hold")
      • The Two Ways Injector Circuits Are Wired
      • Interpreting Injector Waveforms
        • Notes
        • Interpreting A Voltage Controlled Pattern
        • Interpreting A Current Controlled Pattern
      • Current Waveform Samples
        • Notes
        • Example #1 - Voltage Controlled Driver
        • Example #2 - Voltage Controlled Driver
        • Example #3 - Voltage Controlled Driver
        • Example #4 - Current Controlled Driver
        • Example #5 - Current Controlled Driver
        • Example #6 - Current Controlled Driver
        • Example #7 - Current Controlled Driver
        • Example #8 - Current Controlled Driver
      • Voltage Waveform Samples
        • Notes
        • Example #1 - Voltage Controlled Driver
        • Example #2 - Voltage Controlled Driver
        • Example #3 - Voltage Controlled Driver
        • Example #4 - Current Controlled Driver
        • Example #5 - Current Controlled Driver
        • Example #6 - Current Controlled Driver
        • Example #7 - Current Controlled Driver
        • Example #8 - Current Controlled Driver
  • Map - Exhaust Systems
    • Exhaust Systems
      • Notes
      • Map Standards Of Service
      • The Map Process - Overview
      • The Map Process - Overview Of Service Requirements And Suggestions
      • Catalytic Converters
      • Exhaust And Tail Pipes
      • Exhaust Connections
      • Hangers
      • Heat Risers (Mechanical EFE Devices)
      • Heat Shields
      • Manifolds (Cast And Tube Type)
      • Mechanical EFE Devices
      • Muffler Valve
      • Mufflers And Resonators
    • Reason Code Explanation
  • Heating, Ventilation & A/C (HVAC)
    • Map - Heating, Ventilation, & Air Conditioning
      • Heating, Ventilation & Air Conditioning Systems
        • Notes
        • Map Standards Of Service
        • The Map Process - Overview
        • The Map Process - Overview Of Service Requirements And Suggestions
        • Accumulators
        • Actuators (Electrical)
        • Actuators (Vacuum)
        • Air Conditioning Fittings
        • Air Conditioning Hoses
        • Air Conditioning Metal Lines
        • Air Control Doors
        • Air Dams (External)
        • Air Distribution System
        • Belts
        • Blend Doors
        • Blower Fans (Blower Wheel Or Squirrel Cage)
        • Blower Motors
        • Blower Resistors
        • Blower Switches
        • Cabin Air Filters
        • Circuit Breakers
        • Compressor Clutch Assemblies
        • Compressors
        • Condenser Air Seals
        • Condenser Fan Motors
        • Condensers
        • Connectors
        • Control Cables
        • Control Heads (Function Selectors)
        • Control Linkages
        • Control Modules
        • Coolant
        • Cooling Fan Blades
        • Cooling Fan Clutches
        • Cooling Fan Motors
        • Evaporator Drain Tubes
        • Evaporator Filters
        • Evaporator Pressure Regulators (EPRS)
        • Evaporators
        • Expansion Valves
        • Function Selectors
        • Fuses, Fusible Links And Circuit Breakers
        • Fusible Links
        • Gaskets
        • Heater Cases
        • Heater Control Valves
        • Heater Cores
        • Heater Hoses
        • High Pressure Relief Valves (HPRV)
        • Idlers
        • In-Line Filters
        • Metal Fittings
        • Metal Lines
        • Mix And Air Control Doors (Blend Doors)
        • ORIFACE Tubes
        • O-Rings
        • Pilot-Operated Absolutes (POAS)
        • Plenums
        • Pressure Control Valves
        • Pressure Sensors
        • Pulleys
        • Radiators
        • Receiver-DRIERS
        • Refrigerant Oil
        • Refrigerant
        • Relays
        • Seals
        • Service Ports
        • Spring Lock Couplings
        • Suction Throttling Valves (STVS)
        • Switches (Electrical)
        • TENSIONERS
        • Thermistors And Pressure Sensors
        • Thermostats And Housings
        • Vacuum Hoses And Tubes
        • Vacuum Reservoirs
        • Vacuum Tubes
        • Valves In Receiver (VIRS)
        • Water Pumps (Electric Auxiliary)
        • Wiring Harnesses And Connectors
      • Heating, Ventilation & Air Conditioning System CHECKSHEET
      • Reason Code Explanation
      • Automotive Terminology & Definitions
  • Identification
    • CANADIAN Model Cross-Reference
      • * Please Read This First *
      • ACURA
      • ASUNA
      • AUDI
      • BMW
      • CHRYSLER Corp.
        • CHRYSLER
        • Dodge
        • Eagle
        • PLYMOUTH
      • General Motors
        • BUICK
        • CHEVROLET
        • GMC
        • OLDSMOBILE
        • Optima
        • PONTIAC
      • HYUNDAI
      • Jaguar
      • KIA
      • MAZDA
      • MERCEDES-BENZ
      • Mercury
      • MERKUR
      • MITSUBISHI
      • NISSAN
      • RENAULT
      • SATURN
      • Smart
      • SUBARU
      • SUZUKI
      • TOYOTA
      • VOLKSWAGEN
      • VOLVO
      • All Others
    • Engine Introduction - Trucks
      • Engine Introduction - Trucks
        • Notes
        • Vehicle Identification Number Description
          • Notes
          • World Manufacturer Identifier - Position 1
          • Brake Type & Gross Vehicle Weight Rating (GVWR) - Position 2
          • Line, Series & Body Type Code - Position 3
          • Engine Code - Position 4
          • Computer-Generated Check Digit - Position 5
          • Model Year Code - Position 6
          • Assembly Plant Code - Position 7
          • Production Sequence Number - Position 8
        • Model/Year VIN Code Applications
        • Engine Code Location
  • Metric Conversions
    • Engine Displacement Conversion Table - ECAT
      • Conversion Table
    • Metric Conversions
      • Metric Conversions
        • Notes
        • Length
        • Volume
        • Torque
        • Pressure
      • Conversion Factors
  • OEM General Information
    • Engine Introduction - Trucks
      • Engine Introduction - Trucks
        • Notes
        • Vehicle Identification Number Description
          • Notes
          • World Manufacturer Identifier - Position 1
          • Brake Type & Gross Vehicle Weight Rating (GVWR) - Position 2
          • Line, Series & Body Type Code - Position 3
          • Engine Code - Position 4
          • Computer-Generated Check Digit - Position 5
          • Model Year Code - Position 6
          • Assembly Plant Code - Position 7
          • Production Sequence Number - Position 8
        • Model/Year VIN Code Applications
        • Engine Code Location
    • How To Use The Engine Performance Section
      • * Please Read This First *
      • How To Use The Engine Performance Section
      • Application
        • Notes
        • Introduction/Engine/VIN Id
      • Emission Applications
        • Notes
        • Emission Application Tables
      • Specifications
        • Notes
        • Service & Adjustment Specifications
      • Adjustment
        • Notes
        • On-Vehicle Adjustments
      • Theory & Operation
      • Testing & Diagnostics
        • Notes
        • Basic Diagnostic Procedures/Basic Testing
        • Self-Diagnostics/Tests W/Codes
        • Trouble Shooting - No Codes/Tests W/O Codes
        • System & Component Testing
      • Pin Voltage Charts
      • Sensor Range Charts
        • Notes
        • Sensor Operating Range Charts
      • Vacuum Hose Diagram(S)
      • Removal, Overhaul & Installation
      • Wiring Diagrams - Engine Performance
        • Notes
        • 2002 & Earlier
        • 2003 & Later
  • Maintenance Reminder Light (Reset Procedures)
    • A/C Filter Service Reminder
      • Notes
      • A/C Filter Service Reminder Reset Procedure
    • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder
      • Notes
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 01
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 02
        • Oil Life Reset - Base Instrument Cluster
        • Oil Life Reset - Message Center Instrument Cluster
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 03
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 04
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 05
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 06
        • Non-Hybrid
        • Hybrid
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 07
        • Owner's Manual 1
        • Owner's Manual 2
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 08
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 09
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 10
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 11
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 12
        • With Base Instrument Cluster
        • With Message Center Instrument Cluster
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 13
        • With Message Center Instrument Cluster
        • With Base Instrument Cluster
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 14
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 15
        • Base Message Center
        • Uplevel Message Center
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 16
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 17
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 18
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 19
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 20
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 21
        • Notes
        • Without Message Center
        • With Message Center
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 22
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 23
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 24
        • Path 1
        • Path 2
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 25
        • Base Cluster
        • High Series Cluster
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 26
        • Resetting The Engine Oil Change Reminder - Vehicles With: 2.3 Inch Screen/4.2 Inch Screen
        • Resetting The Engine Oil Change Reminder - Vehicles With: 8 Inch Screen
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 27
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 28
    • Maintenance Service Reminder (Overhead Warning Lights)
      • Notes
      • Maintenance Service Reminder Reset Procedure
    • Maintenance Service Reminder (Sri)
      • Notes
      • Maintenance Service Reminder Reset - Procedure 01
      • Maintenance Service Reminder Reset - Procedure 02
      • Maintenance Service Reminder Reset - Procedure 03
    • Maintenance Service Reminder (VMM)
      • Notes
      • Maintenance Service Reminder Reset - Procedure 01
      • Maintenance Service Reminder Reset - Procedure 02
      • Maintenance Service Reminder Reset - Procedure 03
    • Tire Pressure Monitor System Reminder
      • Notes
      • Tire Pressure Sensor Types
        • Notes
        • Banded Sensor
        • Valve Mounted Bolt-On Sensor
        • Valve Mounted Snap-In Sensor
      • TPMS Reminder Reset - Procedure 01
      • TPMS Reminder Reset - Procedure 02
      • TPMS Reminder Reset - Procedure 03
      • TPMS Reminder Reset - Procedure 04
      • TPMS Reminder Reset - Procedure 05
        • Notes
        • Vehicles With Message Center
        • Vehicles Without Message Center
      • TPMS Reminder Reset - Procedure 07
      • TPMS Reminder Reset - Procedure 08
        • Notes
        • Performing the System Reset Procedure - Single Rear Wheel
        • Performing the System Reset Procedure - Dual Rear Wheel
      • TPMS Reminder Reset - Procedure 09
        • Overview
        • Carrying Out the System Reset Procedure
        • To reset the tire pressure monitoring system for vehicles equipped with 2.3" information display, scroll to:
        • To reset the tire pressure monitoring system for vehicles equipped with 4.2" information display, scroll to:
      • TPMS Reminder Reset - Procedure 10
  • Specifications Index
    • Common Specs & Procedures
      • Specifications Index
  • Steering
    • Map - Steering, Suspension, Wheel Alignment, Wheels & Tires
      • Steering & Suspension Systems
        • Notes
        • Map Standards Of Service
        • The Map Process - Overview
        • The Map Process - Overview Of Service Requirements And Suggestions
      • Wheel And Tire
        • Notes
        • Tires
        • Mounting Tires
        • Vehicle Tire Placard
        • Tire Rotation
        • Wheel Lug Nut Torque & Clamping Force
        • Popular Tire Rotation Patterns
        • Wheels And Rims
        • Tire Pressure Monitoring Systems
      • Steering & Suspension CHECKSHEET
      • Wheels & Tires CHECKSHEET
      • Steering And Suspension, Wheel Alignment, Wheels And Tires
        • Notes
        • Active Handling
        • Active Suspension Control Modules
        • Active Variable Ratio Steering
        • Active Yaw Control
        • Adaptive Cruise Control
        • Advance TRAC
        • Air Bags
        • Air Ride Control Modules
        • Air Ride Suspension Torsion Springs (Counter Balancing)
        • Air Ride Suspension
        • Air Ride Tubes
        • Air Shocks And Air Struts
        • Air Spring Valves
        • Air Springs
        • Air Suspension Control Valves
        • Air Suspension DRIERS
        • Axle Acceleration Sensor
        • Ball Joints
        • Body Acceleration Sensor
        • Bushings
        • Center Links
        • Compressors
        • Continuous Damping Control
        • Control Arm Shafts
        • Control Arms
        • Control Modules
        • Distance Regulation Control Module
        • Distance Regulation Sensor
        • Drag Links
        • Dynamic Stability Control
        • Dynamic Stability Traction Control
        • Electronic Ride Control Shocks And Struts
        • Electronic Stability Control
        • Electronic Suspension System
        • Flex Couplers
        • Gaskets
        • Height Sensors
        • Hydraulic Hoses
        • Hydraulic Power Steering Pumps
        • Hydraulic Suspension Hoses
        • Hydraulic Suspension Pumps
        • Idler Arms
        • Intermediate Shaft U-Joints
        • King Pins
        • Modules
        • Pitman Arms
        • Power Steering Belts
        • Power Steering Coolers
        • Power Steering Fluid
        • Power Steering Hoses
        • Power Steering Lines (Steel)
        • Power Steering Pumps - Electric
        • Power Steering Pumps
        • Radar Sensor
        • Radius Arms
        • Relay Rods
        • Relays
        • Sensors
        • Shock Absorbers, Strut Cartridges And Strut Assemblies
        • Spindles
        • Springs, Coil, Leaf And Torsion Bars
        • STABILITRAC
        • Stability Management System
        • Steering Angle Sensor
        • Steering Arms
        • Steering Couplers
        • Steering Dampers
        • Steering Gears (Except Rack And Pinion)
        • Steering Gears, Rack And Pinion
        • Steering Knuckles
        • Strike Out Bumpers
        • Strut Bearing Plate Assemblies
        • Strut Rods
        • Suspension Pumps (Hydraulic)
        • Sway Bar Links
        • Sway Bar Mounting Bushings
        • Sway Bars
        • Switches
        • Tie Rod Ends (Inner And Outer)
        • Tire Pressure Monitoring System
        • Tire Pressure Sensors
        • Tires
        • Torque Sensor
        • Torsion Springs
        • Track Bar Bushings
        • Track Bars
        • Trailing Arm Bushings
        • Trailing Arms
        • Valve Stems
        • Vehicle Dynamics Control
        • Vehicle Speed Sensor
        • Vehicle Stability Assist
        • Vehicle Stability/Skid Control
        • Warning Lamps
        • Wheel Alignment
        • Wheel Attachment Hardware
        • Wheel Bearings, Races And Seals
        • Wheels (Rims)
        • Wiring Harnesses And Connectors
      • Reason Code Explanation
      • Automotive Terminology & Definitions
    • Wheel Alignment Theory & Operation - General Information
      • * Please Read This First *
      • Pre-Alignment Instructions
        • Notes
        • General Alignment Checks
      • Adjustments
        • Notes
        • Camber
        • Caster
        • Toe-In Adjustment
        • Toe-Out On Turns
        • Steering Axis Inclination
  • Traction Control Disable Procedures
    • Traction Control Disable
  • Trouble Shooting - Manual Transmission - General Information
    • * Please Read This First *
    • Introduction
• Heating, Ventilation & A/C (HVAC)
  • A/C Compressor
    • HVAC Systems - Compressor Servicing
      • Ford FS-10 10-Cylinder
        • Notes
        • Clutch & Clutch Field Coil
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Shaft Seal
          • Removal
          • Installation
      • Ford SC115 Scroll
        • Clutch Assembly
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Shaft Seal
      • General Motors DELPHI-Thermal (HARRISON) CVC- 6/CVC-7, Hd6/Ht6/HU6, Hd6/Hr-6HE 6, V5 & V7.
        • Compressor Clutch Plate & Hub Assembly
          • Notes
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Compressor Control Valve (Variable Displacement Compressors Only)
          • Notes
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Compressor Pressure Relief Valve
          • Notes
          • Removal & Installation
        • Clutch Rotor/Bearing
          • Notes
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • High Pressure Switch
          • Notes
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Identifying Compressor Components
        • Shaft Seal
      • MITSUBISHI ASTT
      • MITSUBISHI Scroll
      • NIPPONDENSO 10-Cylinder
        • Clutch Assembly
          • Notes
          • Removal & Installation
        • Shaft Seal
          • Notes
          • Removal
          • Installation
      • NIPPONDENSO 10S15/10S17/10S20
        • Clutch Assembly
          • Notes
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Shaft Seal
      • NIPPONDENSO 10PA17 10-Cylinder
        • Clutch Assembly
          • Removal (All Models Except Grand Cherokee)
          • Installation (All Models Except Grand Cherokee)
          • Removal (Grand Cherokee)
          • Installation (Grand Cherokee)
        • Shaft Seal
      • SANDEN Scroll
        • Clutch Assembly
          • Removal & Installation (General Motors)
      • SANDEN SD-7H15 7-Cylinder
        • Notes
        • Clutch Assembly
          • Notes
          • Removal (All Models)
          • Installation (Cherokee)
          • Installation (Dakota, Durango & Ram Pickup)
      • SANDEN TRS-90 Scroll
        • Clutch Assembly
          • Notes
          • Removal
          • Installation
      • SANDEN TRS-105 Scroll
        • Clutch Assembly
          • Notes
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Shaft Seal
      • ZEXEL (SATURN - Variable Displacement Type)
        • Clutch Assembly
          • Removal ("S" Series)
          • Installation ("S" Series)
          • Removal ("L" Series)
          • Installation ("L" Series)
          • Removal (VUE)
          • Installation (VUE)
        • Pressure Relief Valve
          • Notes
          • Removal
          • Installation
  • General Servicing
    • Cabin Air Filter
      • Removal & Installation
        • Notes
        • Cabin Air Filter
          • Removal & Installation
    • HVAC Systems - Compressor Servicing
      • Ford FS-10 10-Cylinder
        • Notes
        • Clutch & Clutch Field Coil
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Shaft Seal
          • Removal
          • Installation
      • Ford SC115 Scroll
        • Clutch Assembly
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Shaft Seal
      • General Motors DELPHI-Thermal (HARRISON) CVC- 6/CVC-7, Hd6/Ht6/HU6, Hd6/Hr-6HE 6, V5 & V7.
        • Compressor Clutch Plate & Hub Assembly
          • Notes
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Compressor Control Valve (Variable Displacement Compressors Only)
          • Notes
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Compressor Pressure Relief Valve
          • Notes
          • Removal & Installation
        • Clutch Rotor/Bearing
          • Notes
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • High Pressure Switch
          • Notes
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Identifying Compressor Components
        • Shaft Seal
      • MITSUBISHI ASTT
      • MITSUBISHI Scroll
      • NIPPONDENSO 10-Cylinder
        • Clutch Assembly
          • Notes
          • Removal & Installation
        • Shaft Seal
          • Notes
          • Removal
          • Installation
      • NIPPONDENSO 10S15/10S17/10S20
        • Clutch Assembly
          • Notes
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Shaft Seal
      • NIPPONDENSO 10PA17 10-Cylinder
        • Clutch Assembly
          • Removal (All Models Except Grand Cherokee)
          • Installation (All Models Except Grand Cherokee)
          • Removal (Grand Cherokee)
          • Installation (Grand Cherokee)
        • Shaft Seal
      • SANDEN Scroll
        • Clutch Assembly
          • Removal & Installation (General Motors)
      • SANDEN SD-7H15 7-Cylinder
        • Notes
        • Clutch Assembly
          • Notes
          • Removal (All Models)
          • Installation (Cherokee)
          • Installation (Dakota, Durango & Ram Pickup)
      • SANDEN TRS-90 Scroll
        • Clutch Assembly
          • Notes
          • Removal
          • Installation
      • SANDEN TRS-105 Scroll
        • Clutch Assembly
          • Notes
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Shaft Seal
      • ZEXEL (SATURN - Variable Displacement Type)
        • Clutch Assembly
          • Removal ("S" Series)
          • Installation ("S" Series)
          • Removal ("L" Series)
          • Installation ("L" Series)
          • Removal (VUE)
          • Installation (VUE)
        • Pressure Relief Valve
          • Notes
          • Removal
          • Installation
    • HVAC Systems - General Servicing
      • USING R-134a REFRIGERANT
        • Handling/Safety Precautions
        • IDENTIFYING R-134a SYSTEMS & COMPONENTS
          • Notes
          • Fittings & "O" Rings
          • Underhood A/C Specification Labels
        • Refrigerant Oils
      • System Service Valves
        • SCHRADER-Type Valves
        • Special Valve Connectors
        • R-134a SERVICE VALVES/PORTS
        • Service Valve Locations
      • Service Equipment
      • Manifold Gauge Set
        • Notes
        • Connecting Gauge Set
          • Notes
          • Schrader-Type Valves
        • Stabilizing A/C System
      • Pressure-Temperature Relationship
      • Pressure Gauge Readings
      • Recovery/Evacuation & Recharging
        • DAIMLERCHRYSLER Corp.
          • Notes
          • Refrigerant System Service Equipment
          • Manifold Gauge Set Connections
          • Refrigerant Recovery
          • Refrigerant System Evacuate
          • Refrigerant System Charge
        • Ford Motor Co.
          • Notes
          • Refrigerant System Recovery
          • Refrigerant System Evacuation
          • Refrigerant System Charging
        • General Motors
        • Jeep
      • Filtering Procedures (Ford)
        • A/C System Filtering (Focus)
        • A/C System Filtering (Villager)
        • A/C System Filtering (Except Focus & Villager)
      • Flushing Procedures
        • DAIMLERCHRYSLER Corp.
        • Ford Motor Co.
        • General Motors
        • Jeep
      • Leak Testing
        • Notes
        • Types Of Leak Detectors
          • Bubble Solution Detector
          • Dye Solution
          • Fluorescent Leak Detection
          • Electronic Leak Detector
        • Preparation For Leak Testing
        • Bubble Detector Leak Testing Procedure
        • Electronic Leak Testing Procedure
        • Dye Solution Leak Testing Procedures
        • Fluorescent Dye Leak Testing Procedures
  • HVAC Control Systems
    • Automatic A/C-Heater Systems
      • Specifications
      • Description
      • Operation
        • A/C-Heater System
        • Function & Override Buttons
          • Notes
          • OFF Button
          • AUTOMATIC Button
          • TEMPERATURE Buttons
          • OUTSIDE TEMP Button
          • Fan Speed
          • Max A/C
          • Vent
          • PNL/FLR
          • Floor
          • FLR/Def
          • Def
        • A/C Electronic Blend Door Actuator
        • Sensors
          • Ambient Temperature Sensor
          • In-Car Temperature Sensor
          • Sunload Sensor
        • Pressure Relief Valve
        • A/C Cycling Switch
        • A/C Pressure Cut-Off Switch
      • Adjustments
        • A/C Clutch Air Gap
      • Trouble Shooting
        • Preliminary Inspection
      • Performance Test
        • A/C System Performance
      • Self-Diagnostics
        • EATC Module Self-Test
        • Retrieving Diagnostic Trouble Codes
        • Test A: DTC B1249 - Blend Door Failure Or Short
        • Test B: DTC B1251/B1253 - In-Car Temperature Sensor Circuit Open Or Shorted
        • Test C: DTC B1255/B1257 - Ambient Temperature Sensor Circuit Open Or Shorted
        • Test D: DTC B1261 - SUNLOAD Sensor Circuit Shorted
        • Clearing Diagnostic Trouble Code Definitions
      • Symptom Tests
        • Notes
        • Test E: No Communication With EATC Module
          • Possible Cause
          • Diagnostic Procedure
        • Test F: EATC System Inoperative, Intermittent Or Operates Improperly
          • Possible Cause
          • Diagnostic Procedure
        • Test H: Improper/Erratic Airflow Direction
          • Possible Cause
          • Diagnostic Procedure
        • Test I: A/C Is Inoperative/Does Not Operate
          • Possible Cause
          • Diagnostic Procedure
        • Test J: A/C Is Always On
          • Possible Cause
          • Diagnostic Procedure
        • Test M: Blower Motor Inoperative
          • Possible Cause
          • Diagnostic Procedure
        • Test Q: Blower Motor Operates Continuously In High Speed
          • Possible Cause
          • Diagnostic Procedure
        • Test R: Blower Motor Inoperative In Some Settings
          • Possible Cause
          • Diagnostic Procedure
        • Test S: One Or More Steering Wheel Remote Control Buttons Inoperative
          • Possible Cause
          • Diagnostic Procedure
        • Test T: Auxiliary Blower Motor Inoperative
          • Possible Cause
          • Diagnostic Procedure
        • Test U: Console Blower Motor Inoperative
          • Possible Cause
          • Diagnostic Procedure
        • Test X: Insufficient, Erratic Or No Heat
          • Possible Cause
          • Diagnostic Procedure
        • Test Y: Auxiliary Blower Motor Does Not Operate Correctly
        • Test Z: Auxiliary Blower Motor Does Not Operate Using Rear Auxiliary Blower Motor Switch
        • Test Aa: Panel/Floor Control Does Not Operate Using Front/Rear Auxiliary Climate Controls
        • Test Ab: Temperature Control Does Not Operate Using Front/Rear Auxiliary Climate Controls
        • Test Ac: Panel/Floor & Cool/Warm Controls Do Not Operate Using Front/Rear Auxiliary Controls
        • Test Ad: Panel/Floor Switch Does Not Operate, The Console Blower Does Not Operate
        • Test AE: Auxiliary Controls Are Operational With Function Selector Off
        • Test AF: Rear Auxiliary Blower Motor Switch Operates Only In Hi
        • Test Ag: Temperature Set Point Does Not Repeat After Turning Ignition Off
          • Possible Cause
          • Diagnostic Procedure
        • Test Ah: Temperature Display Will Not Switch Between CELSIUS & FAHRENHEIT
          • Possible Cause
          • Diagnostic Procedure
      • Component Tests
        • A/C Evaporator/Condenser Core
        • Heater Core
      • On Vehicle Service
        • Cleaning Spring Lock Couplings
      • Removal & Installation
        • Notes
        • A/C Sensors
          • Removal & Installation (A/C Sunload)
          • Removal & Installation (Ambient Air)
          • Removal & Installation (In-Car Temperature)
        • Blower Motor (Plenum)
          • Removal & Installation
        • Blower Motor Speed Control
          • Removal & Installation
        • EATC Module
          • Notes
          • Removal & Installation
        • EATC Module Bulbs
          • Removal & Installation
        • Front Center Floor Console
          • Removal & Installation
        • Heater Core
          • Removal & Installation (Main A/C-Heater System)
        • Instrument Panel
          • Removal & Installation
      • Torque Specifications
      • Vacuum Hose Diagram(S)
      • Wiring Diagrams
    • HVAC Systems - Compressor Servicing
      • Ford FS-10 10-Cylinder
        • Notes
        • Clutch & Clutch Field Coil
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Shaft Seal
          • Removal
          • Installation
      • Ford SC115 Scroll
        • Clutch Assembly
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Shaft Seal
      • General Motors DELPHI-Thermal (HARRISON) CVC- 6/CVC-7, Hd6/Ht6/HU6, Hd6/Hr-6HE 6, V5 & V7.
        • Compressor Clutch Plate & Hub Assembly
          • Notes
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Compressor Control Valve (Variable Displacement Compressors Only)
          • Notes
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Compressor Pressure Relief Valve
          • Notes
          • Removal & Installation
        • Clutch Rotor/Bearing
          • Notes
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • High Pressure Switch
          • Notes
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Identifying Compressor Components
        • Shaft Seal
      • MITSUBISHI ASTT
      • MITSUBISHI Scroll
      • NIPPONDENSO 10-Cylinder
        • Clutch Assembly
          • Notes
          • Removal & Installation
        • Shaft Seal
          • Notes
          • Removal
          • Installation
      • NIPPONDENSO 10S15/10S17/10S20
        • Clutch Assembly
          • Notes
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Shaft Seal
      • NIPPONDENSO 10PA17 10-Cylinder
        • Clutch Assembly
          • Removal (All Models Except Grand Cherokee)
          • Installation (All Models Except Grand Cherokee)
          • Removal (Grand Cherokee)
          • Installation (Grand Cherokee)
        • Shaft Seal
      • SANDEN Scroll
        • Clutch Assembly
          • Removal & Installation (General Motors)
      • SANDEN SD-7H15 7-Cylinder
        • Notes
        • Clutch Assembly
          • Notes
          • Removal (All Models)
          • Installation (Cherokee)
          • Installation (Dakota, Durango & Ram Pickup)
      • SANDEN TRS-90 Scroll
        • Clutch Assembly
          • Notes
          • Removal
          • Installation
      • SANDEN TRS-105 Scroll
        • Clutch Assembly
          • Notes
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Shaft Seal
      • ZEXEL (SATURN - Variable Displacement Type)
        • Clutch Assembly
          • Removal ("S" Series)
          • Installation ("S" Series)
          • Removal ("L" Series)
          • Installation ("L" Series)
          • Removal (VUE)
          • Installation (VUE)
        • Pressure Relief Valve
          • Notes
          • Removal
          • Installation
    • HVAC Systems - General Servicing
      • USING R-134a REFRIGERANT
        • Handling/Safety Precautions
        • IDENTIFYING R-134a SYSTEMS & COMPONENTS
          • Notes
          • Fittings & "O" Rings
          • Underhood A/C Specification Labels
        • Refrigerant Oils
      • System Service Valves
        • SCHRADER-Type Valves
        • Special Valve Connectors
        • R-134a SERVICE VALVES/PORTS
        • Service Valve Locations
      • Service Equipment
      • Manifold Gauge Set
        • Notes
        • Connecting Gauge Set
          • Notes
          • Schrader-Type Valves
        • Stabilizing A/C System
      • Pressure-Temperature Relationship
      • Pressure Gauge Readings
      • Recovery/Evacuation & Recharging
        • DAIMLERCHRYSLER Corp.
          • Notes
          • Refrigerant System Service Equipment
          • Manifold Gauge Set Connections
          • Refrigerant Recovery
          • Refrigerant System Evacuate
          • Refrigerant System Charge
        • Ford Motor Co.
          • Notes
          • Refrigerant System Recovery
          • Refrigerant System Evacuation
          • Refrigerant System Charging
        • General Motors
        • Jeep
      • Filtering Procedures (Ford)
        • A/C System Filtering (Focus)
        • A/C System Filtering (Villager)
        • A/C System Filtering (Except Focus & Villager)
      • Flushing Procedures
        • DAIMLERCHRYSLER Corp.
        • Ford Motor Co.
        • General Motors
        • Jeep
      • Leak Testing
        • Notes
        • Types Of Leak Detectors
          • Bubble Solution Detector
          • Dye Solution
          • Fluorescent Leak Detection
          • Electronic Leak Detector
        • Preparation For Leak Testing
        • Bubble Detector Leak Testing Procedure
        • Electronic Leak Testing Procedure
        • Dye Solution Leak Testing Procedures
        • Fluorescent Dye Leak Testing Procedures
    • Manual A/C-Heater Systems
      • Specifications
      • Description
      • Operation
        • A/C-Heater System
        • Air Management Doors
        • Blower Motor Circuit
      • Component Locations
      • Adjustments
        • A/C Clutch Air Gap
      • Trouble Shooting
      • Performance Tests
        • A/C System Performance
          • Notes
          • Compressor Discharge (High) Pressure
          • Compressor Suction (Low) Pressure
          • A/C Clutch ON Time
          • A/C Clutch OFF Time
          • A/C Clutch Cycle Time
          • A/C Clutch Cycle Rate Per Minute
          • A/C Register Discharge Temperature
      • Self-Diagnostic System
        • Retrieving Diagnostic Trouble Codes
        • Diagnostic Trouble Code Definitions
      • Symptom Tests
        • Notes
        • Test G: Improper/Erratic Direction Of Airflow From Outlets
          • Possible Cause
          • Diagnostic Procedure
        • Test I: A/C Is Inoperative/Does Not Operate
          • Possible Cause
          • Diagnostic Procedure
        • Test J: A/C Is Always On
          • Possible Cause
          • Diagnostic Procedure
        • Test K: No Operation In All Temperature Settings
          • Possible Cause
          • Diagnostic Procedure
        • Test L: Blower Motor Inoperative
          • Possible Cause
          • Diagnostic Procedure
        • Test N: No Operation In High Blower Setting
          • Possible Cause
          • Diagnostic Procedure
        • Test O: No Operation In Lower Speeds
          • Possible Cause
          • Diagnostic Procedure
        • Test P: Blower Motor Operates Continuously In High Speed
          • Possible Cause
          • Diagnostic Procedure
        • Test V: Auxiliary Blower Motor Does Not Operate
          • Possible Cause
          • Diagnostic Procedure
        • Test W: Console Blower Motor Does Not Operate
          • Possible Cause
          • Diagnostic Procedure
        • Test X: Insufficient, Erratic Or No Heat
          • Possible Cause
          • Diagnostic Procedure
        • Test Y: Auxiliary Blower Motor Does Not Operate Correctly
          • Possible Cause
          • Diagnostic Procedure
        • Test Z: Auxiliary Blower Motor Does Not Operate Using Rear Auxiliary Blower Motor Switch
          • Possible Cause
          • Diagnostic Procedure
        • Test Aa: Panel/Floor Control Does Not Operate Using Front/Rear Auxiliary Climate Controls
          • Possible Cause
          • Diagnostic Procedure
        • Test Ab: Temperature Control Does Not Operate Using Front/Rear Auxiliary Climate Controls
          • Possible Cause
          • Diagnostic Procedure
        • Test Ac: Panel/Floor & Cool/Warm Controls Do Not Operate Using Front/Rear Auxiliary Controls
          • Possible Cause
          • Diagnostic Procedure
        • Test Ad: Panel/Floor Switch Does Not Operate, The Console Blower Does Not Operate
          • Possible Cause
          • Diagnostic Procedure
        • Test AE: Auxiliary Controls Are Operational With Function Selector Off
          • Possible Cause
          • Diagnostic Procedure
        • Test AF: Rear Auxiliary Blower Motor Switch Operates Only In Hi
          • Possible Cause
          • Diagnostic Procedure
      • Component Tests
        • A/C Evaporator/Condenser, On-Vehicle Leak Test
        • Heater Core
          • Notes
          • Heater Core (Plugged)
          • Heater Core (Pressure Test)
          • Heater Core (Bench Test)
      • On Vehicle Service
        • Cleaning Spring Lock Couplings
          • Notes
          • Cleaning
      • Removal & Installation
        • Notes
        • Accumulator-Drier
          • Notes
          • Removal & Installation
        • A/C Cycling Switch
          • Removal & Installation
        • A/C-Heater Control Panel
          • Removal & Installation
        • A/C Pressure Cut-Off Switch
          • Removal & Installation
        • A/C Switches
          • Removal & Installation
        • Auxiliary Blend Door & Mode Door Actuator
          • Removal & Installation
        • Auxiliary Blower Motor
          • Removal & Installation
        • Auxiliary Blower Motor Resistor
          • Removal & Installation
        • Auxiliary A/C-Heater Control Panel
          • Removal & Installation (Front, Overhead Console)
          • Removal & Installation (Front, Floor Console)
          • Removal & Installation (Rear, Overhead Console)
          • Removal & Installation (Rear, Floor Console)
        • Auxiliary Evaporator Core
          • Removal & Installation
        • Auxiliary Heater Core
          • Removal & Installation
        • Auxiliary HVAC
          • Removal & Installation
        • Auxiliary Temperature Blend & A/C Damper
          • Removal & Installation
        • Auxiliary Thermostatic Expansion Valve
          • Removal & Installation
        • Blower Motor (Center Console)
          • Removal & Installation
        • Blower Motor (Plenum)
          • Removal & Installation
        • Compressor
          • Notes
          • Removal
        • Condenser
          • Notes
          • Removal & Installation
        • Condenser-To-Evaporator Line
          • Removal & Installation
        • Evaporator Core
          • Notes
          • Removal & Installation
        • Heater Core
          • Removal & Installation
        • Heater Hoses
          • Removal & Installation (4.6L & 5.4L 2V)
          • Removal & Installation (5.4L 4V)
        • Heater Hose Coupling
          • Notes
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Manifold & Tube Assembly
          • Removal & Installation
        • Orifice Tube
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Plenum Chamber
          • Removal & Installation
        • Spring Lock Coupling
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Temperature Blend Door Actuator
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Vacuum Control Motor
          • Removal & Installation (Air Inlet Door)
          • Removal & Installation (Panel/Defrost Door)
          • Removal & Installation (Panel/Floor Door)
        • Vacuum Reservoir & Bracket
          • Removal & Installation
      • Torque Specifications
      • Vacuum Hose Diagram(S)
      • Wiring Diagrams
• Maintenance
  • Maintenance Reminder Light (Reset Procedures)
    • A/C Filter Service Reminder
      • Notes
      • A/C Filter Service Reminder Reset Procedure
    • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder
      • Notes
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 01
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 02
        • Oil Life Reset - Base Instrument Cluster
        • Oil Life Reset - Message Center Instrument Cluster
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 03
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 04
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 05
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 06
        • Non-Hybrid
        • Hybrid
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 07
        • Owner's Manual 1
        • Owner's Manual 2
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 08
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 09
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 10
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 11
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 12
        • With Base Instrument Cluster
        • With Message Center Instrument Cluster
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 13
        • With Message Center Instrument Cluster
        • With Base Instrument Cluster
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 14
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 15
        • Base Message Center
        • Uplevel Message Center
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 16
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 17
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 18
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 19
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 20
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 21
        • Notes
        • Without Message Center
        • With Message Center
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 22
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 23
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 24
        • Path 1
        • Path 2
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 25
        • Base Cluster
        • High Series Cluster
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 26
        • Resetting The Engine Oil Change Reminder - Vehicles With: 2.3 Inch Screen/4.2 Inch Screen
        • Resetting The Engine Oil Change Reminder - Vehicles With: 8 Inch Screen
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 27
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 28
    • Maintenance Service Reminder (Overhead Warning Lights)
      • Notes
      • Maintenance Service Reminder Reset Procedure
    • Maintenance Service Reminder (Sri)
      • Notes
      • Maintenance Service Reminder Reset - Procedure 01
      • Maintenance Service Reminder Reset - Procedure 02
      • Maintenance Service Reminder Reset - Procedure 03
    • Maintenance Service Reminder (VMM)
      • Notes
      • Maintenance Service Reminder Reset - Procedure 01
      • Maintenance Service Reminder Reset - Procedure 02
      • Maintenance Service Reminder Reset - Procedure 03
    • Tire Pressure Monitor System Reminder
      • Notes
      • Tire Pressure Sensor Types
        • Notes
        • Banded Sensor
        • Valve Mounted Bolt-On Sensor
        • Valve Mounted Snap-In Sensor
      • TPMS Reminder Reset - Procedure 01
      • TPMS Reminder Reset - Procedure 02
      • TPMS Reminder Reset - Procedure 03
      • TPMS Reminder Reset - Procedure 04
      • TPMS Reminder Reset - Procedure 05
        • Notes
        • Vehicles With Message Center
        • Vehicles Without Message Center
      • TPMS Reminder Reset - Procedure 07
      • TPMS Reminder Reset - Procedure 08
        • Notes
        • Performing the System Reset Procedure - Single Rear Wheel
        • Performing the System Reset Procedure - Dual Rear Wheel
      • TPMS Reminder Reset - Procedure 09
        • Overview
        • Carrying Out the System Reset Procedure
        • To reset the tire pressure monitoring system for vehicles equipped with 2.3" information display, scroll to:
        • To reset the tire pressure monitoring system for vehicles equipped with 4.2" information display, scroll to:
      • TPMS Reminder Reset - Procedure 10
• Restraints
  • Air Bag, SRS
    • Air Bag Restraint Systems
      • Description & Operation
        • Notes
        • Back-Up Power Supply
        • CLOCKSPRING
        • Driver-Side Air Bag Module
        • Passenger-Side Air Bag Module
        • Restraints Control Module (RCM)
        • Seat Belt PRETENSIONERS
        • Side Air Bag Module
        • Side Crash Sensor
      • Component Locations
      • System Operation Check
      • Air Bag Safety Precautions
      • Adjustments
        • CLOCKSPRING Centering
      • Disabling & Activating Air Bag System
        • Notes
        • Disabling System
          • Notes
          • Component Replacement Disabling Procedure
          • Diagnostics Disabling Procedure (Seats Removed)
          • General Disabling Procedure (Seats Installed)
        • Activating System
          • Component Replacement Activating Procedure (Seats Installed)
          • Diagnostics Activating Procedure (Seats Removed)
          • General Activating Procedure (Seats Installed)
        • Air Bag Simulator (Seats Installed)
      • Disposal Procedures
        • Notes
        • Deployed Air Bag Or PRETENSIONER (Seats Installed)
        • UNDEPLOYED Air Bag Or PRETENSIONER-Faulty Unit (Seats Installed)
        • Scrapped Vehicle (Seats Installed)
          • Notes
          • Remote Deployment Of AIR Bag (Seats Installed)
          • Remote Deployment Of Seat Belt Pretensioners (Seats Installed)
      • Post-Collision Inspection
      • Removal & Installation
        • Notes
        • CLOCKSPRING
          • Notes
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Driver-Side Air Bag Module
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Front Seat
          • Removal & Installation
        • Generic Electronic Module (Gem)
          • Notes
          • Removal & Installation
        • Instrument Cluster
          • Notes
          • Removal & Installation
        • Passenger-Side Air Bag Module
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Restraints Control Module (RCM)
          • Notes
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Seat Belt PRETENSIONER
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Side Air Bag Module
          • Notes
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Side Crash Sensor
          • Notes
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Steering Wheel
          • Notes
          • Removal & Installation
      • Diagnostics
        • Notes
        • Self-Diagnostics
        • Diagnostic Procedure
        • Inspection & Verification
        • Using Scan Tool
        • Retrieving Fault Codes
        • Clearing Fault Codes
        • On-Demand Self-Test
        • Active Commands
          • Instrument Cluster Module
          • Generic Electronic Module (Gem)
          • Restraint Control Module (Rcm)
          • Light Flash Codes (Lfc)
        • PID/Data Monitor & Record
      • Diagnostic Tests
        • Test A: Air Bag Warning Light On Continuously-RCM Disconnected, Inoperative Or Lost/Low Ignition Feed
          • Notes
          • Description
          • Possible Causes
        • Test B: RCM Internal Fault (DTC B1342)
          • Notes
          • Description
          • Possible Causes
        • Test C: Crash Data Memory Full (DTC B1231)
          • Notes
          • Description
          • Possible Causes
        • Test D: RCM Bracket Ground Resistance High (DTC B1921)
          • Notes
          • Description
          • Possible Causes
        • Test E: Incorrect Vehicle Identification Code (DTC C1414)
          • Notes
          • Description
          • Possible Causes
        • Test F: Driver Air Bag Circuit Short To Ground (DTC B1887)
          • Notes
          • Description
          • Possible Causes
        • Test G: Driver Air Bag Circuit Short To Battery Or Ignition (DTC B1916)
          • Notes
          • Description
          • Possible Causes
        • Test H: Passenger Air Bag Circuit Short To Ground (DTC B1888)
          • Notes
          • Description
          • Possible Causes
        • Test I: Passenger Air Bag Circuit Short To Battery Or Ignition (DTC B1925)
          • Notes
          • Description
          • Possible Causes
        • Test J: Driver Air Bag Resistance High (DTC B1932)
          • Notes
          • Description
          • Possible Causes
        • Test K: Passenger Air Bag Resistance High (DTC B1933)
          • Notes
          • Description
          • Possible Causes
        • Test L: Driver Air Bag Low Resistance (DTC B1934)
          • Notes
          • Description
          • Possible Causes
        • Test M: Passenger Air Bag Resistance Low (DTC B1935)
          • Notes
          • Description
          • Possible Causes
        • Test N: Left Side Crash Sensor Internal Fault (DTC B2444)
          • Notes
          • Description
          • Possible Causes
        • Test O: Right Side Crash Sensor Internal Fault (DTC B2445)
          • Notes
          • Description
          • Possible Causes
        • Test P: Left Side Crash Sensor Mounting Failure (DTC B2441)
          • Notes
          • Description
          • Possible Causes
        • Test Q: Right Side Crash Sensor Mounting Failure (DTC B2440)
          • Notes
          • Description
          • Possible Causes
        • Test R: Left Side Crash Sensor Communication Fault (DTC U2017)
          • Notes
          • Description
          • Possible Causes
        • Test S: Right Side Crash Sensor Communication Fault (DTC U2018)
          • Notes
          • Description
          • Possible Causes
        • Test T: Left Side Air Bag Circuit Short To Ground (DTC B1993)
          • Notes
          • Description
          • Possible Causes
        • Test U: Left Side Air Bag Circuit Short To Battery Or Ignition (DTC B1992)
          • Notes
          • Description
          • Possible Causes
        • Test V: Left Side Air Bag Circuit Resistance High (DTC B1994)
          • Notes
          • Description
          • Possible Causes
        • Test W: Left Side Air Bag Circuit Resistance Low (DTC B1995)
          • Notes
          • Description
          • Possible Causes
        • Test X: Right Side Air Bag Circuit Short To Ground (DTC B1997)
          • Notes
          • Description
          • Possible Causes
        • Test Y: Right Side Air Bag Circuit Short To Battery Or Ignition (DTC B1996)
          • Notes
          • Description
          • Possible Causes
        • Test Z: Right Side Air Bag Circuit Resistance High (DTC B1998)
          • Notes
          • Description
          • Possible Causes
        • Test Aa: Right Side Air Bag Circuit Resistance Low (DTC B1999)
          • Notes
          • Description
          • Possible Causes
        • Test Ab: Air Bag Tone Warning Indicator Circuit Short To Ground Or Open (DTC B1892)
          • Notes
          • Description
          • Possible Causes
        • Test Ac: Air Bag Tone Warning Indicator Circuit Short To Battery Or Ignition (B1891)
          • Notes
          • Description
          • Possible Causes
        • Test Ad: Air Bag Warning Light Inoperative (DTC B1869)
          • Notes
          • Description
          • Possible Causes
        • Test AE: Air Bag Warning Light Short To Battery Voltage (DTC B1870)
          • Notes
          • Description
          • Possible Causes
        • Test AF: No Communication With RCM
        • Test Ag: Left PRETENSIONER Circuit Resistance Low Or High (DTC B1885/B1877)
          • Notes
          • Description
          • Possible Causes
        • Test Ah: Right PRETENSIONER Circuit Resistance Low Or High (DTC B1881/B1886)
          • Notes
          • Description
          • Possible Causes
        • Test Ai: Left PRETENSIONER Circuit Short To Battery Or Ignition (DTC B1878)
          • Notes
          • Description
          • Possible Causes
        • Test AJ: Left PRETENSIONER Circuit Short To Ground (DTC B1879)
          • Notes
          • Description
          • Possible Causes
        • Test AK: Right PRETENSIONER Circuit Short To Battery Or Ignition (DTC B1882)
          • Notes
          • Description
          • Possible Causes
        • Test Al: Right PRETENSIONER Circuit Short To Ground (DTC B1883)
          • Notes
          • Description
          • Possible Causes
      • Wire Repair
        • Notes
        • Repair Procedure
      • Torque Specifications
      • Wiring Diagrams
    • Supplemental Inflatable Restraint System -- Air Bag/SRS Component Inspection & Replacement Tables
      • Ford Motor Co. (1988-04)
  • Restraints Control Systems
    • Supplemental Inflatable Restraint System -- Air Bag/SRS Component Inspection & Replacement Tables
      • Ford Motor Co. (1988-04)
  • Seat Belts
    • Supplemental Inflatable Restraint System -- Air Bag/SRS Component Inspection & Replacement Tables
      • Ford Motor Co. (1988-04)
• Steering
  • Electronic Steering
    • Steering System-General Information
      • Specifications
        • General Specifications
        • Torque Specifications
      • Description And Operation
        • Steering System
      • Diagnosis And Testing
        • Steering System
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Material
          • Principles of Operation
          • Inspection and Verification - With Air Suspension
          • Steering System Symptom Definitions
            • Drift/Pull
            • Excessive Steering Wheel Play
            • Feedback
            • Hard Steering or Lack of Assist
            • Nibble
            • Poor Returnability/Sticky Steering
            • Shimmy
            • Wander
          • Function Test - With Air Suspension
            • PID Test
          • Air Suspension Control Module Diagnostic Trouble Code (DTC) Index - With Air Suspension
          • Air Suspension Control Module Parameter Identification (PID) Index
          • Air Suspension Control Module Active Command Index
          • Inspection and Verification - Without Air Suspension
          • Function Test - Without Air Suspension
            • Manual Test
          • Function Tests
            • Notes
            • Function Test Index
            • Function Test 21
            • Function Test 23
            • Function Test 25
            • Function Test 32
            • Function Test 34
          • Air Suspension Control Module Diagnostic Trouble Code (DTC) Index - Without Air Suspension
          • Symptom Chart
          • Pinpoint Tests
            • Pinpoint Test A: No Communication With The Air Suspension Control Module
            • Pinpoint Test B: No Communication With The Electronic Variable Orifice Control Module
            • Pinpoint Test C: Unable To Enter Self-Test - With Air Suspension
            • Pinpoint Test D: Unable To Enter Self-Test - Without Air Suspension
            • Pinpoint Test E: DTC 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, C1917, Electronic Variable Orifice (EVO) Power Steering Control Valve Actuator Concern
            • Pinpoint Test F: Steering Wheel Rotation Not Detected
            • Pinpoint Test G: Steering Does Not Vary With Vehicle Speed
            • Pinpoint Test H: Steering Does Not Vary With Increased Wheel Rotation
            • Pinpoint Test I: Steering System Noise
            • Pinpoint Test J: Steering Is Very Difficult/Very Easy
            • Pinpoint Test K: Excessive Steering Wheel Play
            • Pinpoint Test L: Steering System Drift/Pull/Wander
          • Component Tests
            • Steering Linkage
            • Turning Effort Test
            • Pump Flow and Pressure Test
            • Tie-Rod Articulation Torque
            • Steering Gear Valve
      • General Procedures
        • Power Steering System Flushing
          • Material
          • Procedure
        • Power Steering System Purging
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Material
          • Procedure
        • Power Steering System Filling
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Material
          • Procedure
        • Meshload Adjustment
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Adjustment Procedure
  • Manual Steering
    • Power Steering System
      • Specifications
        • General Specifications
        • Torque Specifications
      • Description And Operation
        • Power Steering
          • Notes
          • Pump - Steering
          • Gear - Steering
            • Notes
            • Identification Tag
      • Diagnosis And Testing
        • Power Steering
      • Removal And Installation
        • Reservoir -Power Steering Pump
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Power Steering Pump
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Removal and Installation
        • Power Steering Pump Pulley
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Power Steering Pump to Steering Gear Pressure Line
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Hose -Power Steering Return
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Hose -Power Steering Reservoir Pump, 4x4
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Hose -Power Steering Low Pressure
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Cooler -Power Steering Fluid
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Steering Gear
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Removal
          • Installation
      • Disassembly And Assembly
        • Gear -Power Steering
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Disassembly
          • Assembly
    • Steering Linkage
      • Specifications
        • General Specifications
        • Torque Specifications
      • Description And Operation
        • Steering Linkage
      • Diagnosis And Testing
        • Steering Linkage
      • Removal And Installation
        • Tie Rod End - Outer
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Removal and Installation
        • Tie Rod End - Inner
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Removal and Installation
        • Adjusting Sleeve - Tie Rod End
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Sector Shaft Arm Drag Link
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Removal and Installation
        • Sector Shaft Arm - 4x2
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Removal and Installation
        • Sector Shaft Arm - 4x4
          • Removal and Installation
        • Idler Arm and Bracket
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Removal and Installation
    • Steering System-General Information
      • Specifications
        • General Specifications
        • Torque Specifications
      • Description And Operation
        • Steering System
      • Diagnosis And Testing
        • Steering System
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Material
          • Principles of Operation
          • Inspection and Verification - With Air Suspension
          • Steering System Symptom Definitions
            • Drift/Pull
            • Excessive Steering Wheel Play
            • Feedback
            • Hard Steering or Lack of Assist
            • Nibble
            • Poor Returnability/Sticky Steering
            • Shimmy
            • Wander
          • Function Test - With Air Suspension
            • PID Test
          • Air Suspension Control Module Diagnostic Trouble Code (DTC) Index - With Air Suspension
          • Air Suspension Control Module Parameter Identification (PID) Index
          • Air Suspension Control Module Active Command Index
          • Inspection and Verification - Without Air Suspension
          • Function Test - Without Air Suspension
            • Manual Test
          • Function Tests
            • Notes
            • Function Test Index
            • Function Test 21
            • Function Test 23
            • Function Test 25
            • Function Test 32
            • Function Test 34
          • Air Suspension Control Module Diagnostic Trouble Code (DTC) Index - Without Air Suspension
          • Symptom Chart
          • Pinpoint Tests
            • Pinpoint Test A: No Communication With The Air Suspension Control Module
            • Pinpoint Test B: No Communication With The Electronic Variable Orifice Control Module
            • Pinpoint Test C: Unable To Enter Self-Test - With Air Suspension
            • Pinpoint Test D: Unable To Enter Self-Test - Without Air Suspension
            • Pinpoint Test E: DTC 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, C1917, Electronic Variable Orifice (EVO) Power Steering Control Valve Actuator Concern
            • Pinpoint Test F: Steering Wheel Rotation Not Detected
            • Pinpoint Test G: Steering Does Not Vary With Vehicle Speed
            • Pinpoint Test H: Steering Does Not Vary With Increased Wheel Rotation
            • Pinpoint Test I: Steering System Noise
            • Pinpoint Test J: Steering Is Very Difficult/Very Easy
            • Pinpoint Test K: Excessive Steering Wheel Play
            • Pinpoint Test L: Steering System Drift/Pull/Wander
          • Component Tests
            • Steering Linkage
            • Turning Effort Test
            • Pump Flow and Pressure Test
            • Tie-Rod Articulation Torque
            • Steering Gear Valve
      • General Procedures
        • Power Steering System Flushing
          • Material
          • Procedure
        • Power Steering System Purging
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Material
          • Procedure
        • Power Steering System Filling
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Material
          • Procedure
        • Meshload Adjustment
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Adjustment Procedure
  • Power Steering
    • Power Steering System
      • Specifications
        • General Specifications
        • Torque Specifications
      • Description And Operation
        • Power Steering
          • Notes
          • Pump - Steering
          • Gear - Steering
            • Notes
            • Identification Tag
      • Diagnosis And Testing
        • Power Steering
      • Removal And Installation
        • Reservoir -Power Steering Pump
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Power Steering Pump
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Removal and Installation
        • Power Steering Pump Pulley
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Power Steering Pump to Steering Gear Pressure Line
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Hose -Power Steering Return
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Hose -Power Steering Reservoir Pump, 4x4
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Hose -Power Steering Low Pressure
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Cooler -Power Steering Fluid
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Steering Gear
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Removal
          • Installation
      • Disassembly And Assembly
        • Gear -Power Steering
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Disassembly
          • Assembly
    • Steering Linkage
      • Specifications
        • General Specifications
        • Torque Specifications
      • Description And Operation
        • Steering Linkage
      • Diagnosis And Testing
        • Steering Linkage
      • Removal And Installation
        • Tie Rod End - Outer
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Removal and Installation
        • Tie Rod End - Inner
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Removal and Installation
        • Adjusting Sleeve - Tie Rod End
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Sector Shaft Arm Drag Link
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Removal and Installation
        • Sector Shaft Arm - 4x2
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Removal and Installation
        • Sector Shaft Arm - 4x4
          • Removal and Installation
        • Idler Arm and Bracket
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Removal and Installation
    • Steering System-General Information
      • Specifications
        • General Specifications
        • Torque Specifications
      • Description And Operation
        • Steering System
      • Diagnosis And Testing
        • Steering System
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Material
          • Principles of Operation
          • Inspection and Verification - With Air Suspension
          • Steering System Symptom Definitions
            • Drift/Pull
            • Excessive Steering Wheel Play
            • Feedback
            • Hard Steering or Lack of Assist
            • Nibble
            • Poor Returnability/Sticky Steering
            • Shimmy
            • Wander
          • Function Test - With Air Suspension
            • PID Test
          • Air Suspension Control Module Diagnostic Trouble Code (DTC) Index - With Air Suspension
          • Air Suspension Control Module Parameter Identification (PID) Index
          • Air Suspension Control Module Active Command Index
          • Inspection and Verification - Without Air Suspension
          • Function Test - Without Air Suspension
            • Manual Test
          • Function Tests
            • Notes
            • Function Test Index
            • Function Test 21
            • Function Test 23
            • Function Test 25
            • Function Test 32
            • Function Test 34
          • Air Suspension Control Module Diagnostic Trouble Code (DTC) Index - Without Air Suspension
          • Symptom Chart
          • Pinpoint Tests
            • Pinpoint Test A: No Communication With The Air Suspension Control Module
            • Pinpoint Test B: No Communication With The Electronic Variable Orifice Control Module
            • Pinpoint Test C: Unable To Enter Self-Test - With Air Suspension
            • Pinpoint Test D: Unable To Enter Self-Test - Without Air Suspension
            • Pinpoint Test E: DTC 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, C1917, Electronic Variable Orifice (EVO) Power Steering Control Valve Actuator Concern
            • Pinpoint Test F: Steering Wheel Rotation Not Detected
            • Pinpoint Test G: Steering Does Not Vary With Vehicle Speed
            • Pinpoint Test H: Steering Does Not Vary With Increased Wheel Rotation
            • Pinpoint Test I: Steering System Noise
            • Pinpoint Test J: Steering Is Very Difficult/Very Easy
            • Pinpoint Test K: Excessive Steering Wheel Play
            • Pinpoint Test L: Steering System Drift/Pull/Wander
          • Component Tests
            • Steering Linkage
            • Turning Effort Test
            • Pump Flow and Pressure Test
            • Tie-Rod Articulation Torque
            • Steering Gear Valve
      • General Procedures
        • Power Steering System Flushing
          • Material
          • Procedure
        • Power Steering System Purging
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Material
          • Procedure
        • Power Steering System Filling
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Material
          • Procedure
        • Meshload Adjustment
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Adjustment Procedure
  • Steering Column
    • Steering Column
      • Specifications
        • General Specifications
        • Torque Specifications
      • Description And Operation
        • Steering Column
      • Diagnosis And Testing
        • Steering Column
      • General Procedures
        • Supplemental Restraint System (SRS) Deactivation and Reactivation
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Deactivation
          • Reactivation
      • Removal And Installation
        • Ignition Switch Lock Cylinder - Functional Lock Cylinder
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Ignition Switch Lock Cylinder - Non-Functional Lock Cylinder
          • Removal and Installation
        • Wheel
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Removal and Installation
        • Column
          • Removal and Installation
        • Steering Column Sensor Ring
          • Removal and Installation
        • Steering Column Shaft
          • Removal and Installation
      • Disassembly And Assembly
        • Steering Column
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Material
          • Disassembly
          • Assembly
    • Steering System-General Information
      • Specifications
        • General Specifications
        • Torque Specifications
      • Description And Operation
        • Steering System
      • Diagnosis And Testing
        • Steering System
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Material
          • Principles of Operation
          • Inspection and Verification - With Air Suspension
          • Steering System Symptom Definitions
            • Drift/Pull
            • Excessive Steering Wheel Play
            • Feedback
            • Hard Steering or Lack of Assist
            • Nibble
            • Poor Returnability/Sticky Steering
            • Shimmy
            • Wander
          • Function Test - With Air Suspension
            • PID Test
          • Air Suspension Control Module Diagnostic Trouble Code (DTC) Index - With Air Suspension
          • Air Suspension Control Module Parameter Identification (PID) Index
          • Air Suspension Control Module Active Command Index
          • Inspection and Verification - Without Air Suspension
          • Function Test - Without Air Suspension
            • Manual Test
          • Function Tests
            • Notes
            • Function Test Index
            • Function Test 21
            • Function Test 23
            • Function Test 25
            • Function Test 32
            • Function Test 34
          • Air Suspension Control Module Diagnostic Trouble Code (DTC) Index - Without Air Suspension
          • Symptom Chart
          • Pinpoint Tests
            • Pinpoint Test A: No Communication With The Air Suspension Control Module
            • Pinpoint Test B: No Communication With The Electronic Variable Orifice Control Module
            • Pinpoint Test C: Unable To Enter Self-Test - With Air Suspension
            • Pinpoint Test D: Unable To Enter Self-Test - Without Air Suspension
            • Pinpoint Test E: DTC 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, C1917, Electronic Variable Orifice (EVO) Power Steering Control Valve Actuator Concern
            • Pinpoint Test F: Steering Wheel Rotation Not Detected
            • Pinpoint Test G: Steering Does Not Vary With Vehicle Speed
            • Pinpoint Test H: Steering Does Not Vary With Increased Wheel Rotation
            • Pinpoint Test I: Steering System Noise
            • Pinpoint Test J: Steering Is Very Difficult/Very Easy
            • Pinpoint Test K: Excessive Steering Wheel Play
            • Pinpoint Test L: Steering System Drift/Pull/Wander
          • Component Tests
            • Steering Linkage
            • Turning Effort Test
            • Pump Flow and Pressure Test
            • Tie-Rod Articulation Torque
            • Steering Gear Valve
      • General Procedures
        • Power Steering System Flushing
          • Material
          • Procedure
        • Power Steering System Purging
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Material
          • Procedure
        • Power Steering System Filling
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Material
          • Procedure
        • Meshload Adjustment
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Adjustment Procedure
  • Steering Linkage
    • Steering System-General Information
      • Specifications
        • General Specifications
        • Torque Specifications
      • Description And Operation
        • Steering System
      • Diagnosis And Testing
        • Steering System
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Material
          • Principles of Operation
          • Inspection and Verification - With Air Suspension
          • Steering System Symptom Definitions
            • Drift/Pull
            • Excessive Steering Wheel Play
            • Feedback
            • Hard Steering or Lack of Assist
            • Nibble
            • Poor Returnability/Sticky Steering
            • Shimmy
            • Wander
          • Function Test - With Air Suspension
            • PID Test
          • Air Suspension Control Module Diagnostic Trouble Code (DTC) Index - With Air Suspension
          • Air Suspension Control Module Parameter Identification (PID) Index
          • Air Suspension Control Module Active Command Index
          • Inspection and Verification - Without Air Suspension
          • Function Test - Without Air Suspension
            • Manual Test
          • Function Tests
            • Notes
            • Function Test Index
            • Function Test 21
            • Function Test 23
            • Function Test 25
            • Function Test 32
            • Function Test 34
          • Air Suspension Control Module Diagnostic Trouble Code (DTC) Index - Without Air Suspension
          • Symptom Chart
          • Pinpoint Tests
            • Pinpoint Test A: No Communication With The Air Suspension Control Module
            • Pinpoint Test B: No Communication With The Electronic Variable Orifice Control Module
            • Pinpoint Test C: Unable To Enter Self-Test - With Air Suspension
            • Pinpoint Test D: Unable To Enter Self-Test - Without Air Suspension
            • Pinpoint Test E: DTC 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, C1917, Electronic Variable Orifice (EVO) Power Steering Control Valve Actuator Concern
            • Pinpoint Test F: Steering Wheel Rotation Not Detected
            • Pinpoint Test G: Steering Does Not Vary With Vehicle Speed
            • Pinpoint Test H: Steering Does Not Vary With Increased Wheel Rotation
            • Pinpoint Test I: Steering System Noise
            • Pinpoint Test J: Steering Is Very Difficult/Very Easy
            • Pinpoint Test K: Excessive Steering Wheel Play
            • Pinpoint Test L: Steering System Drift/Pull/Wander
          • Component Tests
            • Steering Linkage
            • Turning Effort Test
            • Pump Flow and Pressure Test
            • Tie-Rod Articulation Torque
            • Steering Gear Valve
      • General Procedures
        • Power Steering System Flushing
          • Material
          • Procedure
        • Power Steering System Purging
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Material
          • Procedure
        • Power Steering System Filling
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Material
          • Procedure
        • Meshload Adjustment
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Adjustment Procedure
• Suspension
  • Electronic Suspension
    • Vehicle Dynamic - 4-Wheel
      • Specifications
        • General Specifications
        • Torque Specifications
      • Description And Operation
        • Vehicle Dynamic Suspension
          • 4-Wheel Suspension Load Leveling Control Components
      • Diagnosis And Testing
        • Vehicle Dynamic Suspension - 4-Wheel Air Suspension
          • Notes
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Principles of Operation
            • Air Suspension Pneumatic Diagram
          • Vehicle Height Modes
          • Air Suspension Switch
          • Air Compressor
          • Air Spring
          • Air Shocks
          • Front Fill Solenoid
          • Rear Fill Solenoid
          • Front Gate Solenoid
          • Air Lines
          • Air Suspension Height Sensor(s)
          • Compressor Relay
          • Control Module
          • Solenoid, Air Spring
          • Steering Sensor
          • Pressure Relief Valve
          • Inspection and Verification
          • Air Suspension Control Module Diagnostic Trouble Code (DTC) Index
          • Air Suspension Control Module Parameter Identification (PID) Index
          • Air Suspension Control Module Active Command Index
          • Symptom Chart
          • Pinpoint Tests
            • Notes
            • Pinpoint Test A: No Communication With The Air Suspension Control Module
            • Pinpoint Test B: Unable To Enter Self-Test
            • Pinpoint Test C: DTC B1318 - Battery Voltage Low
            • Pinpoint Test D: DTC B1566 - Door Ajar Circuit Short To Ground
            • Pinpoint Test E: DTC B1749 - Park/Neutral Switch Circuit Failure
            • Pinpoint Test F: DTC C1439 - Vehicle Acceleration EEC-IV Circuit Failure
            • Pinpoint Test G: DTC C1724 - Air Suspension Height Sensor Power Circuit Failure
            • Pinpoint Test H: DTC C1725 - Air Suspension Front Pneumatic Failure
            • Pinpoint Test I: DTC C1726 - Air Suspension Rear Pneumatic Failure
            • Pinpoint Test J: DTC C1756 Or C1760 - Air Suspension Height Sensor High Signal Circuit Failure
            • Pinpoint Test K: DTC C1770 - Air Suspension Vent Solenoid Output Circuit Failure
            • Pinpoint Test L: DTC C1790 - Air Suspension LR Air Spring Solenoid Output Circuit Failure
            • Pinpoint Test M: DTC C1795 - Air Suspension RR Air Spring Solenoid Output Circuit Failure
            • Pinpoint Test N: DTC C1830 - Air Suspension Compressor Relay Circuit Failure
            • Pinpoint Test O: DTC C1845 - Air Suspension Front Inflator (Fill) Solenoid Output Circuit Failure
            • Pinpoint Test P: DTC C1865 - Air Suspension Rear Inflator (Fill) Solenoid Output Circuit Failure
            • Pinpoint Test Q: DTC C1869 - Air Suspension Gate Solenoid Output Circuit Failure
            • Pinpoint Test R: DTC P1807 Or P1808 - 4X4 Indicator Circuit Short To Ground
            • Pinpoint Test S: The Air Compressor Continuously Cycles With The Ignition Switch In The Off Position And No DTC Is Set
            • Pinpoint Test T: Air Suspension System Inoperative
            • Pinpoint Test U: Air Suspension System Operates With Air Suspension Switch In The Off Position
            • Pinpoint Test V: Excessive Air Compressor Noise
            • Pinpoint Test W: The Compressor Is Inoperative
          • Component Test
            • Relay
            • Air Compressor Drier
      • General Procedures
        • Ride Height Adjustments
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Inflation and Deflation of the Air Suspension System
          • Calibration
            • Front Ride Height Resetting - Clear B2140 DTC
            • Rear Ride Height Mechanical Resetting
            • Rear Ride Height Electronic Resetting
        • Air Line Repair
        • Air Leaks
        • Air Line Fluid Purge
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Procedure
        • Air Spring Fill - Refold Procedure
      • Removal And Installation
        • Air Compressor
          • Removal and Installation
        • Switch - Air Suspension
          • Removal and Installation
        • Drier
          • Material
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Module - Air Suspension Control
          • Removal and Installation
        • Air Spring - Rear
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Air Shock Absorber
          • Removal and Installation
        • Solenoid Valve - Functional
          • Removal and Installation
        • Solenoid Valve - Inline
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Height Sensor
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Solenoid Valve - Non-Functional.
          • Removal and Installation
  • Front Suspension
    • Front Suspension - 4WD Torsion Bar
      • Description
      • Adjustments & Inspection
        • Notes
        • Ball Joint Checking
        • Ride Height
        • Wheel Alignment
        • Wheel Bearing
      • Removal & Installation
        • Notes
        • Hub & Bearing Assembly
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Lower Control Arm & Ball Joint
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Shock Absorbers
          • Notes
          • Removal & Installation
        • Stabilizer Bar
          • Removal & Installation
        • Steering Knuckle
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Torsion Bars
          • Notes
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Upper Control Arm & Ball Joint
          • Removal
          • Installation
      • Torque Specifications
    • Suspension System-General Information
      • Specifications
      • Description And Operation
        • Wheel Alignment Angles
          • Wheel Alignment Adjusting Locations
          • Camber
          • Caster
          • Toe
          • Wheel Track
          • Dogtracking
      • Diagnosis And Testing
        • Suspension System
          • Inspection and Verification
            • Vibration and Roughness
          • Road Test
            • Notes
            • Torque Sensitive
            • Vehicle Speed Sensitive
            • Engine Speed Sensitive
          • Front End
            • Notes
            • Inspection
          • Ball Joint Inspection
          • Shock Absorber Checks
            • Notes
            • Vehicle Inspection
            • Bench Test
          • Suspension - Rear
            • Notes
            • Side-to-Side Lean
          • Symptom Chart
          • Pinpoint Tests
            • Pinpoint Test A: Drift Left Or Right
            • Pinpoint Test B: Steering Wheel Off-Center
            • Pinpoint Test C: Tracks Improperly
            • Pinpoint Test D: Rough Ride
            • Pinpoint Test E: Excessive Noise
            • Pinpoint Test F: Improper Tire Wear
            • Pinpoint Test G: Vibration
          • Component Tests
            • Ball Joint Inspection
      • General Procedures
        • Wheel Bearing Inspection - 4x2
        • Camber and Caster Adjustment - 4x4
        • Camber and Caster Adjustment - 4x2
        • Toe Adjustment
  • Rear Suspension
    • Rear Suspension
      • Torque Specifications
      • Description And Operation
        • Rear Suspension
      • Diagnosis And Testing
        • Suspension - Rear
      • Removal And Installation
        • Arm - Trackbar
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Wheel Studs
          • Notes
          • Removal
            • Notes
            • All vehicles
            • Vehicles with rear disc brakes
          • Installation
            • Notes
            • All vehicles
            • Vehicles with disc brakes
        • Bar and Link - Stabilizer
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Shock Absorber
          • Notes
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Spring
          • Notes
          • Removal
          • Installation
    • Suspension System-General Information
      • Specifications
      • Description And Operation
        • Wheel Alignment Angles
          • Wheel Alignment Adjusting Locations
          • Camber
          • Caster
          • Toe
          • Wheel Track
          • Dogtracking
      • Diagnosis And Testing
        • Suspension System
          • Inspection and Verification
            • Vibration and Roughness
          • Road Test
            • Notes
            • Torque Sensitive
            • Vehicle Speed Sensitive
            • Engine Speed Sensitive
          • Front End
            • Notes
            • Inspection
          • Ball Joint Inspection
          • Shock Absorber Checks
            • Notes
            • Vehicle Inspection
            • Bench Test
          • Suspension - Rear
            • Notes
            • Side-to-Side Lean
          • Symptom Chart
          • Pinpoint Tests
            • Pinpoint Test A: Drift Left Or Right
            • Pinpoint Test B: Steering Wheel Off-Center
            • Pinpoint Test C: Tracks Improperly
            • Pinpoint Test D: Rough Ride
            • Pinpoint Test E: Excessive Noise
            • Pinpoint Test F: Improper Tire Wear
            • Pinpoint Test G: Vibration
          • Component Tests
            • Ball Joint Inspection
      • General Procedures
        • Wheel Bearing Inspection - 4x2
        • Camber and Caster Adjustment - 4x4
        • Camber and Caster Adjustment - 4x2
        • Toe Adjustment
  • Wheel Alignment
    • Suspension System-General Information
      • Specifications
      • Description And Operation
        • Wheel Alignment Angles
          • Wheel Alignment Adjusting Locations
          • Camber
          • Caster
          • Toe
          • Wheel Track
          • Dogtracking
      • Diagnosis And Testing
        • Suspension System
          • Inspection and Verification
            • Vibration and Roughness
          • Road Test
            • Notes
            • Torque Sensitive
            • Vehicle Speed Sensitive
            • Engine Speed Sensitive
          • Front End
            • Notes
            • Inspection
          • Ball Joint Inspection
          • Shock Absorber Checks
            • Notes
            • Vehicle Inspection
            • Bench Test
          • Suspension - Rear
            • Notes
            • Side-to-Side Lean
          • Symptom Chart
          • Pinpoint Tests
            • Pinpoint Test A: Drift Left Or Right
            • Pinpoint Test B: Steering Wheel Off-Center
            • Pinpoint Test C: Tracks Improperly
            • Pinpoint Test D: Rough Ride
            • Pinpoint Test E: Excessive Noise
            • Pinpoint Test F: Improper Tire Wear
            • Pinpoint Test G: Vibration
          • Component Tests
            • Ball Joint Inspection
      • General Procedures
        • Wheel Bearing Inspection - 4x2
        • Camber and Caster Adjustment - 4x4
        • Camber and Caster Adjustment - 4x2
        • Toe Adjustment
  • Wheels & Tire System
    • Wheels & Tires
      • Specifications
        • General Specifications
        • Torque Specifications
      • Description And Operation
        • Wheels And Tires
        • Safety Precautions
      • Diagnosis And Testing
        • Wheels And Tires
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Inspection and Verification
            • Notes
            • Tire and Wheel Runout
            • Tire Runout
            • Wheel Runout
            • Wheel Centering O-Ring Seal
            • Road Test
            • Torque Sensitive
            • Vehicle Speed Sensitive
            • Engine Speed Sensitive
          • Symptom Chart
      • General Procedures
        • Wheel Leaks
      • Removal And Installation
        • Wheel And Tire
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Spare Tire Carrier
          • Removal
          • Installation
• Transmission
  • Automatic Trans
    • Automatic Transmission
      • Specifications
        • General Specifications
        • Fluid Capacity
        • Clutch Plate Usage and Clearance Specification
        • Applications Shift Speeds - Approximate* Km/h (mph) 5.4L 4V Engine
        • Line Pressure Chart
        • Stall Speed Chart
        • Torque Specifications
        • Band/Clutch Application Chart
      • Description And Operation
        • Transmission Description
        • Identification Tags
        • Range Selection
          • Notes
          • Park
          • Reverse
          • Neutral
          • Overdrive
          • Second Position - 2nd Gear
          • First Position
        • Shift Patterns
          • Upshifts
          • Downshifts
          • Coastdown
          • Torque Demand
          • Kickdown
        • Disassembled Views
          • Transmission, Disassembled View
        • Bushings, Bearing and Thrust Washer Locator
        • Seals, Rings and Gasket Locator
        • Main Components and Functions
          • Automatic Transmission - Sectional View
          • Torque Converter
          • Geartrain
          • Input Shaft
          • Output Shaft
          • Overdrive System
          • Center Support and Intermediate/Overdrive Clutch Cylinder
          • Forward Drive System
          • Forward Drive System Components
          • Low and Reverse Drive System
          • Apply Components
            • Notes
            • One-Way Clutch-Overdrive
            • One-Way Clutch Intermediate
            • One-Way Clutch Low-Reverse
        • Transmission Electronic Control System
          • Electronic System Description
            • Notes
            • Mass Air Flow (MAF) Sensor
            • Throttle Position (TP) Sensor
            • Intake Air Temperature (IAT) Sensor
            • Powertrain Control Module (PCM)
            • Transmission Control Switch (TCS) and Transmission Control Indicator Lamp (TCIL)
            • Anti-Lock Brake Speed Sensor
            • Turbine Shaft Speed (TSS) Sensor
            • Output Shaft Speed (OSS) Sensor
            • Transmission Solenoid Body Assembly
            • Transmission Fluid Temperature (TFT) Sensor
            • Coast Clutch Solenoid (CCS)
            • Torque Converter Clutch (TCC) Solenoid
            • Electronic Pressure Control (EPC) Solenoid
            • Shift Solenoids SSA and SSB
            • Digital Transmission Range (TR) Sensor
            • 4x4 Low (4x4L) Switch
            • Brake Pedal Position (BPP) Switch
            • Electronic Ignition (EI) System
            • Distributor Ignition (DI) System
            • Air Conditioning (A/C) Clutch
            • Manifold Absolute Pressure (MAP) Sensor
      • Diagnosis And Testing
        • Diagnostic Strategy
          • Notes
          • Preliminary Inspection
          • Diagnostics
        • Diagnostic Flow Chart
        • Preliminary Inspection
          • Notes
          • Know/Understand the Concern
          • Verification of Condition
            • Notes
            • Determine Customer Concern
            • Check Fluid Level and Condition
            • Fluid Level Check
            • High Fluid Level
            • Low Fluid Level
            • Adding Fluid
            • Fluid Condition Check
            • Road Testing Vehicle
            • Shift Point Road Test
            • Shift Speed Application Charts
            • Torque Converter Diagnosis
            • Torque Converter Operation Test
          • Visual Inspection
            • Notes
            • Shift Linkage Check
            • Check TSBs
            • Carry Out On-Board Diagnostics (KOEO, KOER)
        • Diagnostics
          • Special Tool(s)
          • On-Board Diagnostics with Scan Tool
          • Transmission Drive Cycle Test
          • After On-Board Diagnostics
          • Before Pinpoint Tests
          • Diagnostic Trouble Code Chart
          • Rotunda Transmission Tester
          • Transmission Connector Layouts
            • Notes
            • Transmission Vehicle Harness Connector
            • Digital Transmission Range (TR) Sensor Connector
            • Turbine Shaft Speed Sensor (TSS) Harness Connector
            • Output Shaft Speed Sensor (OSS) Harness Connector
            • Digital Transmission Range (TR) Sensor Diagnosis Chart
          • Pinpoint Tests
          • Shift Solenoids Pre-Diagnosis
            • Notes
            • Solenoid Operation Chart
            • Shift Solenoid Failure Mode Chart "Always Off"
            • Shift Solenoid Failure Mode Chart "Always On"
          • Pinpoint Test A: Shift Solenoid
          • Pinpoint Test B: Transmission Fluid Temperature (TFT) Sensor
          • Pinpoint Test C: Torque Converter Clutch (TCC) Solenoid
          • Pinpoint Test D: Digital Transmission Range (Tr) Sensor
          • Pinpoint Test E: Electronic Pressure Control (EPC) Solenoid
          • Pinpoint Test F: Turbine Shaft Speed (TSS) And Output Shaft Speed (OSS) Sensors
          • Pinpoint Test G: Coast Clutch Solenoid (CCS)
          • Pinpoint Test H: Solenoid Mechanical Failure
          • Special Testing Procedures
            • Notes
            • Engine Idle Speed Check
            • Line Pressure Test
            • Stall Speed Test
            • Air Pressure Tests
            • Torque Converter Drainback Test
          • Leakage Inspection
            • Notes
            • External Sealing - 4R100
            • Fluid Leakage in Torque Converter Area
            • Leak Check Test
            • Leak Check Test with Black Light
          • Transmission Fluid Cooler
            • Notes
            • Transmission Fluid Cooler Flow Test
        • Diagnosis By Symptom
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Diagnosis by Symptom Description
          • Diagnosis by Symptom Chart Directions
          • Diagnosis by Symptom Index
          • Diagnostic Routines
            • Engagement Concern: No Forward Only
            • Engagement Concern: No Reverse Only
            • Engagement Concern: Harsh Reverse Only
            • Engagement Concern: Harsh Forward Only
            • Engagement Concern: Delayed/Soft Reverse Only
            • Engagement Concern: Delayed/Soft Forward Only
            • Engagement Concern: No Forward and No Reverse Only
            • Engagement Concern: Harsh Forward and Reverse
            • Engagement Concern: Delayed/Soft Forward and Reverse
            • Shift Concerns: Some or All Shifts Missing
            • Shift Concerns: Shift Timing - Early/Late (Some/All)
            • Shift Concerns: Timing - Erratic/Hunting (Some/All)
            • Shift Concerns: Feel - Soft/Slipping (Some/All)
            • Shift Concerns: Feel - Harsh (Some/All)
            • Shift Concerns: No 1st Gear in Drive, Engages in Higher Gear
            • Shift Concerns: No Manual 1st Gear
            • Shift Concerns: No Manual 2nd Gear
            • Shift Concerns: No 1-2 Shift (Automatic)
            • Shift Concerns: No 2-3 Shift (Automatic)
            • Shift Concerns: No 3-4 Shift (Automatic)
            • Shift Concerns: No 4-3 Shift (Automatic)
            • Shift Concerns: No 3-2 Shift (Automatic)
            • Shift Concerns: No 2-1 Shift (Automatic)
            • Shift Concerns: Soft/Slipping 1-2 Only (Automatic)
            • Shift Concerns: Soft/Slipping 2-3 Only (Automatic)
            • Shift Concerns: Soft/Slipping 3-4 Only (Automatic)
            • Shift Concerns: Soft/Slipping Downshifts (Automatic)
            • Shift Concerns: Harsh 1-2 Shift Only (Automatic)
            • Shift Concerns: Harsh 2-3 Shift Only (Automatic)
            • Shift Concerns: Harsh 3-4 Shift Only (Automatic)
            • Shift Concerns: Harsh 4-3 Shift Only (Automatic)
            • Shift Concerns: Harsh 3-2 Shift Only (Automatic)
            • Shift Concerns: Harsh 2-1 Shift Only (Automatic)
            • Torque Converter Clutch Operation Concern: No Apply
            • Torque Converter Clutch Operation Concern: Always Applied/Stalls Vehicle (See Note in No. 241 Before Proceeding)
            • Torque Converter Clutch Operation Concern: Cycling/Shudder/Chatter
            • Other Concerns: Shift Lever Efforts High
            • Other Concerns: External Leaks
            • Other Driveability Concerns
            • Other Concerns: Noise/Vibration - Forward or Reverse
            • Other Concerns: Engine Will Not Crank
            • Other Concerns: No Park Range
            • Other Concerns: Transmission Overheating
            • Other Concerns: No Engine Braking in MANUAL 2 Position Only
            • Other Concerns: No Engine Braking in MANUAL 1 Position Only
            • Other Concerns: No Engine Braking with Overdrive Cancelled (MANUAL 1st and MANUAL 2nd Have Engine Braking)
            • Other Concerns: Fluid Venting/Foaming
      • General Procedures
        • Transmission Fluid Cooler - Backflushing and Cleaning
        • Transmission Fluid In-Line Filter
          • Material
          • Transmission Fluid In-line Filter - with a OTA cooler
          • Transmission Fluid In-line Filter - without a OTA cooler
        • Torque Converter
        • Torque Converter Contamination Inspection
      • In-Vehicle Repair
        • Transmission Fluid Drain and Refill
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Material
          • Drain/Refill Procedure
        • Transmission Filler Tube
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Main Control Valve Body - Accumulator Body, Solenoid Body
          • Material
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Turbine Shaft Speed (TSS) Sensor and Output Shaft Speed (OSS) Sensor
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Extension Housing Seal and Bushing
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Material
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Extension Housing Gasket - 4x2
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Material
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Extension Housing Gasket - 4x4
          • Material
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Manual Control Lever Shaft and Seal
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Cooler Bypass Valve
          • Material
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Digital Transmission Range (TR) Sensor
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Intermediate Servo
          • Material
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Park System
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Transmission Insulator and Retainer
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Removal
          • Installation
      • Removal
        • Transmission
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Material
          • Removal Procedure
      • Disassembly
        • Transmission
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Disassembly Procedure
      • Disassembly And Assembly Of Subassemblies
        • Main Control Valve Body - Disassembly and Assembly
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Disassembly
          • Assembly
        • Main Control Valve Body - Solenoid Body Check
          • Disassembly
        • Main Control Valve Body - Accumulator Body Check
          • Disassembly
          • Assembly
        • Pump Assembly
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Material
          • Disassembly
          • Assembly
        • Front Case Bushings
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Disassembly
          • Assembly
        • Rear Case Bushings
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Disassembly
          • Assembly
        • Cooler Bypass Valve Assembly
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Disassembly
          • Assembly
        • Coast Clutch Assembly
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Disassembly
          • Assembly
        • Overdrive Ring Gear and Center Shaft Assembly
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Disassembly
          • Assembly
        • Intermediate/Overdrive Cylinder Assembly
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Disassembly
          • Assembly
        • Center Support
          • Disassembly
          • Assembly
        • Forward Hub and Ring Gear
          • Disassembly
          • Assembly
        • Direct Clutch Assembly and Intermediate Brake Drum
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Material
          • Disassembly
          • Assembly
        • Forward Clutch Assembly
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Material
          • Disassembly
          • Assembly
        • Output Shaft - Check
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Disassembly
          • Assembly
        • Forward Planet Assembly
          • Disassembly
          • Assembly
        • Input Shell
          • Disassembly
          • Assembly
        • Reverse Planet Assembly
          • Disassembly
          • Assembly
        • Low One-Way Clutch Assembly
          • Disassembly and Assembly
        • Reverse Clutch Piston
          • Disassembly
          • Assembly
      • Assembly
        • Transmission
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Material
          • Assembly Procedure
      • Installation
        • Transmission
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Material
          • Installation
    • Automatic Transmission - Diagnosis - 4R100
      • Application
      • Identification
        • Transmission
      • Description & Operation
        • Introduction
        • Electronic Control System
          • Notes
          • Diagnostic Formats
          • Retrieving DTCs
          • Key On, Engine Off (KOEO) Self-Test
          • Key On, Engine Running (KOER) Self-Test
          • BPP Switch, PSP Switch & TCS Test Procedures
          • Continuous Memory Self-Test
        • Input Devices
          • Accelerator Pedal Position Sensor (7.3L DI Turbo Diesel Only)
          • Air Conditioning Clutch Switch
          • Rear Anti-Lock Brake Speed Sensor
          • Barometric Pressure Sensor (7.3L DI Turbo Diesel Only)
          • Brake Pedal Position Switch
          • Camshaft Position Sensor (7.3L DI Turbo Diesel Only)
          • Digital Transmission Range Sensor
          • Profile Ignition Pick-Up
          • 4WD Low Switch
          • Intake Air Temperature Sensor
          • Mass Airflow Sensor
          • Manifold Absolute Pressure Sensor (Gasoline Engines)
          • Output Shaft Speed Sensor
          • Throttle Position Sensor
          • Transmission Control Switch Or Transmission Control Indicator Lamp
          • Transmission Fluid Temperature Sensor
          • Turbine Shaft Speed Sensor
        • Output Devices
          • Coast Clutch Solenoid
          • Electronic Pressure Control Solenoid
          • Shift Solenoid Assemblies
          • Torque Converter Clutch Solenoid
        • Shift Interlock System
      • Component Locations
      • Programming
        • Notes
        • Description
        • Flash Vehicle Identification Block Procedure
      • Trouble Shooting
        • Notes
        • Preliminary Inspection
        • Symptom Diagnosis (Electronic)
          • Notes
          • Harsh Forward Engagement
          • Harsh Reverse Engagement
          • Harsh Forward & Reverse Engagement
          • Some Or All Shifts Missing
          • Some Or All Shifts Early Or Late
          • Erratic Or Hunting Shifts
          • Soft Or Slipping Shifts
          • Harsh Shifts
          • No 1st Gear In Drive, Engages In Higher Gear
          • No Manual 1st Gear
          • No Manual 2nd Gear
          • No 1-2, 2-3 Or 3-4 Upshift In "D" Position
          • No 4-3 Or 2-1 Downshift
          • No 3-2 Downshift
          • No Torque Converter Clutch Engagement
          • Torque Converter Clutch Always Engaged
          • Torque Converter Clutch Cycling Or Shuddering
          • Poor Vehicle Performance
          • Incorrect Gear Ratio In "D", "2" Or "1" Positions
          • Engine Will Not Crank
          • Transmission Overheating
          • No Engine Braking With O/D Cancelled, Manual "1" & "2" Have Engine Braking
          • TCIL Always On With Engine Running & No DTCs
          • TCIL Is Never On
        • Symptom Diagnosis (Mechanical)
          • No Forward Gears
          • No Reverse Gears
          • Harsh Reverse
          • Harsh Forward
          • Delayed/Soft Reverse
          • Delayed/Soft Forward
          • No Forward & No Reverse
          • Harsh Forward & Reverse
          • Delayed/Soft Forward & Reverse Engagement
          • No Shifts
          • Early/Late Shift Timing
          • Erratic Or Hunting Shift Timing
          • Soft Or Slipping Shift Feel
          • Harsh Shift Feel
          • No 1st Gear, Engages In Higher Gear
          • No Low Gear (Manual 1st)
          • No 2nd Gear (Manual 2nd)
          • No 1-2 Shift
          • No 2-3 Shift
          • No 3-4 Shift
          • No 4-3 Shift
          • No 3rd To 2nd Shift
          • No 2-1 Shift
          • Soft/Slipping 1-2 Shift
          • Soft/Slipping 2-3 Shift
          • Soft/Slipping 3-4 Shift
          • Soft/Slipping Downshifts
          • Harsh 1-2 Shift
          • Harsh 2-3 Shift
          • Harsh 3-4 Shift
          • Harsh 4-3 Shift
          • Harsh 3-2 Shift
          • Harsh 2-1 Shift
          • No Torque Converter Clutch Application
          • Torque Converter Clutch Always Applied (Stalls Vehicle In Drive & Manual 2nd Gear Only)
          • Torque Converter Clutch Cycling/Shudder/Chatter
          • No Park Range
          • Transmission Overheating
          • No Engine Braking In Manual 2nd Gear
          • No Engine Braking In Manual 1st Gear
          • No Engine Braking With Overdrive Switch Cancelled (Manual 1st & Manual 2nd Have Engine Braking)
          • Fluid Venting/Foaming
        • Clutch & Band Applications
      • Performance Tests
        • Road Test
        • Shift Speed Specifications (Mph)
        • Line Pressure Tests
        • Line Pressure Test Results
          • Notes
          • High At Idle In All Ranges
          • Low At Idle In All Ranges
          • Low In "P" Or "N"
          • Low In "OD"
          • Low In "2"
          • Low In "1"
          • Low In "R"
        • Air Pressure Checks
        • Stall Speed Test
          • Notes
          • Testing Precautions
          • Testing Procedure
        • Stall Speed Test Results
          • Low In All Ranges
          • High In All Ranges
          • High In "OD" Only
          • High In "2" Only
          • High In "1" Only
          • High In "R" Only
        • Torque Converter DRAINBACK Test
      • Self-Diagnostic System
        • Diagnostic Procedure
        • Retrieving Diagnostic Trouble Codes (Quick Test)
          • Notes
          • Description
          • Visual Check
          • Vehicle Preparation & Equipment Hookup
          • Generic Scan Tool
          • New Generation STAR Tester
          • EEC-IV 104-Pin Breakout Box
          • Digital Volt-Ohm Multimeter (DVOM)
          • Transmission Tester
          • Key On Engine Off (KOEO) Self-Test
          • Key On Engine Running (KOER) Self-Test
          • Continuous Memory Self-Test
        • Diagnostic Trouble Code Definitions
        • Clearing Diagnostic Trouble Codes
          • Notes
          • PCM Reset
        • Scan Tool Unable To Communicate
        • Output State Control Modes
          • Notes
          • OSC Preliminary Procedures
          • SS1, SS2, CCS & TCC Solenoids (Bench Mode)
          • EPC Solenoid (Bench Mode)
          • Trans-Drive Mode
          • Gear Mode (Drive Mode)
          • TCC Mode (Drive Mode)
          • EPC Mode (Drive Mode)
        • Additional System Functions
        • Torque CONVERTOR Engagement Test
        • Transmission Drive Cycle Test
        • Transmission Solenoid Cycling & Drive Test (Dynamic Test)
          • Notes
          • Preliminary Set Up
          • EPC Solenoid
          • Engagements
          • Upshift/Downshift
          • Torque Converter Engagement
          • Coast Clutch Engagement
          • Output Shaft Speed Sensor & Turbine Shaft Speed Sensor Function Check (If Equipped)
          • Transmission Tester Removal & Clearing DTCs
      • Diagnostic Tests
        • Notes
        • How To Use Diagnostic Tests
        • P0705
          • Code Description
          • Testing
        • P0708
          • Code Description
          • Testing
        • P1702
          • Code Description
          • Testing
        • P1704
          • Code Description
          • Testing
        • P1705
          • Code Description
          • Testing
        • P0712
          • Code Description
          • Testing
        • P0713
          • Code Description
          • Testing
        • P1713
          • Code Description
          • Testing
        • P1718
          • Code Description
          • Testing
        • P1783
          • Code Description
          • Testing
        • P0740
          • Code Description
          • Testing
        • P0743
          • Code Description
          • Testing
        • P1746
          • Code Description
          • Testing
        • P1747
          • Code Description
          • Testing
        • P1760
          • Code Description
          • Testing
        • P0715
          • Code Description
          • Testing
        • P0717
          • Code Description
          • Testing
        • P0718
          • Code Description
          • Testing
        • P0720
          • Code Description
          • Testing
        • P0721
          • Code Description
          • Testing
        • P0722
          • Code Description
          • Testing
        • P1754
          • Code Description
          • Testing
        • P1636
          • Code Description
          • Testing
        • P1714
          • Code Description
          • Testing
        • P1715
          • Code Description
          • Testing
        • P1740
          • Code Description
          • Testing
        • P1780
          • Code Description
          • Testing
        • P1729
          • Code Description
          • Testing
        • P1781
          • Code Description
          • Testing
        • P0237
          • Code Description
          • Testing
        • P0741
          • Code Description
          • Testing
        • P1000
          • Code Description
          • Testing
        • P1111
          • Code Description
          • Testing
        • P1124
          • Code Description
          • Testing
        • P1703
          • Code Description
          • Testing
        • P1711
          • Code Description
          • Testing
        • P1744
          • Code Description
          • Testing
        • P0731
          • Code Description
          • Testing
        • P0732
          • Code Description
          • Testing
        • P0733
          • Code Description
          • Testing
        • P0750 & P0753
          • Code Description
          • Testing
        • P0755 & P0758
          • Code Description
          • Testing
        • P0781
          • Code Description
          • Testing
        • P0782
          • Code Description
          • Testing
        • P0783
          • Code Description
          • Testing
        • Testing
          • Test A: Shift Solenoid Electrical Circuit
          • Test B: Transmission Fluid Temperature Electrical Circuit
            • Notes
            • Excursion, "F" Series Super-Duty & F150/250
            • Econoline, Expedition & Navigator
          • Test C: Torque Converter Clutch Electrical Circuit
          • Test D: Digital Transmission Range Sensor
          • Test E: Electronic Pressure Control Solenoid
          • Test F: Turbine Shaft Speed & Output Shaft Speed Sensors
          • Test G: Coast Clutch Solenoid
          • Test H: Solenoid Mechanical Failure
          • Test Tb: Transmission Control Switch & Transmission Control Indicator Lamp
          • Test TG: 4WD Low (4X4L) Range
      • Removal & Installation
        • Powertrain Control Module
          • Removal & Installation
      • Torque Specifications
      • Connector Identification
      • Wiring Diagrams
    • Transaxle/Transmission Cooling
      • Specifications
        • General Specifications
        • Torque Specifications
      • Description And Operation
        • Transmission Cooling
          • Notes
          • 4R70W Transmission Without Auxiliary Transmission Fluid Cooler
          • 4R100 Transmission Without Auxiliary Transmission Fluid Cooler
          • 4R70W Transmission With Auxiliary Transmission Fluid Cooler
          • 4R100 Transmission With Auxiliary Transmission Fluid Cooler
      • Diagnosis And Testing
        • Transmission Cooling
          • Inspection and Verification
          • Symptom Chart
          • Component Test
            • Transmission Fluid Cooler Leaks at Radiator
      • Removal And Installation
        • Auxiliary Transmission Fluid Cooler
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Material
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Transmission Fluid Cooler Tubes
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Material
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Cooler Bypass Valve - 4R100 Transmission
          • Material
          • Removal
          • Installation
    • Transaxle/Transmission External Controls
      • Specifications
        • Torque Specifications
      • Description And Operation
        • External Controls
          • Notes
          • Shift Interlock System
          • Transmission Control Switch (TCS)
      • Diagnosis And Testing
        • External Controls
          • Notes
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Inspection and Verification
          • Symptom Chart
            • Symptom Chart
          • Pinpoint Tests
            • Pinpoint Test A: The Shift Interlock System Does Not Release/Lock Correctly
            • Pinpoint Test B: The Shift Control Is Out Of Correct Gear Relationship
            • Pinpoint Test C: The Transmission Control Switch (TCS) Is Inoperative
            • Pinpoint Test D: Transmission Control Indicator Lamp (TCIL) Is Not Operating Properly
      • General Procedures
        • Cable/Bracket Adjustment -Shift Cable, 4R70W Transmission
        • Cable Adjustment - Shift Indicator Cable
      • Removal And Installation
        • Brake Shift Interlock Actuator
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Cable/Bracket
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Selector Lever
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Transmission Control (TC) Switch
          • Removal
          • Installation
  • Automatic Transmission - Hydraulic Diagrams - 4R100
    • Automatic Transmission - Hydraulic Diagrams - 4R100
  • Transfer Case
    • Transfer Case - Automatic Shift
      • Specifications
        • General Specifications
        • Torque Specifications
      • Description And Operation
        • Transfer Case -Automatic Four-Wheel Drive (A4WD)
          • Features and Operation
          • Shifting Between A4WD and 4WD HIGH
          • Shifting Into/Out of LOW RANGE
          • Electronic Shift Control System Components
      • Diagnosis And Testing
        • Transfer Case
      • General Procedures
        • Transfer Case Draining And Filling
      • In-Vehicle Repair
        • Seal-Oil, Rear
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Shift Switch -Shift Range Selector
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Transfer Case Shift Motor
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Output Shaft Speed Sensor -Front
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Output Shaft Speed Sensor -Rear
          • Removal
          • Installation
      • Disassembly And Assembly
        • Transfer Case
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Transfer Case Exploded View
          • Transfer Case
          • Disassembly
          • Assembly
      • Removal
        • Transfer Case -4R70W Transmission
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Removal
        • Transfer Case -4R100 Transmission
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Removal
      • Installation
        • Transfer Case
          • Installation
    • Transfer Case - General Information
      • Description And Operation
        • Transfer Case - Automatic Four-Wheel Drive (A4WD)
      • Diagnosis And Testing
        • Transfer Case
          • Notes
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Principles of Operation
          • Inspection and Verification
          • GEM Diagnostic Trouble Code (DTC) Index
          • GEM Parameter Identification (PID) Index
          • GEM Active Command Index
          • Symptom Chart
          • Pinpoint Tests
            • PINPOINT TEST A: THE 4x4 INDICATOR FLASHES WHEN THE A4WD MODE IS SELECTED - 4x4 INDICATOR
            • Pinpoint Test B: The Vehicle Does Not Shift Between A4WD And 4WD Modes Properly
            • Pinpoint Test C: The Vehicle Does Not Shift Between 4WD High And 4WD Low Modes Correctly
            • Pinpoint Test D: No Communication With The Module - Gem
• External Pages