Repair and Diagnosis (Single Page)

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• Quick Lookups
  • Common Specs & Procedures
    • Specifications Index
  • DTC Index
    • A/C-Heater Systems DTCS
    • Air Bag Restraint Systems DTCS
    • Anti-Lock Brakes DTCS
    • Anti-Theft Systems (Pats) DTCS
    • Anti-Theft Systems (Perimeter) DTCS
    • Automatic Transmission Electronic Controls (5R55N) Diagnosis DTCS
    • Communication System DTCS (U Codes)
    • Cruise Control System DTCS
    • Evaporative Emissions DTCS
    • Generators & Regulators DTCS
    • Instrument Panels DTCS
      • Instrument Panels Diagnostic Trouble Code (DTC)
      • Instrument Panels (Pcm) Diagnostic Trouble Code
    • Power Door Locks
      • Power Door Locks (Front Electronic Module)
      • Power Door Locks (Rear Electronic Module)
    • Power Windows DTCS
    • Remote Keyless Entry Systems DTCS
    • Self-Diagnostics DTCS
    • Wiper/Washer Systems DTCS
  • Electrical Component Locations
    • Diagnostic Connector (DLC) Locations
      • Domestic Cars
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        • Ford Motor Co.
        • General Motors
      • Domestic Light Trucks & Vans
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    • Electrical Component Locator
      • Buzzers, Relays & Timers
      • Circuit Protection Devices
      • Control Units
      • Motors
      • Sending Units & Sensors
      • Solenoids & Solenoid Valves
      • Switches
      • Miscellaneous
      • Connectors
      • Grounds
      • Splices
      • Component Location Graphics
  • Fluids
  • Technical Bulletins
    • Campaigns
    • Safety Recalls
    • Technical Service Bulletins
  • Tire Fitment
  • Wiring Diagrams
    • OEM Connector End Views
      • A/C clutch field coil connector end view (C100)
      • Crankshaft position sensor connector end view (C101)
      • Generator connector end view (C102a)
      • Generator connector end view (C102b)
      • Oil pressure switch connector end view (C103)
      • Hydraulic fan solenoid connector end view (C105)
      • Fuel rail pressure transducer sensor connector end view (C106)
      • Cylinder... head temperature sensor connector end view (C107)
      • Knock sensor 2 connector end view (C108)
      • Knock sensor 1 connector end view (C109)
      • Inline Connector end view (C110)
      • Coil On Plug (COP) 1 connector end view (C111)
      • Coil On Plug (COP) 2 connector end view (C112)
      • Coil On Plug (COP) 3 connector end view (C113)
      • Coil On Plug (COP) 4 connector end view (C114)
      • Coil On Plug (COP) 5 connector end view (C115)
      • Coil On Plug (COP) 6 connector end view (C116)
      • Coil On Plug (COP) 7 connector end view (C117)
      • Coil On Plug (COP) 8 connector end view (C118)
      • Inlet air control valve solenoid connector end view (C119)
      • Power steering valve solenoid connector end view (C120)
      • Speed control servo connector end view (C122)
      • EVAP canister purge valve connector end view (C123)
      • Brake fluid level switch connector end view (C124)
      • Windshield wiper motor connector end view (C125)
      • ABS test connector end view (C126)
      • Anti... theft hood switch connector end view (C127)
      • Mass Air Flow (MAF) sensor connector end view (C128)
      • Intake Air Temperature (IAT) sensor connector end view (C129)
      • A/C clutch cycling pressure switch connector end view (C130)
      • Horn connector end view (C131)
      • Inline Connector end view (C133)
      • Inline Connector end view (C134)
      • ABS control module connector end view (C135)
      • Auxiliary Junction Box (AJB), underhood connector end view (C136a)
      • Auxiliary Junction Box (AJB), underhood connector end view (C136b)
      • Windshield washer pump motor connector end view (C137)
      • Washer fluid level switch connector end view (C138)
      • Inline Connector end view (C139)
      • Inline Connector end view (C140)
      • Heated Oxygen Sensor (HO2S) #22 connector end view (C141)
      • Heated Oxygen Sensor (HO2S) #12 connector end view (C142)
      • Turbine shaft speed sensor connector end view (C143)
      • Wheel speed sensor, left front connector end view (C150)
      • Side lamp, left front connector end view (C151)
      • Wheel speed sensor, right front connector end view (C160)
      • Side lamp, right front connector end view (C161)
      • Auxiliary coolant pump motor connector end view (C163)
      • Intermediate Shaft Speed (ISS) sensor connector end view (C164)
      • Digital Transmission Range (DTR) sensor connector end view (C167)
      • Automatic transmission connector end view (C168)
      • Heated Oxygen Sensor (HO2S) #11 connector end view (C171)
      • Heated Oxygen Sensor (HO2S) #21 connector end view (C172)
      • Ignition transformer capacitor connector end view (C174)
      • Powertrain Control Module (PCM) connector end view (C175a)
      • Powertrain Control Module (PCM) connector end view (C175b)
      • Powertrain Control Module (PCM) connector end view (C175c)
      • Exhaust Pressure Transducer (EPT) connector end view (C178)
      • Electr. Vacuum Regulator (EVR) solenoid valve connector end view (C179)
      • Camshaft position sensor connector end view (C180)
      • Injector 1 connector end view (C181)
      • Injector 2 connector end view (C182)
      • Injector 3 connector end view (C183)
      • Injector 4 connector end view (C184)
      • Injector 5 connector end view (C185)
      • Injector 6 connector end view (C186)
      • Injector 7 connector end view (C187)
      • Injector 8 connector end view (C188)
      • Output Shaft Speed (OSS) sensor connector end view (C193)
      • Ignition transformer capacitor 2 connector end view (C194)
      • Stud dash panel connector end view (C195a)
      • Stud dash panel connector end view (C195b)
      • Starter motor connector end view (C197a)
      • Starter motor connector end view (C197b)
      • Starter motor connector end view (C197c)
      • Outside temperature sensor connector end view (C198)
      • Front Electronic Module (FEM) connector end view (C201a)
      • Front Electronic Module (FEM) connector end view (C201b)
      • Front Electronic Module (FEM) connector end view (C201c)
      • Front Electronic Module (FEM) connector end view (C201d)
      • Front Electronic Module (FEM) connector end view (C201e)
      • Front Electronic Module (FEM) connector end view (C201g)
      • Multifunction switch connector end view (C202)
      • Speed control switch connector end view (C203)
      • Exterior rear view mirror switch connector end view (C204)
      • Main light switch connector end view (C205)
      • Instrument panel dimming module connector end view (C206)
      • Luggage compartment lid release switch connector end view (C207)
      • Auxiliary audio controls, steering wheel connector end view (C208)
      • Footwell lamp, left front connector end view (C209)
      • Inline Connector end view (C210)
      • Inline Connector end view (C211)
      • Inline Connector end view (C212)
      • Inline Connector end view (C213)
      • Inline Connector end view (C214)
      • Inline Connector end view (C215)
      • Driver air bag unit connector end view (C216)
      • Horn switch connector end view (C217)
      • Steering wheel assembly connector end view (C218a)
      • Steering wheel assembly connector end view (C218b)
      • Steering wheel assembly connector end view (C218c)
      • Inline Connector end view (C219)
      • Instrument cluster connector end view (C220a)
      • Instrument cluster connector end view (C220b)
      • Instrument cluster connector end view (C220c)
      • Steering column position sensor connector end view (C222)
      • Center image amplifier connector end view (C225)
      • Steering column position motor connector end view (C227)
      • Electronic Automatic Temperature Control (EATC) module connector end view (C228a)
      • Electronic Automatic Temperature Control (EATC) module connector end view (C228b)
      • Center image speaker, left connector end view (C230)
      • Center image speaker, right connector end view (C231)
      • Defrost mode actuator connector end view (C232)
      • In... vehicle temperature sensor connector end view (C233)
      • Floor mode actuator connector end view (C234)
      • Discharge temperature sensor, left connector end view (C235)
      • Panel mode actuator connector end view (C236)
      • Inline Connector end view (C237)
      • Inline Connector end view (C238)
      • Audio unit connector end view (C240a)
      • Audio unit connector end view (C240b)
      • Audio unit Audio unit connector end view (C240c)
      • Inline Connector end view (C248)
      • Ignition switch connector end view (C250)
      • Data Link Connector (DLC) connector end view (C251)
      • Passive anti... theft transceiver module connector end view (C252)
      • Glove box lamp connector end view (C254)
      • Discharge temperature sensor, right connector end view (C255)
      • Passenger air bag module connector end view (C256)
      • Inline Connector end view (C260)
      • Inline Connector end view (C264)
      • Stud, junction box connector end view (C265a)
      • Stud, junction box connector end view (C265b)
      • Footwell lamp, right front connector end view (C266)
      • Inline Connector end view (C268)
      • Central Junction Box (CJB) connector end view (C270a)
      • Central Junction Box (CJB) connector end view (C270b)
      • Central Junction Box (CJB) connector end view (C270c)
      • Central Junction Box (CJB) connector end view (C270d)
      • Central Junction Box (CJB) connector end view (C270e)
      • Inline Connector end view (C275)
      • Brake pressure switch connector end view (C277)
      • Brake pedal position switch connector end view (C278)
      • Traction control switch connector end view (C280)
      • Inertial Fuel Shutoff (IFS) switch (9341) connector end view (C282)
      • Auxiliary Junction Box (AJB) Interior connector end view (C283a)
      • Auxiliary Junction Box (AJB), Interior connector end view (C283b)
      • Auxiliary Junction Box (AJB), Interior connector end view (C283c)
      • Auxiliary Junction Box (AJB), interior connector end view (C283d)
      • Sunload sensor connector end view (C286)
      • Autolamp sensor connector end view (C287)
      • Heater blower motor connector end view (C288)
      • Fresh/recirculation door actuator connector end view (C289)
      • Cool air bypass actuator connector end view (C295)
      • Evaporator discharge air temperature sensor connector end view (C296)
      • Heater blower control module connector end view (C297)
      • Inline Connector end view (C300)
      • Passenger safety belt retractor pretensioner connector end view (C303)
      • Side air bag sensor, right connector end view (C304)
      • Side air bag sensor, left connector end view (C305)
      • Parking brake switch connector end view (C306)
      • Transmission shift selector connector end view (C307)
      • Restraints Control module (RCM) connector end view (C310a)
      • Restraints Control Module (RCM) connector end view (C310b)
      • Inline Connector end view (C311)
      • Inline Connector end view (C312)
      • Inline Connector end view (C313)
      • Inline Connector end view (C314)
      • Inline Connector end view (C315)
      • Safety belt buckle switch connector end view (C323)
      • Antenna connector end view (C326)
      • Seat adjust switch, passenger side front connector end view (C330)
      • Inline Connector end view (C337)
      • Power seat motor assembly, left connector end view (C357)
      • Seat adjust switch, driver side front connector end view (C360)
      • Side air bag module, left connector end view (C367)
      • Electronic Hidden Antenna Module (EHAM) connector end view (C387)
      • Speaker, left rear connector end view (C395)
      • Speaker, right rear connector end view (C396)
      • Auxiliary Junction Box (AJB), trailer tow connector end view (C400)
      • Rear window defrost grid connector end view (C402a)
      • Rear window defrost grid connector end view (C402b)
      • Inline Connector end view (C405)
      • Inline Connector end view (C406)
      • Battery Junction Box (BJB) connector end view (C407)
      • Inline Connector end view (C408)
      • Inline Connector end view (C410)
      • Inline Connector end view (C411)
      • Lamp assembly, left rear connector end view (C414)
      • Lamp assembly, right rear connector end view (C417)
      • Front Electronic Module (FEM) connector end view (C420a)
      • Rear Electronic Module (REM) connector end view (C420b)
      • Rear Electronic Module (REM) connector end view (C420c)
      • Rear Electronic Module (REM) connector end view (C420d)
      • Rear Electronic Module (REM) connector end view (C420e)
      • Rear Electronic Module (REM) connector end view (C420f)
      • Rear window defrost grid connector end view (C421)
      • Trailer exterior lamp relay connector end view (C424)
      • Trailer tow control unit connector end view (C425)
      • Wheel speed sensor, right rear connector end view (C426)
      • Luggage compartment lamp connector end view (C428)
      • Luggage compartment lid ajar switch connector end view (C429)
      • Luggage compartment lid release solenoid connector end view (C430)
      • Fuel pump delivery module connector end view (C433)
      • Fuel sender connector end view (C434)
      • Fuel tank pressure transducer sensor connector end view (C435)
      • Inline Connector end view (C439)
      • Wheel speed sensor, left rear connector end view (C440)
      • SSP 1 relay connector end view (C441)
      • SSP 2 relay connector end view (C442)
      • Rear window defrost relay connector end view (C443)
      • SSP 3 relay connector end view (C444)
      • SSP 4 relay connector end view (C445)
      • Fuel pump relay connector end view (C446)
      • Fuel pump motor diode connector end view (C449)
      • Evaporative omission (EVAP) canister vent value connector end view (C450)
      • Reversing lamp, left connector end view (C451)
      • Reversing lamp right connector end view (C461)
      • Subwoofer amplifier connector end view (C466a)
      • High mounted stoplamp connector end view (C475)
      • Side lamp, left rear connector end view (C481)
      • Side lamp, right rear connector end view (C482)
      • License lamps connector end view (C490)
      • Master window adjust switch connector end view (C504)
      • Door lock switch, driver side connector end view (C505)
      • Inline Connector end view (C510)
      • Perimeter anti... theft reset switch connector end view (C515)
      • Exterior rear view mirror, left connector end view (C522)
      • Speaker, left front connector end view (C523)
      • Power window motor, driver side front connector end view (C524)
      • Door lock actuator, left front connector end view (C525)
      • Door ajar switch, driver side front connector end view (C526a)
      • Exterior rear view mirror, right connector end view (C601)
      • Door ajar switch, passenger side front connector end view (C602)
      • Door lock unit, passenger side front connector end view (C603)
      • Window adjust switch, passenger side connector end view (C604)
      • Door lock switch, passenger side connector end view (C605)
      • Power window motor, passenger side front connector end view (C608)
      • Inline Connector end view (C610)
      • Speaker, right front connector end view (C612)
      • Interior/map lamps assembly, front connector end view (C929)
      • Wiper high/low relay connector end view (C1001)
      • Wiper run/park relay connector end view (C1002)
      • COPS & Heated Oxygen Sensor (HO2S) relay connector end view (C1003)
      • Auxiliary coolant pump relay connector end view (C1005)
      • Horn relay connector end view (C1006)
      • A/C clutch relay connector end view (C1008)
      • Windshield wiper relay connector end view (C1009)
      • Blower motor relay connector end view (C1011)
      • Heater wiper park relay connector end view (C1014)
      • PCM power relay connector end view (C1016)
      • Starter relay connector end view (C1017)
      • PCM power diode connector end view (C1018)
      • Inline Connector end view (C1019)
      • Headlamp, left connector end view (C1021)
      • Park/turn lamp, left front connector end view (C1023)
      • Coolant control valve solenoid connector end view (C1034)
      • Headlamp, right connector end view (C1041)
      • Park/turn lamp, right front connector end view (C1043)
      • Power steering pressure switch connector end view (C1121)
      • Driving lamp, left connector end view (C1166)
      • Driving lamp, right connector end view (C1167)
      • Inline Connector end view (C1168)
      • Throttle Position Sensor (TPS) connector end view (C1189)
      • Brake shift interlock connector end view (C2008)
      • Cigar lighter, front connector end view (C2031)
      • Power point connector end view (C2033)
      • Passenger Air bag Deactivation (PAD) switch connector end view (C2099)
      • Convertible top switch connector end view (C2138)
      • Heated wiper park connector end view (C2152a)
      • Heated wiper park connector end view (C2152b)
      • Radio capacitor connector end view (C2243)
      • Driver safety belt retractor pretensioner connector end view (C3014)
      • Power seat motor assembly, right connector end view (C3015)
      • Convertible top motor connector end view (C4062)
      • Convertible top raise relay connector end view (C4063)
      • Convertible top lower relay connector end view (C4064)
      • Circuit breaker connector end view (C4065)
      • Mega fuse connector end view (C4066a)
      • Mega fuse connector end view (C4066c)
      • Heated backlight relay connector end view (C4067)
      • Subwoofer, left connector end view (C4068)
      • Subwoofer, right connector end view (C4069)
      • Battery connector end view (C4070a)
      • Battery connector end view (C4070b)
      • Remote keyless entry module connector end view (C4071)
    • System Wiring Diagrams
      • Using lemon2025'S Wiring Diagrams
      • Air Conditioning
      • Anti-Lock Brakes
      • Anti-Theft
      • Body Control Modules
      • Computer Data Lines
      • Cooling Fan
      • Cruise Control
      • Defoggers
      • Electronic Power Steering
      • Engine Performance
        • 3.9L
      • Exterior Lights
      • Ground Distribution
      • Headlights
      • Horn
      • Instrument Cluster
      • Interior Lights
      • Power Distribution
      • Power Door Locks
      • Power Mirrors
      • Power Seats
      • Power Top/Sunroof
      • Power Windows
      • Radio
      • Shift Interlock
      • Starting/Charging
      • Supplemental Restraints
      • Transmission
      • Warning Systems
      • Wiper/Washer
    • Using lemon2025'S System Wiring Diagrams
      • Introduction
      • Wiring Diagram Features And Controls
      • Wiring Diagram Color Abbreviations
      • Wiring Diagram Symbols
      • Wiring Diagram Ground Number Locations
      • Wiring Diagram Component Locations
• Accessories & Equipment
  • Accessories Control Systems
    • Component Testing - THUNDERBIRD
      • Introduction
      • Component Testing
        • Headlamp Switch, Auto Lamp Section
        • Ignition Switch
        • MULTIFUNCTION Switch, Wiper/Washer Portion
        • MULTIFUNCTION Switch, Telescoping Steering Column Control Section
        • MULTIFUNCTION Switch, Lamp Portion
        • Power Window Switch, Passenger Side
        • Master Window Adjust Switch (14529)
        • Exterior Rear View Mirror Switch (17B676)
        • Driver Front Door Lock Switch
        • Passenger Front Door Lock Switch
        • Seat Adjust Switch, Driver Side Front (14A701)
        • Seat Adjust Switch, Passenger Side Front
        • Relay - Mini ISO
          • Component Testing Procedure (Voltage Applied)
        • Relay - Micro ISO
          • Component Testing Procedure (Voltage Applied)
  • Anti-Theft Systems
    • Anti-Theft - Pats
      • Specifications
        • Torque Specifications
      • Description And Operation
        • Anti-Theft - Passive Anti-Theft System (PATS)
      • Diagnosis And Testing
        • Anti-Theft - Passive Anti-Theft System (PATS)
          • Notes
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Principles of Operation
          • Inspection and Verification
          • Instrument Cluster Diagnostic Trouble Code (DTC) Index
          • Symptom Chart
          • Pinpoint Test
            • Pinpoint Test A: The Anti Theft Indicator Is Always/Never On - No Three Second Theft Indicator Prove Out
            • Pinpoint Test B: Anti-Theft Number Of Programmed Keys Is Below Minimum
            • Pinpoint Test C: Data Mismatch (Receive Data Does Not Match What Was Expected)
            • Pinpoint Test D: NVM Configuration Failure
            • Pinpoint Test E: Pats Ignition Key Transponder Signal Is Not Received Or Transponder Programming Failed (Damaged Key Or Non-Pats Key)
            • Pinpoint Test F: The Anti-Theft System Does Not Operate Correctly - Pats Received Incorrect Key-Code From Ignition Key Transponder (Unprogrammed Encoded Ignition Key)
            • Pinpoint Test G: The Anti-Theft System Does Not Operate Correctly - Pats Received Invalid Format Of Key-Code From Ignition Key Transponder (Partial Key Read)
            • Pinpoint Test H: The Anti-Theft System Does Not Operate Correctly - Pats Transceiver Signal Is Not Received (Not Connected, Damaged, Or Wiring)
            • Pinpoint Test I: The Anti-Theft System Does Not Operate Correctly - Antenna Not Connected Or Defective Transceiver
            • Pinpoint Test J: The Vehicle Does Not Start - Theft Indicator Does Not Prove Out And Flashes Rapidly
      • General Procedures
        • Anti-Theft Security Access
        • Key Programming Using Two Programmed Keys
        • Key Programming Using Diagnostic Equipment
        • Key Programming Switch State Control
        • Spare Key Programming
      • Removal And Installation
        • Module - Passive Anti-Theft Transceiver
          • Removal and Installation
    • Anti-Theft - Perimeter
      • Specifications
        • Torque Specifications
      • Description And Operation
        • Anti-Theft - Perimeter
      • Diagnosis And Testing
        • Anti-Theft - Perimeter
          • Notes
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Principles of Operation
            • Anti-Theft Perimeter Protection Feature
          • Inspection and Verification
            • Notes
            • FEM Diagnostic Trouble Code (DTC) Index
            • REM Diagnostic Trouble Code (DTC) Index
            • RKE Diagnostic Trouble Code (DTC) Index
          • Symptom Chart
          • Pinpoint Tests
            • Notes
            • Pinpoint Test A: The Alarm System Does Not Operate Correctly
            • Pinpoint Test B: The Alarm System Does Not Disarm - Using The Driver Reset Switch
            • Pinpoint Test C: The Alarm System Does Not Arm/Disarm - Using The Remote Transmitter
            • Pinpoint Test D: The Alarm System Does Not Operate Correctly - Alarm Does Not Activate
    • Handles, Locks, Latches And Entry Systems
      • Specifications
        • General Specifications
        • Torque Specifications
      • Description And Operation
        • Handles, Locks, Latches And Mechanisms
          • Notes
          • Lock Cylinder Repair
      • Diagnosis And Testing
        • Locks, Latches and Entry Systems
          • Notes
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Principles of Operation
            • Rear Electronics Module (REM)
            • Locking and Unlocking
            • Smart Locking
            • Auto Locking
            • Luggage Compartment Lid
            • Remote Keyless Entry
          • Inspection and Verification
            • Notes
            • Front Electronic Module (FEM) Diagnostic Trouble Code (DTC) Index
            • Rear Electronic Module (REM) Diagnostic Trouble Code (DTC) Index
            • Switched System Power (SSP) Relay Index
          • Symptom Chart
          • Pinpoint Tests
            • Pinpoint Test A: All Door Locks Are Inoperative From One Switch - Driver Door Switch
            • Pinpoint Test B: All Door Locks Are Inoperative From One Switch - Passenger Door Switch
            • Pinpoint Test C: The Luggage Compartment Lid Is Inoperative - From Remote Switch
            • Pinpoint Test D: The Luggage Compartment Lid Is Inoperative - From Remote Switch And Remote Transmitter
            • Pinpoint Test E: The Luggage Compartment Lid Is Inoperative - From Remote Transmitter
            • Pinpoint Test F: A Single Door Lock Is Inoperative - Driver Door
            • Pinpoint Test G: A Single Door Lock Is Inoperative - Passenger Door
            • Pinpoint Test H: The Doors Do Not Lock And Unlock Using The Remote Transmitter
            • Pinpoint Test I: The Auto-Lock Does Not Operate Correctly
            • Pinpoint Test J: The Smart Lock Does Not Operate Correctly
            • Pinpoint Test K: Panic Feature Is Inoperative
      • General Procedures
        • Remote Transmitter Programming
      • Removal And Installation
        • Luggage Compartment Lid Latch - Release Cable
        • Hood Latch
          • Removal and Installation
          • Installation
        • Front Door Latch
          • Removal and Installation
        • Luggage Compartment Lid Latch
        • Luggage Compartment Lid Latch - Remote Switch
        • Hood Latch Release Handle
        • Exterior Door Handle
        • Interior Door Handle
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Removal and Installation
        • Door Lock Cylinder
          • Removal and Installation
        • Door Lock Control Switch
        • Luggage Compartment Lid Lock Cylinder
          • Removal and Installation
        • Door Ajar Switch
          • Removal and Installation
        • Removable Top Retaining Latch
          • Removal
          • Installation
    • Passive Anti-Theft System Job Aid
      • Passive Anti-Theft System (Pats) Specifications
        • Ford System (Pats) Specifications
        • LINCOLN System (Pats) Specifications
        • Mercury System (Pats) Specifications
      • Pats Key Types
      • Diagnostic Trouble Codes
      • Non-Pats Issues
      • Things To Do:
      • Things Not To Do:
      • Programming Procedures
        • Notes
        • Key Programming Using Diagnostic Tools
          • Procedure #1
          • Procedure #2
          • Procedure #3
        • Spare Key Programming Using Diagnostic Tools
          • Procedure #4
        • Spare Key Programming Using Programmed Keys
          • Procedure #5
          • Procedure #6
        • Replacing Pats Control Module Or Pcm
          • Procedure #7
          • Procedure #8
  • Communication Devices
    • Module Communications Network
      • Specifications
        • General Specifications
        • Torque Specifications
      • Description And Operation
        • Communications Network
      • Diagnosis And Testing
        • Communications Network
          • Notes
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Principles of Operation
          • Inspection and Verification
          • System Precheck
            • Pinpoint Test Pc: Data Link Diagnostics Network Test
          • Symptom Chart
          • Pinpoint Tests
            • Notes
            • Pinpoint Test A: The Anti-Lock Brake System (Abs) Control Module Does Not Respond To The Diagnostic Tool
            • Pinpoint Test B: The Front Electronic Module (Fem) Does Not Respond To The Diagnostic Tool
            • Pinpoint Test C: The Restraint Control Module (RCM) Does Not Respond To The Diagnostic Tool
            • Pinpoint Test D: The Instrument Cluster Module Does Not Respond To The Diagnostic Tool
            • Pinpoint Test E: The Powertrain Control Module (Pcm) Does Not Respond To The Diagnostic Tool
            • Pinpoint Test F: The Dual Automatic Temperature Control (DATC) Module Does Not Respond To The Diagnostic Tool
            • Pinpoint Test G: The Audio Control Module (ACM) Does Not Respond To The Diagnostic Tool
            • Pinpoint Test H: The Remote Keyless Entry Module (RKE) Does Not Respond To The Diagnostic Tool
            • Pinpoint Test I: The Rear Electronic Module (Rem) Does Not Respond To The Diagnostic Tool
            • Pinpoint Test J: No ISO 9141 Network Communication
            • Pinpoint Test K: No SCP Network Communication
            • Pinpoint Test L: No Module / Network Communication -No Power To The Diagnostic Tool
    • Module Configuration
      • Diagnosis And Testing
        • Module Configuration
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Principles of Operation
            • Definition of Terms
            • Programmable Module Installation (PMI)
            • Calibration Update
            • Programmable Parameters
            • Vehicle Identification (VID) Block
            • As-Built Data Center
          • Inspection and Verification
            • Notes
            • Configurable Modules
            • Programmable Parameters Index
      • General Procedures
        • Programmable Module Installation
          • Using The New Generation STAR (NGS) Tester When The Original Body Chassis Electrical Module Is Not Available
            • Notes
            • Step A
            • Step B
          • Using The New Generation STAR (NGS) Tester When The Original Body Chassis Electrical Module Is Available
          • Using The Worldwide Diagnostic System (WDS) When The Original Body Chassis Electrical Module Is Not Available
          • Using The Worldwide Diagnostic System (WDS) When The Original Body Chassis Electrical Module Is Available
    • MULTIFUNCTION Electronic Module
      • Specifications
        • Torque Specifications
      • Description And Operation
        • Module Controlled Functions
      • Diagnosis And Testing
        • Diagnostic Trouble Code (DTC) Index
        • Front Electronic Module (FEM)
          • Notes
          • Principles of Operation
          • Inspection and Verification
          • Symptom Chart
          • Pinpoint Tests
            • Pinpoint Test A: No Communication With The Front Electronic Module (Fem)
        • Rear Electronic Module (REM)
          • Notes
          • Principles of Operation
          • Inspection and Verification
          • Symptom Chart
          • Pinpoint Tests
            • Pinpoint Test B: No Communication With The Rear Electronic Module (Rem)
        • Remote Keyless Entry (RKE) Module
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Principles of Operation
          • Inspection and Verification
          • Symptom Chart
          • Pinpoint Tests
            • Pinpoint Test C: No Communication With The Remote Keyless Entry (RKE) Module
      • Removal And Installation
        • Remote Keyless Entry (RKE) Module
          • Removal and Installation
        • Module - Rear Electronic (REM)
          • Removal and Installation
        • Module - Front Electronic (FEM)
          • Removal and Installation
  • Cruise Control Systems
    • Vehicle Speed Control
      • Specifications
        • Torque Specifications
      • Description And Operation
        • Speed Control
      • Diagnosis And Testing
        • Speed Control
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Principles of Operationf
          • Inspection and Verification
        • PCM Diagnostic Trouble Code (DTC) Index
          • Notes
          • Symptom Chart
          • Pinpoint Test
            • Pinpoint Test A: No Communication With The Powertrain Control Module
            • Pinpoint Test B: Unable To Enter Self-Test
            • Pinpoint Test C: DTC P1565 - Speed Control Command Switches High/Out Of Range
            • Pinpoint Test D: DTC P1566-Speed Control Command Switches Low/Out Of Range
            • Pinpoint Test E: DTC P1567-Actuator Driver Fault
            • Pinpoint Test F: DTC P1568-Actuator Self-Test Failure
            • Pinpoint Test G: DTC P1572, DTC P0703-Brake On/Off Failure
            • PINPOINT TEST H: THE SPEED CONTROL IS INOPERATIVE-NO DTCs
      • Removal And Installation
        • Speed Control Cable
          • Removal and Installation
        • Speed Control Actuator
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Speed Control Switch
          • Removal and Installation
        • Speed Control Deactivator Switch
          • Removal
          • Installation
  • Exterior Lights
    • Exterior Lighting - THUNDERBIRD
      • Specifications
        • Torque Specifications
      • Description & Operation
        • Exterior Lighting
      • Diagnosis & Testing
        • Headlamps
          • Notes
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Principles of Operation
          • Exterior Lighting
          • Headlamps
          • Low Beam Headlamps
          • High Beam Headlamps
          • Switched System Power (SSP)
          • Inspection & Verification
          • FEM Diagnostic Trouble Code (DTC) Index
          • REM Diagnostic Trouble Code (DTC) Index
          • Instrument Cluster Diagnostic Trouble Code (DTC) Index
          • SSP Relay Index
        • Symptom Chart
        • Pinpoint Tests
          • Notes
          • Pinpoint Test A: The Low Beams Are Inoperative - One Or Both Low Beam Headlamp(s) Are Inoperative
          • Pinpoint Test B: The High Beams Are Inoperative - One Or Both High Beam Headlamp(s) Are Inoperative
          • Pinpoint Test C: The Headlamps Are On Continuously - Both Low Beams
          • Pinpoint Test D: The Headlamps Are On Continuously - Single Low/High Beams
          • Pinpoint Test E: The Power Supply Relay Is Inoperative - All SSP Features
          • Pinpoint Test F: The Power Supply Relay Is Inoperative - SSP1
          • Pinpoint Test G: The Power Supply Relay Is Inoperative - SSP2
          • Pinpoint Test H: The Power Supply Relay Is Inoperative - SSP3
          • Pinpoint Test I: The Power Supply Relay Is Inoperative - SSP4
          • Pinpoint Test J: The Autolamps Are Inoperative
          • Pinpoint Test K: The Auto Lamps Are On Continuously
          • Pinpoint Test L: The Stoplamps Are Inoperative
          • Pinpoint Test M: One Or More Stoplamps Are Inoperative - RR Stoplamp
          • Pinpoint Test N: One Or More Stoplamps Are Inoperative - LR Stoplamp
          • Pinpoint Test O: One Or More Stoplamps Are Inoperative - High Mounted Stoplamp
          • Pinpoint Test P: The Exterior Lamp(s) Are Inoperative - LR Stop & Parking Lamps
          • Pinpoint Test Q: The Exterior Lamp(s) Are Inoperative - Rr Stop And Parking Lamps
          • Pinpoint Test R: The Stoplamps Are On Continuously - All Stoplamps
          • Pinpoint Test S: The Stoplamps Are On Continuously - RR Stoplamp Only
          • Pinpoint Test T: The Stoplamps Are On Continuously - LR Stoplamp Only
          • Pinpoint Test U: The Stoplamps Are On Continuously - High Mounted Stoplamp Only
          • Pinpoint Test V: One Turn Signal Lamp Is Never On - RR Turn Lamp
          • Pinpoint Test W: One Turn Signal Lamp Is Never On - LR Turn Lamp
          • Pinpoint Test X: One Turn Signal Lamp Is Always On - LR Turn Lamp
          • Pinpoint Test Y: One Turn Signal Lamp Is Always On - RR Turn Lamp
          • Pinpoint Test Z: One Turn Signal/Hazard Lamp Is Never/Always On - Front
          • Pinpoint Test AA: The Hazard Flasher Lamps Are Never/Always On
          • Pinpoint Test AB: The Parking, Rear Or License Lamps Are Inoperative - Front Parking & Side Marker Lamps
          • Pinpoint Test AC: One Or More Parking, Rear Or License Lamps Are Inoperative - Left Rear Parking Lamps
          • Pinpoint Test AD: One Or More Parking, Rear Or License Is Inoperative - Right Rear Parking Lamp
          • Pinpoint Test AE: One Or More Parking, Rear Or License Lamp Is Inoperative - License Lamps
          • Pinpoint Test AF: The Parking, Rear Or License Lamp Is On Continuously - Front Parking And Marker Lamps
          • Pinpoint Test AG: One Or More Parking, Rear, Or License Lamp Is On Continuously - License Lamp
          • Pinpoint Test AH: One Or More Parking, Rear, Or License Lamp Is On Continuously - LR Parking Lamps
          • Pinpoint Test AI: One Or More Parking, Rear, Or License Lamp Is On Continuously - RR Parking Lamps
          • Pinpoint Test AJ: The Exterior Lamps Are Inoperative - One Or Both Auxiliary Parking Lamps
          • Pinpoint Test AK: The Exterior Lamps Are Always On - The Auxiliary Parking Lamps
          • Pinpoint Test AL: The Reversing Lamps Are Inoperative
          • Pinpoint Test AM: The Individual Reversing Lamp Is Inoperative - LH Reversing Lamp
          • Pinpoint Test AN: The Individual Reversing Lamp Is Inoperative - RH Reversing Lamp
          • Pinpoint Test AO: The Reversing Lamps Are On Continuously
          • Pinpoint Test AP: The Trailer Lamps Are Inoperative - All
          • Pinpoint Test AQ: The Trailer Lamps Are Inoperative - Rear Lamps
          • Pinpoint Test AR: The Trailer Lamps Are Inoperative - Any Stop Or Turn Lamp
          • Pinpoint Test AS: The Trailer Lamps Are Always On - All
        • AUTOLAMPS
          • Notes
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Principles of Operation
            • Notes
            • Exterior Lighting
            • Autolamps
            • Switched System Power (SSP)
          • Inspection & Verification
          • Symptom Chart
        • STOPLAMPS
          • Notes
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Principles Of Operation
            • Notes
            • Exterior Lighting
            • Stoplamps
            • Switched System Power (SSP)
          • Inspection & Verification
        • Turn Signal & Hazard Lamps
          • Notes
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Principles Of Operation
            • Notes
            • Exterior Lighting
            • Turn Signal Lighting
            • Hazard Lighting
            • Switched System Power (SSP)
          • Inspection & Verification
          • Symptom Chart
        • Parking, Rear & License Lamps
          • Notes
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Principles of Operation
            • Notes
            • Exterior Lighting
            • Park & Side Marker Lighting
            • Switched System Power (SSP)
          • Inspection & Verification
          • Symptom Chart
        • Reversing Lamps
          • Notes
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Principles of Operation
            • Notes
            • Exterior Lighting
            • Reversing Lamps
            • Switched System Power (SSP)
          • Inspection & Verification
          • Symptom Chart
        • Trailer Lamps
          • Notes
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Principles of Operation
            • Notes
            • Exterior Lighting
            • Trailer Tow
            • Switched System Power (SSP)
          • Inspection and Verification
          • Symptom Chart
            • Exterior Lighting - THUNDERBIRD
      • General Procedures
        • Headlamp Adjustment
          • Headlamp Aiming
          • Photometric Aiming
          • Screen Method Aiming
          • Mechanical Aiming
      • Removal & Installation
        • Headlamp Bulb
          • Removal & Installation
        • Headlamp Assembly
          • Removal & Installation
        • Rear Lamp Assembly
          • Removal & Installation
        • High Mounted STOPLAMP
          • Removal & Installation
        • Headlamp Switch
          • Removal & Installation
        • Brake Pedal Position (BPP) Switch
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Photocell & Amplifier - Light Sensor
          • Removal & Installation
  • Gauges & Instrument Panels
    • Instrument Cluster
      • Specifications
        • Torque Specifications
      • Description And Operation
        • Instrument Cluster
          • Notes
          • Instrument Cluster
      • Diagnosis And Testing
        • Instrument Cluster
          • Notes
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Principles of Operation
          • Gauge Functionality
            • Temperature Gauge
            • Tachometer Gauge
            • Speedometer Gauge
            • Fuel Gauge
          • Warning Indicator Functionality
            • Low Oil Pressure Indication
            • Safety Belt Warning Indication
            • Door Ajar Warning Indication
            • Charging System Warning Indication
            • Brake Warning Indication
            • High Beam Indication
            • Low Washer Fluid Warning Indication
            • Air Bag Warning Indication
            • ABS Warning Indication
            • Traction Control Warning Indication
            • Lamp Outage Warning Indication
            • Malfunction Indicator Lamp (MIL)
            • Turn/Hazard Indication
            • Speed Control Indication
            • Low Fuel Warning Indication
            • Engine Over-Temperature Indicator
            • Check Fuel Cap
          • Digital Segment Displays
            • Trip A/B And Odometer Displays
            • PRNDL Display
            • Parameter Reset and Key Programming
          • Inspection and Verification
            • Notes
            • Instrument Cluster Diagnostic Trouble Code (DTC) Index
            • FEM Diagnostic Trouble Code (DTC) Index
            • PCM Diagnostic Trouble Code (DTC) Index
          • Symptom Chart
          • Pinpoint Tests
            • Pinpoint Test A: No Communication With The Instrument Cluster
            • Pinpoint Test B: Incorrect Fuel Gauge Indication
            • Pinpoint Test C: The Low Fuel Warning Indicator Is Never/ Always On
            • Pinpoint Test D: Incorrect Temperature Gauge Indication
            • Pinpoint Test E: The Speedometer Is INOPREATIVE
            • Pinpoint Test F: The Odometer Is Inoperative
            • Pinpoint Test G: The Tachometer Is Inoperative
            • Pinpoint Test H: The Safety Belt Warning Indicator Is Inoperative (Chime Is Operative)/Does Not Operate Correctly
            • Pinpoint Test I: The Door Ajar Indicator Is Inoperative (Chime Is Operative)/Does Not Operate Correctly
            • Pinpoint Test J: The Speed Control Indicator Is Never/Always On
            • Pinpoint Test K: The Brake Warning Indicator Is Never/Always On
            • Pinpoint Test L: The Charge System Warning Indicator Is Never/Always On
            • Pinpoint Test M: The Low Washer Fluid Warning Indicator Is Inoperative/Always On
            • Pinpoint Test N: The Abs Warning Indicator Is Inoperative/Always On
            • Pinpoint Test O: The Lamp Outage Indicator Is Inoperative / Always On
            • Pinpoint Test P: The Malfunction Indicator Lamp (Mil) Indicator Is Inoperative/Always On
            • Pinpoint Test Q: The Turn / Hazard Indicator Is Inoperative/Always On
            • Pinpoint Test R: The Low Oil Pressure Indicator Is Inoperative/Always On
            • Pinpoint Test S: The High Beam Indicator Is Inoperative/Always On
            • Pinpoint Test T: The PRNDL Display Indicator Is Inoperative/Always On
            • Pinpoint Test U: The Engine Over-Temperature Indicator Is Inoperative/Always On
            • Pinpoint Test V: The Air Bag Warning Indicator Is Inoperative/Always On
            • Pinpoint Test W: The Check Fuel Cap Indicator Is Inoperative/Always On
      • Removal And Installation
        • Instrument Cluster
          • Removal and Installation
        • Cluster Lens
          • Removal and Installation
    • Instrument Cluster And Panel Illumination
      • Description And Operation
        • Instrument Cluster and Panel Illumination
      • Diagnosis And Testing
        • Instrument Cluster and Panel Illumination
          • Notes
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Principles of Operation
            • Instrument Cluster and Panel Lighting - Dimmable
            • Fault Management
          • Inspection and Verification
            • Notes
            • Instrument Cluster Diagnostic Trouble Code (DTC) Index
          • Symptom Chart
          • Pinpoint Tests
            • Pinpoint Test A: The Control Illumination Is Inoperative - All Fixed Illumination Or DIMMABLE Illumination
            • Pinpoint Test B: The Control Illumination Is Always On - All Fixed Illumination Or DIMMABLE Illumination
            • Pinpoint Test C: The Instrument Cluster Illumination Is Inoperative
            • Pinpoint Test D: A Single Illumination Source Is Inoperative
            • Pinpoint Test E: The Instrument Panel Illumination Does Not Dim
      • Removal And Installation
        • Instrument Panel Dimmer Switch
          • Removal and Installation
    • Instrument Panel And Console
      • Specifications
        • Torque Specifications
      • Description And Operation
        • Instrument Panel
        • Console - Floor
      • Removal And Installation
        • Instrument Panel
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Instrument Cluster Finish Panel
          • Removal and Installation
        • Glove Compartment
          • Removal and Installation
        • Floor Console
          • Removal and Installation
        • Floor Console - Finish Panel Assembly
          • Removal and Installation
  • Headlights
    • Daytime Running Lamps
      • Description And Operation
        • Daytime Running Lamps (DRL)
      • Diagnosis And Testing
        • Daytime Running Lamps (DRL)
          • Notes
          • Principles of Operation
          • Inspection and Verification
  • Horns
    • Specifications
      • Torque Specifications
    • Description And Operation
      • Horn
    • Diagnosis And Testing
      • Horn
        • Notes
        • Special Tool(s)
        • Principles of Operation
        • Inspection and Verification
        • Symptom Chart
        • Pinpoint Tests
          • Pinpoint Test A: The Horn Does Not Sound
          • Pinpoint Test B: The Horn Sounds Continuously
    • Removal And Installation
      • Horn
        • Removal and Installation
      • Horn Switch
        • Removal and Installation
  • Interior/Exterior Trim
    • Exterior Trim And Ornamentation
      • Specifications
        • Torque Specifications
      • Description And Operation
        • Exterior Trim
      • Removal And Installation
        • Radiator Grille
          • Removal and Installation
        • License Plate Housing
          • Removal and Installation
        • Window Moulding
          • Removal and Installation
    • Interior Trim And Ornamentation
      • Specifications
        • Torque Specifications
      • Description And Operation
        • Interior Trim
      • Removal And Installation
        • Door Trim Panel
          • Removal and Installation
        • A-Pillar Trim Panel - lower
          • Removal and Installation
        • A-Pillar Trim Panel - upper
          • Removal and Installation
        • Rear Quarter Trim Panel
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Removal and Installation
          • Installation
        • Loadspace Trim Panel
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Removal and Installation
          • Installation
  • Interior/Illumination Lights
    • Interior Lighting
      • Description And Operation
        • Interior Lighting
      • Diagnosis And Testing
        • Interior Lighting
          • Notes
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Principles of Operation
            • Notes
            • FEM Operation
            • Interior Lighting
            • Switched System Power (SSP)
            • Inspection and Verification
            • FEM Diagnostic Trouble Code (DTC) Index
            • REM Diagnostic Trouble Code (DTC) Index
            • Instrument Cluster Diagnostic Code (DTC) Index
            • SSP Relay Index
          • Symptom Chart
          • Pinpoint Tests
            • Pinpoint Test A: The Interior Lamps Are Inoperative
            • Pinpoint Test B: An Individual Interior Lamp Is Inoperative
            • Pinpoint Test C: The Interior Lamps Stay On Continuously
            • Pinpoint Test D: The Left Map, Right Map Stays On Continuously
            • Pinpoint Test E: The Interior Lamps Do Not Turn On With One Door Open
            • Pinpoint Test F: Glove Compartment Or Map Lamp Is Inoperative
            • Pinpoint Test G: The Luggage Compartment Lamp Stays On Continuously
            • Pinpoint Test H: Luggage Compartment Lid Lamp Inoperative With Luggage Compartment Lid Open
            • Pinpoint Test I: The Demand Lighting Is Inoperative
  • Rear View Mirrors
    • Specifications
      • Torque Specifications
    • Description And Operation
      • Rear View Mirrors
    • Diagnosis And Testing
      • Rear View Mirrors
        • Notes
        • Special Tool(s)
        • Principles of Operation
        • Inspection and Verification
        • Symptom Chart
        • Pinpoint Tests
          • Pinpoint Test A: The Mirrors Are Inoperative
          • Pinpoint Test B: A Single Mirror Is Inoperative
          • Pinpoint Test C: A Single Mirror Does Not Function With Switch Logic
    • Removal And Installation
      • Exterior Mirror
        • Removal and Installation
      • Interior Mirror
        • Removal
        • Installation
      • Exterior Mirror Motor
        • Removal and Installation
      • Exterior Mirror Glass
        • Removal
        • Installation
      • Exterior Mirror Cover
        • Removal and Installation
      • Exterior Mirror Control Switch
        • Removal and Installation
  • Seats
    • Seating
      • Specifications
        • Torque Specifications
      • Description And Operation
        • Seats
          • Driver Seat
          • Passenger Seat
          • Seats - Power Adjustment
          • Front Seat Track Motor and Transmission Assembly
          • Driver Seat - Manual Lumbar Support
          • Side Air Bag
      • Diagnosis And Testing
        • Seats
          • Notes
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Restraint System Diagnostic Tool Warning
          • Inspection and Verification
          • Symptom Chart
          • Pinpoint Test A: The Power Seat Is Inoperative - Driver
            • Normal Operation
            • Possible Causes
            • Pinpoint Test A: The Power Seat Is Inoperative - Driver
          • Pinpoint Test B: The Power Seat Moves But Is Noisy
            • Normal Operation
            • Possible Causes
            • Pinpoint Test B: The Power Seat Moves But Is Noisy
          • Pinpoint Test C: The Power Seat Moves But Is Loose
            • Normal Operation
            • Possible Causes
            • Pinpoint Test C: The Power Seat Moves But Is Loose
          • Pinpoint Test D: The Power Seat Does Not Make Full Travel
            • Normal Operation
            • Possible Causes
            • Pinpoint Test D: The Power Seat Does Not Make Full Travel
          • Pinpoint Test E: The Power Seat Is Inoperative - Passenger
            • Normal Operation
            • Possible Causes
            • Pinpoint Test E: The Power Seat Is Inoperative-Passenger
          • Pinpoint Test F: The Power Seat Does Not Move Horizontally/Vertically - Driver
            • Normal Operation
            • Possible Causes
            • Pinpoint Test F: The Power Seat Does Not Move Horizontally/Vertically - Driver
          • Pinpoint Test G: The Power Seat Does Not Move Horizontally - Passenger
            • Normal Operation
            • Possible Causes
            • Pinpoint Test G: The Power Seat Does Not Move Horizontally - Passenger
          • Pinpoint Test H: The Heated Seat Is Inoperative - Driver
            • Normal Operation
            • Possible Causes
            • Pinpoint Test H: The Driver Heated Seat Is Inoperative
          • Pinpoint Test I: The Heated Seat Is Inoperative - Passenger
            • Normal Operation
            • Possible Causes
            • Pinpoint Test I: The Passenger Heated Seat Is Inoperative
          • Pinpoint Test J: The Driver Heated Seat Is Inoperative - Does Not Operate In High
            • Normal Operation
            • Possible Causes
            • Pinpoint Test J: The Driver Heated Seat Is Inoperative - Does Not Operate In High
          • Pinpoint Test K: The Driver Heated Seat Is Inoperative - Does Not Operate In Low
            • Normal Operation
            • Possible Causes
            • Pinpoint Test K: The Driver Heated Seat Is Inoperative - Does Not Operate In Low
          • Pinpoint Test L: The Passenger Heated Seat Is Inoperative - Does Not Operate In High
            • Normal Operation
            • Possible Causes
            • Pinpoint Test L: The Passenger Heated Seat Is Inoperative - Does Not Operate In High
          • Pinpoint Test M: The Passenger Heated Seat Is Inoperative - Does Not Operate In Low
            • Normal Operation
            • Possible Causes
            • Pinpoint Test M: The Passenger Heated Seat Is Inoperative - Does Not Operate In Low
      • Removal And Installation
        • Front Seat
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Seat Control Switch
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Lumbar Assembly
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Seat Recliner
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Front Seat Backrest
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Front Seat Cushion - Side Shield
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Front Seat Cushion
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Seat Track
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Front Seat Track Motor
          • Material
          • Removal
          • Installation
      • Disassembly And Assembly
        • Front Seat Cushion
          • Disassembly
          • Assembly
        • Front Seat Backrest
          • Disassembly
          • Assembly
  • Steering Column Switches
    • Horn
      • Specifications
        • Torque Specifications
      • Description And Operation
        • Horn
      • Diagnosis And Testing
        • Horn
          • Notes
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Principles of Operation
          • Inspection and Verification
          • Symptom Chart
          • Pinpoint Tests
            • Pinpoint Test A: The Horn Does Not Sound
            • Pinpoint Test B: The Horn Sounds Continuously
      • Removal And Installation
        • Horn
          • Removal and Installation
        • Horn Switch
          • Removal and Installation
    • Steering Column Switches
      • Description And Operation
        • Steering Column Switches
      • Diagnosis And Testing
        • Steering Column Switches
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Inspection and Verification
          • Symptom Chart
          • Pinpoint Tests
            • Pinpoint Test A: The Ignition Switch Is Inoperative
            • Pinpoint Test B: No Power In Acc
            • Pinpoint Test C: No Power In Start
            • Pinpoint Test D: The MULTIFUNCTION Switch/Hazard Switch Does Not Operate Correctly
      • Removal And Installation
        • Multifunction Switch
          • Removal and Installation
        • Ignition Switch
          • Removal and Installation
  • Warning Systems
    • Warning Devices
      • Description And Operation
        • Warning Devices
      • Diagnosis And Testing
        • Warning Devices
          • Notes
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Inspection and Verification
            • Notes
            • Instrument Cluster Diagnostic Trouble Code (DTC) Index
          • Symptom Chart
          • Pinpoint Tests
            • Pinpoint Test A: The Chime Sounds When The Driver Door Is Ajar (No Key In Ignition And Headlamps Off)
            • Pinpoint Test B: The Safety Belt Warning Chime Does Not Operate Correctly
            • Pinpoint Test C: The Key-In-Ignition Chime Does Not Operate Correctly
            • Pinpoint Test D: The Headlamp On Reminder Chime Does Not Operate Correctly
            • Pinpoint Test E: A Chime Does Not Operate Correctly - Air Bag Warning Chime
            • Pinpoint Test F: A Chime Does Not Operate Correctly - Fail Safe Cooling Chime Is Inoperative
            • Pinpoint Test G: A Chime Does Not Operate Correctly - Turn Signal Warning Tone
      • General Procedures
        • Belt Minder Deactivating/Activating
          • Preparation
          • Deactivating/Activating
  • Window Motors & Regulators
    • Glass, Frames And Mechanisms
      • Specifications
        • Window Regulator Electric Drive Current Draw
        • Lubricants
        • Torque Specifications
      • Description And Operation
        • Glass, Frames and Mechanisms
      • Diagnosis And Testing
        • Glass, Frames and Mechanisms
          • Notes
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Principles of Operation
            • Front Electronics Module (FEM) and Rear Electronics Module (REM)
            • Driver Window
            • Passenger Window
            • Short Drop Driver and Passenger Windows
            • One-Touch Down
            • Heated Backlight
            • Delayed Accessory
            • Diagnosis
          • Inspection and Verification
            • Notes
            • FEM Diagnostic Trouble Code (DTC) Index
            • REM Diagnostic Trouble Code (DTC) Index
          • Symptom Chart
          • Pinpoint Tests
            • Pinpoint Test A: All Power Windows Are Inoperative - From The Master Window Control
            • Pinpoint Test B: A Single Power Window Is Inoperative - Driver Window From The Master Window Control Switch
            • Pinpoint Test C: A Single Power Window Is Inoperative - Passenger From Master And Passenger Window Control Switches
            • Pinpoint Test D: A Single Power Window Is Inoperative - Passenger Front From The Master Window Control Switch Only
            • Pinpoint Test E: A Single Power Window Is Inoperative - Passenger From The Passenger Window Control Switch Only
            • Pinpoint Test F: The One-Touch Down Feature Is Inoperative
            • Pinpoint Test G: The Defrost System Is Inoperative - Rear Window Defrost
            • Pinpoint Test H: The Defrost System Will Not Shut Off Automatically - Rear Window Defrost
            • Pinpoint Test I: The Short Drop Windows Does Not Operate Correctly
            • Pinpoint Test J: The Short Drop Windows Does Not Operate Correctly
          • Component Test
            • Grid Wire Test
      • General Procedures
        • Door Window Motor Initialization
        • Window Grid Wire Repair
        • Lead Terminal Repair
        • Door Window Glass Adjustment
        • Windshield Reseal
          • Material
      • Removal And Installation
        • Window Control Switch
          • Removal and Installation
        • Door Window Glass
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Rear Window Glass
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Door Window Regulator and Motor
          • Removal and Installation
        • Windshield Glass
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Removal
          • Installation
  • Wiper/Washer Systems
    • Wipers And Washers
      • Specifications
        • General Specifications
        • Torque Specifications
      • Description And Operation
        • Wipers And Washers
      • Diagnosis And Testing
        • Wipers And Washers
          • Notes
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Principles of Operation
            • Wipers and Washers
            • Low Washer Fluid Level Lamp/Indicator
          • Inspection and Verification
            • Notes
            • FEM Diagnostic Trouble Code (DTC) Index
          • Symptom Chart
          • Pinpoint Tests
            • Pinpoint Test A: The Wipers Are Inoperative
            • Pinpoint Test B: The Wipers Stay On Continuously
            • Pinpoint Test C: The High/Low Wiper Speeds Do Not Operate Correctly
            • Pinpoint Test D: The Wash And Wipe Function Does Not Operate Correctly
            • Pinpoint Test E: The Washer Pump Is Inoperative/On Continuously
            • Pinpoint Test F: The Speed Dependent Interval Mode Does Not Operate Correctly
          • Component Test
            • Windshield Wiper Motor
      • General Procedures
        • Wiper Blade and Pivot Arm Adjustment
      • Removal And Installation
        • Pivot Arm
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Mounting Arm and Pivot Shaft
          • Removal and Installation
        • Windshield Wiper Motor
          • Removal and Installation
        • Washer Pump and Reservoir
          • Removal and Installation
• Body & Frame
  • Door Locks
    • Anti-Theft - Pats
      • Specifications
        • Torque Specifications
      • Description And Operation
        • Anti-Theft - Passive Anti-Theft System (PATS)
      • Diagnosis And Testing
        • Anti-Theft - Passive Anti-Theft System (PATS)
          • Notes
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Principles of Operation
          • Inspection and Verification
          • Instrument Cluster Diagnostic Trouble Code (DTC) Index
          • Symptom Chart
          • Pinpoint Test
            • Pinpoint Test A: The Anti Theft Indicator Is Always/Never On - No Three Second Theft Indicator Prove Out
            • Pinpoint Test B: Anti-Theft Number Of Programmed Keys Is Below Minimum
            • Pinpoint Test C: Data Mismatch (Receive Data Does Not Match What Was Expected)
            • Pinpoint Test D: NVM Configuration Failure
            • Pinpoint Test E: Pats Ignition Key Transponder Signal Is Not Received Or Transponder Programming Failed (Damaged Key Or Non-Pats Key)
            • Pinpoint Test F: The Anti-Theft System Does Not Operate Correctly - Pats Received Incorrect Key-Code From Ignition Key Transponder (Unprogrammed Encoded Ignition Key)
            • Pinpoint Test G: The Anti-Theft System Does Not Operate Correctly - Pats Received Invalid Format Of Key-Code From Ignition Key Transponder (Partial Key Read)
            • Pinpoint Test H: The Anti-Theft System Does Not Operate Correctly - Pats Transceiver Signal Is Not Received (Not Connected, Damaged, Or Wiring)
            • Pinpoint Test I: The Anti-Theft System Does Not Operate Correctly - Antenna Not Connected Or Defective Transceiver
            • Pinpoint Test J: The Vehicle Does Not Start - Theft Indicator Does Not Prove Out And Flashes Rapidly
      • General Procedures
        • Anti-Theft Security Access
        • Key Programming Using Two Programmed Keys
        • Key Programming Using Diagnostic Equipment
        • Key Programming Switch State Control
        • Spare Key Programming
      • Removal And Installation
        • Module - Passive Anti-Theft Transceiver
          • Removal and Installation
    • Anti-Theft - Perimeter
      • Specifications
        • Torque Specifications
      • Description And Operation
        • Anti-Theft - Perimeter
      • Diagnosis And Testing
        • Anti-Theft - Perimeter
          • Notes
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Principles of Operation
            • Anti-Theft Perimeter Protection Feature
          • Inspection and Verification
            • Notes
            • FEM Diagnostic Trouble Code (DTC) Index
            • REM Diagnostic Trouble Code (DTC) Index
            • RKE Diagnostic Trouble Code (DTC) Index
          • Symptom Chart
          • Pinpoint Tests
            • Notes
            • Pinpoint Test A: The Alarm System Does Not Operate Correctly
            • Pinpoint Test B: The Alarm System Does Not Disarm - Using The Driver Reset Switch
            • Pinpoint Test C: The Alarm System Does Not Arm/Disarm - Using The Remote Transmitter
            • Pinpoint Test D: The Alarm System Does Not Operate Correctly - Alarm Does Not Activate
    • Handles, Locks, Latches And Entry Systems
      • Specifications
        • General Specifications
        • Torque Specifications
      • Description And Operation
        • Handles, Locks, Latches And Mechanisms
          • Notes
          • Lock Cylinder Repair
      • Diagnosis And Testing
        • Locks, Latches and Entry Systems
          • Notes
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Principles of Operation
            • Rear Electronics Module (REM)
            • Locking and Unlocking
            • Smart Locking
            • Auto Locking
            • Luggage Compartment Lid
            • Remote Keyless Entry
          • Inspection and Verification
            • Notes
            • Front Electronic Module (FEM) Diagnostic Trouble Code (DTC) Index
            • Rear Electronic Module (REM) Diagnostic Trouble Code (DTC) Index
            • Switched System Power (SSP) Relay Index
          • Symptom Chart
          • Pinpoint Tests
            • Pinpoint Test A: All Door Locks Are Inoperative From One Switch - Driver Door Switch
            • Pinpoint Test B: All Door Locks Are Inoperative From One Switch - Passenger Door Switch
            • Pinpoint Test C: The Luggage Compartment Lid Is Inoperative - From Remote Switch
            • Pinpoint Test D: The Luggage Compartment Lid Is Inoperative - From Remote Switch And Remote Transmitter
            • Pinpoint Test E: The Luggage Compartment Lid Is Inoperative - From Remote Transmitter
            • Pinpoint Test F: A Single Door Lock Is Inoperative - Driver Door
            • Pinpoint Test G: A Single Door Lock Is Inoperative - Passenger Door
            • Pinpoint Test H: The Doors Do Not Lock And Unlock Using The Remote Transmitter
            • Pinpoint Test I: The Auto-Lock Does Not Operate Correctly
            • Pinpoint Test J: The Smart Lock Does Not Operate Correctly
            • Pinpoint Test K: Panic Feature Is Inoperative
      • General Procedures
        • Remote Transmitter Programming
      • Removal And Installation
        • Luggage Compartment Lid Latch - Release Cable
        • Hood Latch
          • Removal and Installation
          • Installation
        • Front Door Latch
          • Removal and Installation
        • Luggage Compartment Lid Latch
        • Luggage Compartment Lid Latch - Remote Switch
        • Hood Latch Release Handle
        • Exterior Door Handle
        • Interior Door Handle
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Removal and Installation
        • Door Lock Cylinder
          • Removal and Installation
        • Door Lock Control Switch
        • Luggage Compartment Lid Lock Cylinder
          • Removal and Installation
        • Door Ajar Switch
          • Removal and Installation
        • Removable Top Retaining Latch
          • Removal
          • Installation
    • Passive Anti-Theft System Job Aid
      • Passive Anti-Theft System (Pats) Specifications
        • Ford System (Pats) Specifications
        • LINCOLN System (Pats) Specifications
        • Mercury System (Pats) Specifications
      • Pats Key Types
      • Diagnostic Trouble Codes
      • Non-Pats Issues
      • Things To Do:
      • Things Not To Do:
      • Programming Procedures
        • Notes
        • Key Programming Using Diagnostic Tools
          • Procedure #1
          • Procedure #2
          • Procedure #3
        • Spare Key Programming Using Diagnostic Tools
          • Procedure #4
        • Spare Key Programming Using Programmed Keys
          • Procedure #5
          • Procedure #6
        • Replacing Pats Control Module Or Pcm
          • Procedure #7
          • Procedure #8
  • Exterior Body Panels
    • Body Closures
      • Specifications
        • General Specifications
        • Torque Specifications
      • Description And Operation
        • Body Closures
      • General Procedures
        • Hinge Adjustment
      • Removal And Installation
        • Door Check Arm
          • Removal and Installation
    • Front End Body Panels
      • Specifications
        • General Specifications
        • Torque Specifications
      • Description And Operation
        • Front End Body Panels
      • General Procedures
        • Hood Alignment
      • Removal And Installation
        • Air Deflector
          • Removal and Installation
        • Cowl Vent Screen
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Fender
          • Removal and Installation
        • Radiator Grille Opening Panel
          • Removal and Installation
  • Exterior/Interior Trim
    • Exterior Trim And Ornamentation
      • Specifications
        • Torque Specifications
      • Description And Operation
        • Exterior Trim
      • Removal And Installation
        • Radiator Grille
          • Removal and Installation
        • License Plate Housing
          • Removal and Installation
        • Window Moulding
          • Removal and Installation
    • Interior Trim And Ornamentation
      • Specifications
        • Torque Specifications
      • Description And Operation
        • Interior Trim
      • Removal And Installation
        • Door Trim Panel
          • Removal and Installation
        • A-Pillar Trim Panel - lower
          • Removal and Installation
        • A-Pillar Trim Panel - upper
          • Removal and Installation
        • Rear Quarter Trim Panel
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Removal and Installation
          • Installation
        • Loadspace Trim Panel
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Removal and Installation
          • Installation
  • Rear View Mirrors
    • Specifications
      • Torque Specifications
    • Description And Operation
      • Rear View Mirrors
    • Diagnosis And Testing
      • Rear View Mirrors
        • Notes
        • Special Tool(s)
        • Principles of Operation
        • Inspection and Verification
        • Symptom Chart
        • Pinpoint Tests
          • Pinpoint Test A: The Mirrors Are Inoperative
          • Pinpoint Test B: A Single Mirror Is Inoperative
          • Pinpoint Test C: A Single Mirror Does Not Function With Switch Logic
    • Removal And Installation
      • Exterior Mirror
        • Removal and Installation
      • Interior Mirror
        • Removal
        • Installation
      • Exterior Mirror Motor
        • Removal and Installation
      • Exterior Mirror Glass
        • Removal
        • Installation
      • Exterior Mirror Cover
        • Removal and Installation
      • Exterior Mirror Control Switch
        • Removal and Installation
  • Seats
    • Seating
      • Specifications
        • Torque Specifications
      • Description And Operation
        • Seats
          • Driver Seat
          • Passenger Seat
          • Seats - Power Adjustment
          • Front Seat Track Motor and Transmission Assembly
          • Driver Seat - Manual Lumbar Support
          • Side Air Bag
      • Diagnosis And Testing
        • Seats
          • Notes
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Restraint System Diagnostic Tool Warning
          • Inspection and Verification
          • Symptom Chart
          • Pinpoint Test A: The Power Seat Is Inoperative - Driver
            • Normal Operation
            • Possible Causes
            • Pinpoint Test A: The Power Seat Is Inoperative - Driver
          • Pinpoint Test B: The Power Seat Moves But Is Noisy
            • Normal Operation
            • Possible Causes
            • Pinpoint Test B: The Power Seat Moves But Is Noisy
          • Pinpoint Test C: The Power Seat Moves But Is Loose
            • Normal Operation
            • Possible Causes
            • Pinpoint Test C: The Power Seat Moves But Is Loose
          • Pinpoint Test D: The Power Seat Does Not Make Full Travel
            • Normal Operation
            • Possible Causes
            • Pinpoint Test D: The Power Seat Does Not Make Full Travel
          • Pinpoint Test E: The Power Seat Is Inoperative - Passenger
            • Normal Operation
            • Possible Causes
            • Pinpoint Test E: The Power Seat Is Inoperative-Passenger
          • Pinpoint Test F: The Power Seat Does Not Move Horizontally/Vertically - Driver
            • Normal Operation
            • Possible Causes
            • Pinpoint Test F: The Power Seat Does Not Move Horizontally/Vertically - Driver
          • Pinpoint Test G: The Power Seat Does Not Move Horizontally - Passenger
            • Normal Operation
            • Possible Causes
            • Pinpoint Test G: The Power Seat Does Not Move Horizontally - Passenger
          • Pinpoint Test H: The Heated Seat Is Inoperative - Driver
            • Normal Operation
            • Possible Causes
            • Pinpoint Test H: The Driver Heated Seat Is Inoperative
          • Pinpoint Test I: The Heated Seat Is Inoperative - Passenger
            • Normal Operation
            • Possible Causes
            • Pinpoint Test I: The Passenger Heated Seat Is Inoperative
          • Pinpoint Test J: The Driver Heated Seat Is Inoperative - Does Not Operate In High
            • Normal Operation
            • Possible Causes
            • Pinpoint Test J: The Driver Heated Seat Is Inoperative - Does Not Operate In High
          • Pinpoint Test K: The Driver Heated Seat Is Inoperative - Does Not Operate In Low
            • Normal Operation
            • Possible Causes
            • Pinpoint Test K: The Driver Heated Seat Is Inoperative - Does Not Operate In Low
          • Pinpoint Test L: The Passenger Heated Seat Is Inoperative - Does Not Operate In High
            • Normal Operation
            • Possible Causes
            • Pinpoint Test L: The Passenger Heated Seat Is Inoperative - Does Not Operate In High
          • Pinpoint Test M: The Passenger Heated Seat Is Inoperative - Does Not Operate In Low
            • Normal Operation
            • Possible Causes
            • Pinpoint Test M: The Passenger Heated Seat Is Inoperative - Does Not Operate In Low
      • Removal And Installation
        • Front Seat
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Seat Control Switch
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Lumbar Assembly
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Seat Recliner
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Front Seat Backrest
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Front Seat Cushion - Side Shield
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Front Seat Cushion
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Seat Track
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Front Seat Track Motor
          • Material
          • Removal
          • Installation
      • Disassembly And Assembly
        • Front Seat Cushion
          • Disassembly
          • Assembly
        • Front Seat Backrest
          • Disassembly
          • Assembly
  • Sun Roof/T-Top/Convertible Top
    • Specifications
      • General Specifications
      • Torque Specifications
    • Description And Operation
      • Convertible Top
        • Notes
        • Removable Top
        • Stay Pad
        • Hydraulic System
    • Diagnosis And Testing
      • Convertible Top
        • Notes
        • Special Tool(s)
        • Principles of Operation
        • Inspection and Verification
          • Notes
          • Front Electronics Module (FEM) Diagnostic Trouble Code (DTC) Index
          • Rear Electronics Module (REM) Diagnostic Trouble Code (DTC) Index
          • Symptom Chart
          • Pinpoint Test A: The Convertible Top Does Not Raise/Lower
          • Pinpoint Test B: The Convertible Top Hesitates/Comes Up Uneven
          • Pinpoint Test C: The Convertible Top Does Not Raise Or Does Not Go Up All The Way
          • Pinpoint Test D: The Convertible Top Hydraulic System
    • General Procedures
      • System Bleeding
      • Linkage Adjustment
        • Material
        • The Convertible Top Dowel Pins Fall Forward Of The Receiver Cups (Overshoot)
        • The Convertible Top Dowel Pins Fall Rearward Of The Receiver Cups (Undershoot)
        • Difficult To Engage Convertible Top J-Hooks Into The Receivers (Pull-Down Effort)
        • Convertible Top Does Not "Lock-Up" When Raised
        • Convertible Top No. 1 Bow Is Not Flush To The Header Chrome Molding
    • Removal And Installation
      • Convertible Top Assembly
        • Removal and Installation
      • Convertible Top Assembly - Rear Window Glass
        • Removal
        • Installation
      • Convertible Top Material
        • Removal
        • Installation
      • Stay Pad
        • Removal
        • Installation
      • Convertible Top Switch
        • Removal and Installation
      • Hydraulic System, Lift Cylinder and Motor
        • Removal
        • Installation
  • Windows
    • Glass, Frames And Mechanisms
      • Specifications
        • Window Regulator Electric Drive Current Draw
        • Lubricants
        • Torque Specifications
      • Description And Operation
        • Glass, Frames and Mechanisms
      • Diagnosis And Testing
        • Glass, Frames and Mechanisms
          • Notes
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Principles of Operation
            • Front Electronics Module (FEM) and Rear Electronics Module (REM)
            • Driver Window
            • Passenger Window
            • Short Drop Driver and Passenger Windows
            • One-Touch Down
            • Heated Backlight
            • Delayed Accessory
            • Diagnosis
          • Inspection and Verification
            • Notes
            • FEM Diagnostic Trouble Code (DTC) Index
            • REM Diagnostic Trouble Code (DTC) Index
          • Symptom Chart
          • Pinpoint Tests
            • Pinpoint Test A: All Power Windows Are Inoperative - From The Master Window Control
            • Pinpoint Test B: A Single Power Window Is Inoperative - Driver Window From The Master Window Control Switch
            • Pinpoint Test C: A Single Power Window Is Inoperative - Passenger From Master And Passenger Window Control Switches
            • Pinpoint Test D: A Single Power Window Is Inoperative - Passenger Front From The Master Window Control Switch Only
            • Pinpoint Test E: A Single Power Window Is Inoperative - Passenger From The Passenger Window Control Switch Only
            • Pinpoint Test F: The One-Touch Down Feature Is Inoperative
            • Pinpoint Test G: The Defrost System Is Inoperative - Rear Window Defrost
            • Pinpoint Test H: The Defrost System Will Not Shut Off Automatically - Rear Window Defrost
            • Pinpoint Test I: The Short Drop Windows Does Not Operate Correctly
            • Pinpoint Test J: The Short Drop Windows Does Not Operate Correctly
          • Component Test
            • Grid Wire Test
      • General Procedures
        • Door Window Motor Initialization
        • Window Grid Wire Repair
        • Lead Terminal Repair
        • Door Window Glass Adjustment
        • Windshield Reseal
          • Material
      • Removal And Installation
        • Window Control Switch
          • Removal and Installation
        • Door Window Glass
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Rear Window Glass
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Door Window Regulator and Motor
          • Removal and Installation
        • Windshield Glass
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Removal
          • Installation
• Brakes
  • Anti-Lock Brakes
    • Anti-Lock Control
      • Specifications
        • Torque Specifications
      • Description And Operation
        • Anti-Lock Control
      • Diagnosis And Testing
        • Anti-Lock Control
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Principles of Operation
          • Inspection and Verification
            • Notes
            • Anti-Lock Brake System (ABS) Module Diagnostic Trouble Code (DTC) Index
          • Symptom Chart
          • Pinpoint Tests
            • Pinpoint Test A: No Communication With The Anti-Lock Brake System (Abs) Module
            • Pinpoint Test B: DTC B1485, Brake Pedal Input Circuit Battery Short
            • Pinpoint Test C: DTC B1676, Battery Pack Voltage Out Of Range
            • Pinpoint Test D: DTC C1095, Hydraulic Pump Motor Circuit Failure
            • Pinpoint Test E: DTC C 1145 (RF), DTC C1155 (LF), DTC C1165 (RR), DTC C1175 (LR), Anti-Lock Brake Sensor Circuit Failure
            • Pinpoint Test F: DTC C1233 (LF), DTC C1234 (RF), DTC C1235 (RR), DTC C1236 (LR) - Anti-Lock Brake Sensor Input Signal Missing
      • Removal And Installation
        • Hydraulic Control Unit (HCU)
          • Removal and Installation
        • Anti-Lock Brake System (ABS) Module
          • Removal and Installation
        • Front Wheel Speed Sensor
          • Material
          • Removal and Installation
        • Rear Wheel Speed Sensor
          • Removal and Installation
    • Anti-Lock Control-Traction Control
      • Specifications
        • Torque Specifications
      • Description And Operation
        • Anti-Lock Control - Traction Control
      • Diagnosis And Testing
        • Anti-Lock Control - Traction Control
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Principles of Operation
          • Inspection and Verification
            • Notes
            • Anti-Lock Brake System (ABS) Module Diagnostic Trouble Code (DTC) Index
          • Symptom Chart
          • Pinpoint Tests
            • Pinpoint Test A: No Communication With The Anti-Lock Brake System (Abs) Module
            • Pinpoint Test B: DTC B1485, Brake Pedal Input Circuit Battery Short
            • Pinpoint Test C: DTC B1676, Battery Pack Voltage Out Of Range
            • Pinpoint Test D: DTC C1095, Hydraulic Pump Motor Circuit Failure
            • Pinpoint Test E: DTC C 1145 (RF), DTC C1155 (LF), DTC C1165 (RR), DTC C1175 (LR), Anti-Lock Brake Sensor Circuit Failure
            • Pinpoint Test F: DTC C1233 (LF), DTC C1234 (RF), DTC C1235 (RR), DTC C1236 (LR) - Anti-Lock Brake Sensor Input Signal Missing
            • Pinpoint Test G: The Traction Control Is Inoperative
            • Pinpoint Test H: The Traction Control Cannot Be Disabled
            • Pinpoint Test I: The Traction Control Switch Indicator Is Never/Always On
      • Removal And Installation
        • Hydraulic Control Unit (HCU)
          • Removal and Installation
        • Anti-Lock Brake System (ABS) Module
          • Removal and Installation
        • Front Wheel Speed Sensor
          • Material
          • Removal and Installation
        • Rear Wheel Speed Sensor
          • Removal and Installation
        • Traction Control Actuator
          • Removal and Installation
  • Mechanical - Hydraulic
    • Brake System-General Information
      • Specifications
        • General Specifications
        • Torque Specifications
      • Description & Operation
        • Brake System
          • Brake System, Hydraulic
          • Master Cylinder, Dual
          • Booster, Power Brake
          • Brakes, Front Disc
          • Brakes, Rear Disc
          • Brake System, Parking
          • Brake Fluid
          • Brake Tubing
          • Brake Hose
      • Diagnosis & Testing
        • Brake System
          • Notes
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Material
          • Inspection & Verification
          • Road Test
          • Brake Pads
          • Brake Discs
          • Brake Caliper
          • Brake Caliper Guide Pins
          • Brake Lines & Tubes
          • Non-Pressure Leaks
          • Brake Master Cylinder - Normal Conditions
          • Brake Master Cylinder - Abnormal Conditions
          • Brake Booster
          • Parking Brake
          • Visual Inspection Chart
          • Symptom Chart
        • Pinpoint Tests
          • Pinpoint Test A: The Red Brake Warning Indicator Is Always On - Parking Brake/Low Brake Fluid Level Sensor
          • Pinpoint Test B: Vibration When The Brakes Are Applied
        • Component Tests
          • Brake Booster
          • Check Valve
          • Brake Master Cylinder - Bypass Condition Test
          • Compensator Port Check
      • General Procedures
        • Brake Disc Machining
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Material
        • Brake System Bleeding
          • Manual
          • Pressure
        • Brake System Leak Check
    • Disc Brakes
      • Description & Operation
        • Notes
        • Brake Booster
          • Notes
          • Hose & Check Valve
        • Brake Warning System
        • Master Cylinder
          • Notes
          • Brake Master Cylinder Reservoir
        • Parking Brake
      • Bleeding Brake System
        • Notes
        • Manual Bleeding
        • BRAKELINE Bleeding Sequence
        • Pressure Bleeding
      • Adjustments
        • Brake Pedal Free Play & Height
      • Testing
        • COMPENSATOR Port Check
        • Master Cylinder
        • Parking Brake
        • Power Brake Booster
        • Power Brake Booster Check Valve
      • Removal & Installation
        • Notes
        • Front Caliper
          • Removal & Installation
        • Front Caliper Pads
          • Removal & Installation
        • Front Rotor
          • Removal & Installation
        • Master Cylinder
          • Removal & Installation
        • Parking Brake
          • Removal & Installation - Control Assembly
          • Removal & Installation - Front Cable
          • Removal & Installation - Rear Cable
        • Power Brake Booster
          • Removal & Installation
        • Rear Caliper
          • Removal & Installation
        • Rear Caliper Pads
          • Removal & Installation
        • Rear Rotor
          • Removal & Installation
      • Overhaul
        • Front Brake Caliper
          • Disassembly
          • Inspection
          • Reassembly
        • Master Cylinder
        • Power Brake Booster
        • Rear Brake Caliper
          • Disassembly
          • Inspection
          • Reassembly
      • Disc Brake Specifications
      • Torque Specifications
  • Traction Control
    • Anti-Lock Control
      • Specifications
        • Torque Specifications
      • Description And Operation
        • Anti-Lock Control
      • Diagnosis And Testing
        • Anti-Lock Control
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Principles of Operation
          • Inspection and Verification
            • Notes
            • Anti-Lock Brake System (ABS) Module Diagnostic Trouble Code (DTC) Index
          • Symptom Chart
          • Pinpoint Tests
            • Pinpoint Test A: No Communication With The Anti-Lock Brake System (Abs) Module
            • Pinpoint Test B: DTC B1485, Brake Pedal Input Circuit Battery Short
            • Pinpoint Test C: DTC B1676, Battery Pack Voltage Out Of Range
            • Pinpoint Test D: DTC C1095, Hydraulic Pump Motor Circuit Failure
            • Pinpoint Test E: DTC C 1145 (RF), DTC C1155 (LF), DTC C1165 (RR), DTC C1175 (LR), Anti-Lock Brake Sensor Circuit Failure
            • Pinpoint Test F: DTC C1233 (LF), DTC C1234 (RF), DTC C1235 (RR), DTC C1236 (LR) - Anti-Lock Brake Sensor Input Signal Missing
      • Removal And Installation
        • Hydraulic Control Unit (HCU)
          • Removal and Installation
        • Anti-Lock Brake System (ABS) Module
          • Removal and Installation
        • Front Wheel Speed Sensor
          • Material
          • Removal and Installation
        • Rear Wheel Speed Sensor
          • Removal and Installation
    • Anti-Lock Control-Traction Control
      • Specifications
        • Torque Specifications
      • Description And Operation
        • Anti-Lock Control - Traction Control
      • Diagnosis And Testing
        • Anti-Lock Control - Traction Control
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Principles of Operation
          • Inspection and Verification
            • Notes
            • Anti-Lock Brake System (ABS) Module Diagnostic Trouble Code (DTC) Index
          • Symptom Chart
          • Pinpoint Tests
            • Pinpoint Test A: No Communication With The Anti-Lock Brake System (Abs) Module
            • Pinpoint Test B: DTC B1485, Brake Pedal Input Circuit Battery Short
            • Pinpoint Test C: DTC B1676, Battery Pack Voltage Out Of Range
            • Pinpoint Test D: DTC C1095, Hydraulic Pump Motor Circuit Failure
            • Pinpoint Test E: DTC C 1145 (RF), DTC C1155 (LF), DTC C1165 (RR), DTC C1175 (LR), Anti-Lock Brake Sensor Circuit Failure
            • Pinpoint Test F: DTC C1233 (LF), DTC C1234 (RF), DTC C1235 (RR), DTC C1236 (LR) - Anti-Lock Brake Sensor Input Signal Missing
            • Pinpoint Test G: The Traction Control Is Inoperative
            • Pinpoint Test H: The Traction Control Cannot Be Disabled
            • Pinpoint Test I: The Traction Control Switch Indicator Is Never/Always On
      • Removal And Installation
        • Hydraulic Control Unit (HCU)
          • Removal and Installation
        • Anti-Lock Brake System (ABS) Module
          • Removal and Installation
        • Front Wheel Speed Sensor
          • Material
          • Removal and Installation
        • Rear Wheel Speed Sensor
          • Removal and Installation
        • Traction Control Actuator
          • Removal and Installation
• Drivelines & Axles
  • Axle Shafts
    • Driveline System-General Information
      • Specifications
        • General Specifications
        • Driveshaft Angle Specifications
      • Description & Operation
        • Driveline System
          • Driveline Component Locations
      • Diagnosis & Testing
        • Driveline System
      • General Procedures
        • Driveline Angle Inspection
          • Special Tool(s)
    • Rear Drive HALFSHAFTS
      • Specifications
        • Torque Specifications
      • Description & Operation
        • Rear Drive HALFSHAFTS
          • Notes
          • Halfshaft Handling
          • Wheel & Tire Balancing, Rear
          • Hoisting
          • Undercoating & Rustproofing
      • Diagnosis & Testing
        • Rear Drive HALFSHAFTS
      • Removal & Installation
        • HALFSHAFT
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Removal
          • Installation
      • Disassembly & Assembly
        • HALFSHAFT Joint
          • Disassembly
  • Differentials & Drive Axles
    • Driveline System-General Information
      • Specifications
        • General Specifications
        • Driveshaft Angle Specifications
      • Description & Operation
        • Driveline System
          • Driveline Component Locations
      • Diagnosis & Testing
        • Driveline System
      • General Procedures
        • Driveline Angle Inspection
          • Special Tool(s)
    • Rear Drive Axle/Differential
      • Specifications
        • General Specifications
        • Lubricant
          • Capacities
        • Torque Specifications
      • Description & Operation
        • Rear Drive Axle & Differential
          • Notes
          • Rear Axle - 8.0-Inch Ring Gear
      • Diagnosis & Testing
        • Rear Drive Axle & Differential
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Inspection & Verification
        • Diagnostic Routines
          • Diagnostic Routine - Fluid Loss
          • Diagnostic Routine - Noise Louder On Turns (Sweeping)
          • Diagnostic Routine - Noise (Growl) In Tight Turn, Conventional Differential
          • Diagnostic Routine - Noise (Chatter/Shudder) In Tight Turns, Limited Slip Differential
          • Diagnostic Routine - Noise (Whine) In All Or More Than One Drive Modes
          • Diagnostic Routine - Noise (Tick/Click) In All Or More Than One Drive Modes
          • Diagnostic Routine - Noise (Howl/Moan) In All Or More Than One Drive Modes
          • Diagnostic Routine - Noise (Clunk) On Changes In Speed Or Direction Of Power
          • Diagnostic Routine - Vibration
        • Checking Differential Ring Gear Backlash
        • Checking Tooth Contact Pattern & Condition Of The Ring And Pinion
          • Notes
          • Good Contact Pattern
          • Low Contact Pattern That Is Contacting More Toward The Heel
          • High, Thin Contact Pattern In The Center Of the Tooth
          • Thick Contact Pattern That Is Contacting Tooth Toward The Heel
          • Thick Contact Pattern That Is Contacting Tooth Toward The Toe
      • In-Vehicle Repair
        • Stub Shaft Pilot Bearing & Seal
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Material
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Drive Pinion Flange & Drive Pinion Seal
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Removal
          • Installation
      • Removal & Installation
        • Axle Assembly
          • Removal and Installation
        • Axle Housing Bushing
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Differential Ring And Pinion - Nodular Iron
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Material
          • Removal
          • Installation
            • All Vehicles
        • Differential Bearings - Nodular Iron
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Material
          • Removal
          • Installation
      • Disassembly & Assembly
        • Axle - Nodular Iron
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Disassembly
          • Assembly
  • Driveshaft & Universal Joints
    • Drive Shafts
      • Identification
      • Description
      • Trouble Shooting
        • Notes
        • Driveline Angle
        • Driveline Vibration
      • Inspection
        • Flex Coupling
        • Drive Shaft Center "U" Joint
        • Drive Shaft Center Bearing
        • Drive Shaft Angles
        • Drive Shaft RUNOUT & Balancing
      • Removal & Installation
        • Drive Shaft
          • Notes
          • Removal
          • Installation
      • Overhaul
        • Drive Shaft Center Bearing
          • Disassembly
          • Assembly
        • Drive Shaft Alignment Bushing
          • Disassembly
          • Assembly
      • Torque Specifications
    • Driveline System-General Information
      • Specifications
        • General Specifications
        • Driveshaft Angle Specifications
      • Description & Operation
        • Driveline System
          • Driveline Component Locations
      • Diagnosis & Testing
        • Driveline System
      • General Procedures
        • Driveline Angle Inspection
          • Special Tool(s)
• Electrical
  • Body Electrical
    • OEM Connector End Views
      • A/C clutch field coil connector end view (C100)
      • Crankshaft position sensor connector end view (C101)
      • Generator connector end view (C102a)
      • Generator connector end view (C102b)
      • Oil pressure switch connector end view (C103)
      • Hydraulic fan solenoid connector end view (C105)
      • Fuel rail pressure transducer sensor connector end view (C106)
      • Cylinder... head temperature sensor connector end view (C107)
      • Knock sensor 2 connector end view (C108)
      • Knock sensor 1 connector end view (C109)
      • Inline Connector end view (C110)
      • Coil On Plug (COP) 1 connector end view (C111)
      • Coil On Plug (COP) 2 connector end view (C112)
      • Coil On Plug (COP) 3 connector end view (C113)
      • Coil On Plug (COP) 4 connector end view (C114)
      • Coil On Plug (COP) 5 connector end view (C115)
      • Coil On Plug (COP) 6 connector end view (C116)
      • Coil On Plug (COP) 7 connector end view (C117)
      • Coil On Plug (COP) 8 connector end view (C118)
      • Inlet air control valve solenoid connector end view (C119)
      • Power steering valve solenoid connector end view (C120)
      • Speed control servo connector end view (C122)
      • EVAP canister purge valve connector end view (C123)
      • Brake fluid level switch connector end view (C124)
      • Windshield wiper motor connector end view (C125)
      • ABS test connector end view (C126)
      • Anti... theft hood switch connector end view (C127)
      • Mass Air Flow (MAF) sensor connector end view (C128)
      • Intake Air Temperature (IAT) sensor connector end view (C129)
      • A/C clutch cycling pressure switch connector end view (C130)
      • Horn connector end view (C131)
      • Inline Connector end view (C133)
      • Inline Connector end view (C134)
      • ABS control module connector end view (C135)
      • Auxiliary Junction Box (AJB), underhood connector end view (C136a)
      • Auxiliary Junction Box (AJB), underhood connector end view (C136b)
      • Windshield washer pump motor connector end view (C137)
      • Washer fluid level switch connector end view (C138)
      • Inline Connector end view (C139)
      • Inline Connector end view (C140)
      • Heated Oxygen Sensor (HO2S) #22 connector end view (C141)
      • Heated Oxygen Sensor (HO2S) #12 connector end view (C142)
      • Turbine shaft speed sensor connector end view (C143)
      • Wheel speed sensor, left front connector end view (C150)
      • Side lamp, left front connector end view (C151)
      • Wheel speed sensor, right front connector end view (C160)
      • Side lamp, right front connector end view (C161)
      • Auxiliary coolant pump motor connector end view (C163)
      • Intermediate Shaft Speed (ISS) sensor connector end view (C164)
      • Digital Transmission Range (DTR) sensor connector end view (C167)
      • Automatic transmission connector end view (C168)
      • Heated Oxygen Sensor (HO2S) #11 connector end view (C171)
      • Heated Oxygen Sensor (HO2S) #21 connector end view (C172)
      • Ignition transformer capacitor connector end view (C174)
      • Powertrain Control Module (PCM) connector end view (C175a)
      • Powertrain Control Module (PCM) connector end view (C175b)
      • Powertrain Control Module (PCM) connector end view (C175c)
      • Exhaust Pressure Transducer (EPT) connector end view (C178)
      • Electr. Vacuum Regulator (EVR) solenoid valve connector end view (C179)
      • Camshaft position sensor connector end view (C180)
      • Injector 1 connector end view (C181)
      • Injector 2 connector end view (C182)
      • Injector 3 connector end view (C183)
      • Injector 4 connector end view (C184)
      • Injector 5 connector end view (C185)
      • Injector 6 connector end view (C186)
      • Injector 7 connector end view (C187)
      • Injector 8 connector end view (C188)
      • Output Shaft Speed (OSS) sensor connector end view (C193)
      • Ignition transformer capacitor 2 connector end view (C194)
      • Stud dash panel connector end view (C195a)
      • Stud dash panel connector end view (C195b)
      • Starter motor connector end view (C197a)
      • Starter motor connector end view (C197b)
      • Starter motor connector end view (C197c)
      • Outside temperature sensor connector end view (C198)
      • Front Electronic Module (FEM) connector end view (C201a)
      • Front Electronic Module (FEM) connector end view (C201b)
      • Front Electronic Module (FEM) connector end view (C201c)
      • Front Electronic Module (FEM) connector end view (C201d)
      • Front Electronic Module (FEM) connector end view (C201e)
      • Front Electronic Module (FEM) connector end view (C201g)
      • Multifunction switch connector end view (C202)
      • Speed control switch connector end view (C203)
      • Exterior rear view mirror switch connector end view (C204)
      • Main light switch connector end view (C205)
      • Instrument panel dimming module connector end view (C206)
      • Luggage compartment lid release switch connector end view (C207)
      • Auxiliary audio controls, steering wheel connector end view (C208)
      • Footwell lamp, left front connector end view (C209)
      • Inline Connector end view (C210)
      • Inline Connector end view (C211)
      • Inline Connector end view (C212)
      • Inline Connector end view (C213)
      • Inline Connector end view (C214)
      • Inline Connector end view (C215)
      • Driver air bag unit connector end view (C216)
      • Horn switch connector end view (C217)
      • Steering wheel assembly connector end view (C218a)
      • Steering wheel assembly connector end view (C218b)
      • Steering wheel assembly connector end view (C218c)
      • Inline Connector end view (C219)
      • Instrument cluster connector end view (C220a)
      • Instrument cluster connector end view (C220b)
      • Instrument cluster connector end view (C220c)
      • Steering column position sensor connector end view (C222)
      • Center image amplifier connector end view (C225)
      • Steering column position motor connector end view (C227)
      • Electronic Automatic Temperature Control (EATC) module connector end view (C228a)
      • Electronic Automatic Temperature Control (EATC) module connector end view (C228b)
      • Center image speaker, left connector end view (C230)
      • Center image speaker, right connector end view (C231)
      • Defrost mode actuator connector end view (C232)
      • In... vehicle temperature sensor connector end view (C233)
      • Floor mode actuator connector end view (C234)
      • Discharge temperature sensor, left connector end view (C235)
      • Panel mode actuator connector end view (C236)
      • Inline Connector end view (C237)
      • Inline Connector end view (C238)
      • Audio unit connector end view (C240a)
      • Audio unit connector end view (C240b)
      • Audio unit Audio unit connector end view (C240c)
      • Inline Connector end view (C248)
      • Ignition switch connector end view (C250)
      • Data Link Connector (DLC) connector end view (C251)
      • Passive anti... theft transceiver module connector end view (C252)
      • Glove box lamp connector end view (C254)
      • Discharge temperature sensor, right connector end view (C255)
      • Passenger air bag module connector end view (C256)
      • Inline Connector end view (C260)
      • Inline Connector end view (C264)
      • Stud, junction box connector end view (C265a)
      • Stud, junction box connector end view (C265b)
      • Footwell lamp, right front connector end view (C266)
      • Inline Connector end view (C268)
      • Central Junction Box (CJB) connector end view (C270a)
      • Central Junction Box (CJB) connector end view (C270b)
      • Central Junction Box (CJB) connector end view (C270c)
      • Central Junction Box (CJB) connector end view (C270d)
      • Central Junction Box (CJB) connector end view (C270e)
      • Inline Connector end view (C275)
      • Brake pressure switch connector end view (C277)
      • Brake pedal position switch connector end view (C278)
      • Traction control switch connector end view (C280)
      • Inertial Fuel Shutoff (IFS) switch (9341) connector end view (C282)
      • Auxiliary Junction Box (AJB) Interior connector end view (C283a)
      • Auxiliary Junction Box (AJB), Interior connector end view (C283b)
      • Auxiliary Junction Box (AJB), Interior connector end view (C283c)
      • Auxiliary Junction Box (AJB), interior connector end view (C283d)
      • Sunload sensor connector end view (C286)
      • Autolamp sensor connector end view (C287)
      • Heater blower motor connector end view (C288)
      • Fresh/recirculation door actuator connector end view (C289)
      • Cool air bypass actuator connector end view (C295)
      • Evaporator discharge air temperature sensor connector end view (C296)
      • Heater blower control module connector end view (C297)
      • Inline Connector end view (C300)
      • Passenger safety belt retractor pretensioner connector end view (C303)
      • Side air bag sensor, right connector end view (C304)
      • Side air bag sensor, left connector end view (C305)
      • Parking brake switch connector end view (C306)
      • Transmission shift selector connector end view (C307)
      • Restraints Control module (RCM) connector end view (C310a)
      • Restraints Control Module (RCM) connector end view (C310b)
      • Inline Connector end view (C311)
      • Inline Connector end view (C312)
      • Inline Connector end view (C313)
      • Inline Connector end view (C314)
      • Inline Connector end view (C315)
      • Safety belt buckle switch connector end view (C323)
      • Antenna connector end view (C326)
      • Seat adjust switch, passenger side front connector end view (C330)
      • Inline Connector end view (C337)
      • Power seat motor assembly, left connector end view (C357)
      • Seat adjust switch, driver side front connector end view (C360)
      • Side air bag module, left connector end view (C367)
      • Electronic Hidden Antenna Module (EHAM) connector end view (C387)
      • Speaker, left rear connector end view (C395)
      • Speaker, right rear connector end view (C396)
      • Auxiliary Junction Box (AJB), trailer tow connector end view (C400)
      • Rear window defrost grid connector end view (C402a)
      • Rear window defrost grid connector end view (C402b)
      • Inline Connector end view (C405)
      • Inline Connector end view (C406)
      • Battery Junction Box (BJB) connector end view (C407)
      • Inline Connector end view (C408)
      • Inline Connector end view (C410)
      • Inline Connector end view (C411)
      • Lamp assembly, left rear connector end view (C414)
      • Lamp assembly, right rear connector end view (C417)
      • Front Electronic Module (FEM) connector end view (C420a)
      • Rear Electronic Module (REM) connector end view (C420b)
      • Rear Electronic Module (REM) connector end view (C420c)
      • Rear Electronic Module (REM) connector end view (C420d)
      • Rear Electronic Module (REM) connector end view (C420e)
      • Rear Electronic Module (REM) connector end view (C420f)
      • Rear window defrost grid connector end view (C421)
      • Trailer exterior lamp relay connector end view (C424)
      • Trailer tow control unit connector end view (C425)
      • Wheel speed sensor, right rear connector end view (C426)
      • Luggage compartment lamp connector end view (C428)
      • Luggage compartment lid ajar switch connector end view (C429)
      • Luggage compartment lid release solenoid connector end view (C430)
      • Fuel pump delivery module connector end view (C433)
      • Fuel sender connector end view (C434)
      • Fuel tank pressure transducer sensor connector end view (C435)
      • Inline Connector end view (C439)
      • Wheel speed sensor, left rear connector end view (C440)
      • SSP 1 relay connector end view (C441)
      • SSP 2 relay connector end view (C442)
      • Rear window defrost relay connector end view (C443)
      • SSP 3 relay connector end view (C444)
      • SSP 4 relay connector end view (C445)
      • Fuel pump relay connector end view (C446)
      • Fuel pump motor diode connector end view (C449)
      • Evaporative omission (EVAP) canister vent value connector end view (C450)
      • Reversing lamp, left connector end view (C451)
      • Reversing lamp right connector end view (C461)
      • Subwoofer amplifier connector end view (C466a)
      • High mounted stoplamp connector end view (C475)
      • Side lamp, left rear connector end view (C481)
      • Side lamp, right rear connector end view (C482)
      • License lamps connector end view (C490)
      • Master window adjust switch connector end view (C504)
      • Door lock switch, driver side connector end view (C505)
      • Inline Connector end view (C510)
      • Perimeter anti... theft reset switch connector end view (C515)
      • Exterior rear view mirror, left connector end view (C522)
      • Speaker, left front connector end view (C523)
      • Power window motor, driver side front connector end view (C524)
      • Door lock actuator, left front connector end view (C525)
      • Door ajar switch, driver side front connector end view (C526a)
      • Exterior rear view mirror, right connector end view (C601)
      • Door ajar switch, passenger side front connector end view (C602)
      • Door lock unit, passenger side front connector end view (C603)
      • Window adjust switch, passenger side connector end view (C604)
      • Door lock switch, passenger side connector end view (C605)
      • Power window motor, passenger side front connector end view (C608)
      • Inline Connector end view (C610)
      • Speaker, right front connector end view (C612)
      • Interior/map lamps assembly, front connector end view (C929)
      • Wiper high/low relay connector end view (C1001)
      • Wiper run/park relay connector end view (C1002)
      • COPS & Heated Oxygen Sensor (HO2S) relay connector end view (C1003)
      • Auxiliary coolant pump relay connector end view (C1005)
      • Horn relay connector end view (C1006)
      • A/C clutch relay connector end view (C1008)
      • Windshield wiper relay connector end view (C1009)
      • Blower motor relay connector end view (C1011)
      • Heater wiper park relay connector end view (C1014)
      • PCM power relay connector end view (C1016)
      • Starter relay connector end view (C1017)
      • PCM power diode connector end view (C1018)
      • Inline Connector end view (C1019)
      • Headlamp, left connector end view (C1021)
      • Park/turn lamp, left front connector end view (C1023)
      • Coolant control valve solenoid connector end view (C1034)
      • Headlamp, right connector end view (C1041)
      • Park/turn lamp, right front connector end view (C1043)
      • Power steering pressure switch connector end view (C1121)
      • Driving lamp, left connector end view (C1166)
      • Driving lamp, right connector end view (C1167)
      • Inline Connector end view (C1168)
      • Throttle Position Sensor (TPS) connector end view (C1189)
      • Brake shift interlock connector end view (C2008)
      • Cigar lighter, front connector end view (C2031)
      • Power point connector end view (C2033)
      • Passenger Air bag Deactivation (PAD) switch connector end view (C2099)
      • Convertible top switch connector end view (C2138)
      • Heated wiper park connector end view (C2152a)
      • Heated wiper park connector end view (C2152b)
      • Radio capacitor connector end view (C2243)
      • Driver safety belt retractor pretensioner connector end view (C3014)
      • Power seat motor assembly, right connector end view (C3015)
      • Convertible top motor connector end view (C4062)
      • Convertible top raise relay connector end view (C4063)
      • Convertible top lower relay connector end view (C4064)
      • Circuit breaker connector end view (C4065)
      • Mega fuse connector end view (C4066a)
      • Mega fuse connector end view (C4066c)
      • Heated backlight relay connector end view (C4067)
      • Subwoofer, left connector end view (C4068)
      • Subwoofer, right connector end view (C4069)
      • Battery connector end view (C4070a)
      • Battery connector end view (C4070b)
      • Remote keyless entry module connector end view (C4071)
  • Charging Systems
    • Charging System (Battery, Mounting & Cables)
      • Specifications
        • General Specifications
        • Torque Specifications
      • Description & Operation
        • Battery & Cables
      • Diagnosis & Testing
        • Battery
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Inspection & Verification
        • Pinpoint Tests
          • Pinpoint Test A: Battery Condition Test
      • General Procedures
        • Battery Disconnect
      • Removal & Installation
        • Battery
          • Removal & Installation
        • Battery Tray
          • Removal & Installation
        • Battery Cables
          • Removal & Installation
          • All cables
    • Generators & Regulators
      • Description
      • Adjustments
        • Belt Tension
      • Trouble Shooting
      • On-Vehicle Testing
        • Battery Drain Test
        • Battery Drains That Shut Off When Battery Cable Is Disconnected Test
        • Generator Load Test
        • Generator No-Load Test
      • Self-Diagnostic System
      • System Tests
        • Notes
        • Test A: Battery Is Discharged Or Voltage Is Low
        • Test B: Warning Indicator On With Engine Running, System Not Charging
        • Test C: System Overcharges
        • Test D: Warning Indicator On With Engine Running, System Is Charging
        • Test E: Warning Indicator Off With Ignition On
        • Test F: Warning Indicator Flickers, Or Is Intermittent
        • Test G: Generator Noisy
        • Test H: Radio Interference
      • Removal & Installation
        • Notes
        • Generator
          • Removal
          • Installation
      • Generator Specifications
      • Torque Specifications
      • Wiring Diagrams
  • Component Locations
    • Diagnostic Connector (DLC) Locations
      • Domestic Cars
        • CHRYSLER Group LLC
        • Ford Motor Co.
        • General Motors
      • Domestic Light Trucks & Vans
        • CHRYSLER Group LLC
        • Ford Motor Co.
        • General Motors
      • Imported Cars & Trucks
        • ACURA
        • AUDI
        • BENTLEY
        • BMW
        • DAIHATSU
        • CHRYSLER Group LLC
        • FERRARI
        • Ford Motor Co.
        • General Motors
        • HONDA
        • HYUNDAI
        • INFINITI
        • ISUZU
        • Jaguar
        • KIA
        • Land Rover
        • LEXUS
        • MAZDA
        • MERCEDES-BENZ
        • MITSUBISHI
        • NISSAN
        • PEUGEOT
        • PORSCHE
        • RENAULT
        • Rolls-ROYCE
        • SAAB
        • SUBARU
        • SUZUKI
        • TOYOTA
        • VOLKSWAGEN
        • VOLVO
    • Electrical Component Locator
      • Buzzers, Relays & Timers
      • Circuit Protection Devices
      • Control Units
      • Motors
      • Sending Units & Sensors
      • Solenoids & Solenoid Valves
      • Switches
      • Miscellaneous
      • Connectors
      • Grounds
      • Splices
      • Component Location Graphics
  • Fuses & Circuit Breakers
    • Identification
      • Notes
      • Auxiliary Junction Box, Interior
      • Auxiliary Junction Box, UNDERHOOD
      • Auxiliary Relay Box 1
      • Battery Junction Box
      • Central Junction Box
      • Circuit Breaker
      • Mega Fuse
  • Gauges
    • Instrument Cluster
      • Specifications
        • Torque Specifications
      • Description And Operation
        • Instrument Cluster
          • Notes
          • Instrument Cluster
      • Diagnosis And Testing
        • Instrument Cluster
          • Notes
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Principles of Operation
          • Gauge Functionality
            • Temperature Gauge
            • Tachometer Gauge
            • Speedometer Gauge
            • Fuel Gauge
          • Warning Indicator Functionality
            • Low Oil Pressure Indication
            • Safety Belt Warning Indication
            • Door Ajar Warning Indication
            • Charging System Warning Indication
            • Brake Warning Indication
            • High Beam Indication
            • Low Washer Fluid Warning Indication
            • Air Bag Warning Indication
            • ABS Warning Indication
            • Traction Control Warning Indication
            • Lamp Outage Warning Indication
            • Malfunction Indicator Lamp (MIL)
            • Turn/Hazard Indication
            • Speed Control Indication
            • Low Fuel Warning Indication
            • Engine Over-Temperature Indicator
            • Check Fuel Cap
          • Digital Segment Displays
            • Trip A/B And Odometer Displays
            • PRNDL Display
            • Parameter Reset and Key Programming
          • Inspection and Verification
            • Notes
            • Instrument Cluster Diagnostic Trouble Code (DTC) Index
            • FEM Diagnostic Trouble Code (DTC) Index
            • PCM Diagnostic Trouble Code (DTC) Index
          • Symptom Chart
          • Pinpoint Tests
            • Pinpoint Test A: No Communication With The Instrument Cluster
            • Pinpoint Test B: Incorrect Fuel Gauge Indication
            • Pinpoint Test C: The Low Fuel Warning Indicator Is Never/ Always On
            • Pinpoint Test D: Incorrect Temperature Gauge Indication
            • Pinpoint Test E: The Speedometer Is INOPREATIVE
            • Pinpoint Test F: The Odometer Is Inoperative
            • Pinpoint Test G: The Tachometer Is Inoperative
            • Pinpoint Test H: The Safety Belt Warning Indicator Is Inoperative (Chime Is Operative)/Does Not Operate Correctly
            • Pinpoint Test I: The Door Ajar Indicator Is Inoperative (Chime Is Operative)/Does Not Operate Correctly
            • Pinpoint Test J: The Speed Control Indicator Is Never/Always On
            • Pinpoint Test K: The Brake Warning Indicator Is Never/Always On
            • Pinpoint Test L: The Charge System Warning Indicator Is Never/Always On
            • Pinpoint Test M: The Low Washer Fluid Warning Indicator Is Inoperative/Always On
            • Pinpoint Test N: The Abs Warning Indicator Is Inoperative/Always On
            • Pinpoint Test O: The Lamp Outage Indicator Is Inoperative / Always On
            • Pinpoint Test P: The Malfunction Indicator Lamp (Mil) Indicator Is Inoperative/Always On
            • Pinpoint Test Q: The Turn / Hazard Indicator Is Inoperative/Always On
            • Pinpoint Test R: The Low Oil Pressure Indicator Is Inoperative/Always On
            • Pinpoint Test S: The High Beam Indicator Is Inoperative/Always On
            • Pinpoint Test T: The PRNDL Display Indicator Is Inoperative/Always On
            • Pinpoint Test U: The Engine Over-Temperature Indicator Is Inoperative/Always On
            • Pinpoint Test V: The Air Bag Warning Indicator Is Inoperative/Always On
            • Pinpoint Test W: The Check Fuel Cap Indicator Is Inoperative/Always On
      • Removal And Installation
        • Instrument Cluster
          • Removal and Installation
        • Cluster Lens
          • Removal and Installation
    • Instrument Cluster And Panel Illumination
      • Description And Operation
        • Instrument Cluster and Panel Illumination
      • Diagnosis And Testing
        • Instrument Cluster and Panel Illumination
          • Notes
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Principles of Operation
            • Instrument Cluster and Panel Lighting - Dimmable
            • Fault Management
          • Inspection and Verification
            • Notes
            • Instrument Cluster Diagnostic Trouble Code (DTC) Index
          • Symptom Chart
          • Pinpoint Tests
            • Pinpoint Test A: The Control Illumination Is Inoperative - All Fixed Illumination Or DIMMABLE Illumination
            • Pinpoint Test B: The Control Illumination Is Always On - All Fixed Illumination Or DIMMABLE Illumination
            • Pinpoint Test C: The Instrument Cluster Illumination Is Inoperative
            • Pinpoint Test D: A Single Illumination Source Is Inoperative
            • Pinpoint Test E: The Instrument Panel Illumination Does Not Dim
      • Removal And Installation
        • Instrument Panel Dimmer Switch
          • Removal and Installation
    • Instrument Panel And Console
      • Specifications
        • Torque Specifications
      • Description And Operation
        • Instrument Panel
        • Console - Floor
      • Removal And Installation
        • Instrument Panel
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Instrument Cluster Finish Panel
          • Removal and Installation
        • Glove Compartment
          • Removal and Installation
        • Floor Console
          • Removal and Installation
        • Floor Console - Finish Panel Assembly
          • Removal and Installation
  • Horns
    • Specifications
      • Torque Specifications
    • Description And Operation
      • Horn
    • Diagnosis And Testing
      • Horn
        • Notes
        • Special Tool(s)
        • Principles of Operation
        • Inspection and Verification
        • Symptom Chart
        • Pinpoint Tests
          • Pinpoint Test A: The Horn Does Not Sound
          • Pinpoint Test B: The Horn Sounds Continuously
    • Removal And Installation
      • Horn
        • Removal and Installation
      • Horn Switch
        • Removal and Installation
  • Motors, Switches, Relays
    • OEM Connector End Views
      • A/C clutch field coil connector end view (C100)
      • Crankshaft position sensor connector end view (C101)
      • Generator connector end view (C102a)
      • Generator connector end view (C102b)
      • Oil pressure switch connector end view (C103)
      • Hydraulic fan solenoid connector end view (C105)
      • Fuel rail pressure transducer sensor connector end view (C106)
      • Cylinder... head temperature sensor connector end view (C107)
      • Knock sensor 2 connector end view (C108)
      • Knock sensor 1 connector end view (C109)
      • Inline Connector end view (C110)
      • Coil On Plug (COP) 1 connector end view (C111)
      • Coil On Plug (COP) 2 connector end view (C112)
      • Coil On Plug (COP) 3 connector end view (C113)
      • Coil On Plug (COP) 4 connector end view (C114)
      • Coil On Plug (COP) 5 connector end view (C115)
      • Coil On Plug (COP) 6 connector end view (C116)
      • Coil On Plug (COP) 7 connector end view (C117)
      • Coil On Plug (COP) 8 connector end view (C118)
      • Inlet air control valve solenoid connector end view (C119)
      • Power steering valve solenoid connector end view (C120)
      • Speed control servo connector end view (C122)
      • EVAP canister purge valve connector end view (C123)
      • Brake fluid level switch connector end view (C124)
      • Windshield wiper motor connector end view (C125)
      • ABS test connector end view (C126)
      • Anti... theft hood switch connector end view (C127)
      • Mass Air Flow (MAF) sensor connector end view (C128)
      • Intake Air Temperature (IAT) sensor connector end view (C129)
      • A/C clutch cycling pressure switch connector end view (C130)
      • Horn connector end view (C131)
      • Inline Connector end view (C133)
      • Inline Connector end view (C134)
      • ABS control module connector end view (C135)
      • Auxiliary Junction Box (AJB), underhood connector end view (C136a)
      • Auxiliary Junction Box (AJB), underhood connector end view (C136b)
      • Windshield washer pump motor connector end view (C137)
      • Washer fluid level switch connector end view (C138)
      • Inline Connector end view (C139)
      • Inline Connector end view (C140)
      • Heated Oxygen Sensor (HO2S) #22 connector end view (C141)
      • Heated Oxygen Sensor (HO2S) #12 connector end view (C142)
      • Turbine shaft speed sensor connector end view (C143)
      • Wheel speed sensor, left front connector end view (C150)
      • Side lamp, left front connector end view (C151)
      • Wheel speed sensor, right front connector end view (C160)
      • Side lamp, right front connector end view (C161)
      • Auxiliary coolant pump motor connector end view (C163)
      • Intermediate Shaft Speed (ISS) sensor connector end view (C164)
      • Digital Transmission Range (DTR) sensor connector end view (C167)
      • Automatic transmission connector end view (C168)
      • Heated Oxygen Sensor (HO2S) #11 connector end view (C171)
      • Heated Oxygen Sensor (HO2S) #21 connector end view (C172)
      • Ignition transformer capacitor connector end view (C174)
      • Powertrain Control Module (PCM) connector end view (C175a)
      • Powertrain Control Module (PCM) connector end view (C175b)
      • Powertrain Control Module (PCM) connector end view (C175c)
      • Exhaust Pressure Transducer (EPT) connector end view (C178)
      • Electr. Vacuum Regulator (EVR) solenoid valve connector end view (C179)
      • Camshaft position sensor connector end view (C180)
      • Injector 1 connector end view (C181)
      • Injector 2 connector end view (C182)
      • Injector 3 connector end view (C183)
      • Injector 4 connector end view (C184)
      • Injector 5 connector end view (C185)
      • Injector 6 connector end view (C186)
      • Injector 7 connector end view (C187)
      • Injector 8 connector end view (C188)
      • Output Shaft Speed (OSS) sensor connector end view (C193)
      • Ignition transformer capacitor 2 connector end view (C194)
      • Stud dash panel connector end view (C195a)
      • Stud dash panel connector end view (C195b)
      • Starter motor connector end view (C197a)
      • Starter motor connector end view (C197b)
      • Starter motor connector end view (C197c)
      • Outside temperature sensor connector end view (C198)
      • Front Electronic Module (FEM) connector end view (C201a)
      • Front Electronic Module (FEM) connector end view (C201b)
      • Front Electronic Module (FEM) connector end view (C201c)
      • Front Electronic Module (FEM) connector end view (C201d)
      • Front Electronic Module (FEM) connector end view (C201e)
      • Front Electronic Module (FEM) connector end view (C201g)
      • Multifunction switch connector end view (C202)
      • Speed control switch connector end view (C203)
      • Exterior rear view mirror switch connector end view (C204)
      • Main light switch connector end view (C205)
      • Instrument panel dimming module connector end view (C206)
      • Luggage compartment lid release switch connector end view (C207)
      • Auxiliary audio controls, steering wheel connector end view (C208)
      • Footwell lamp, left front connector end view (C209)
      • Inline Connector end view (C210)
      • Inline Connector end view (C211)
      • Inline Connector end view (C212)
      • Inline Connector end view (C213)
      • Inline Connector end view (C214)
      • Inline Connector end view (C215)
      • Driver air bag unit connector end view (C216)
      • Horn switch connector end view (C217)
      • Steering wheel assembly connector end view (C218a)
      • Steering wheel assembly connector end view (C218b)
      • Steering wheel assembly connector end view (C218c)
      • Inline Connector end view (C219)
      • Instrument cluster connector end view (C220a)
      • Instrument cluster connector end view (C220b)
      • Instrument cluster connector end view (C220c)
      • Steering column position sensor connector end view (C222)
      • Center image amplifier connector end view (C225)
      • Steering column position motor connector end view (C227)
      • Electronic Automatic Temperature Control (EATC) module connector end view (C228a)
      • Electronic Automatic Temperature Control (EATC) module connector end view (C228b)
      • Center image speaker, left connector end view (C230)
      • Center image speaker, right connector end view (C231)
      • Defrost mode actuator connector end view (C232)
      • In... vehicle temperature sensor connector end view (C233)
      • Floor mode actuator connector end view (C234)
      • Discharge temperature sensor, left connector end view (C235)
      • Panel mode actuator connector end view (C236)
      • Inline Connector end view (C237)
      • Inline Connector end view (C238)
      • Audio unit connector end view (C240a)
      • Audio unit connector end view (C240b)
      • Audio unit Audio unit connector end view (C240c)
      • Inline Connector end view (C248)
      • Ignition switch connector end view (C250)
      • Data Link Connector (DLC) connector end view (C251)
      • Passive anti... theft transceiver module connector end view (C252)
      • Glove box lamp connector end view (C254)
      • Discharge temperature sensor, right connector end view (C255)
      • Passenger air bag module connector end view (C256)
      • Inline Connector end view (C260)
      • Inline Connector end view (C264)
      • Stud, junction box connector end view (C265a)
      • Stud, junction box connector end view (C265b)
      • Footwell lamp, right front connector end view (C266)
      • Inline Connector end view (C268)
      • Central Junction Box (CJB) connector end view (C270a)
      • Central Junction Box (CJB) connector end view (C270b)
      • Central Junction Box (CJB) connector end view (C270c)
      • Central Junction Box (CJB) connector end view (C270d)
      • Central Junction Box (CJB) connector end view (C270e)
      • Inline Connector end view (C275)
      • Brake pressure switch connector end view (C277)
      • Brake pedal position switch connector end view (C278)
      • Traction control switch connector end view (C280)
      • Inertial Fuel Shutoff (IFS) switch (9341) connector end view (C282)
      • Auxiliary Junction Box (AJB) Interior connector end view (C283a)
      • Auxiliary Junction Box (AJB), Interior connector end view (C283b)
      • Auxiliary Junction Box (AJB), Interior connector end view (C283c)
      • Auxiliary Junction Box (AJB), interior connector end view (C283d)
      • Sunload sensor connector end view (C286)
      • Autolamp sensor connector end view (C287)
      • Heater blower motor connector end view (C288)
      • Fresh/recirculation door actuator connector end view (C289)
      • Cool air bypass actuator connector end view (C295)
      • Evaporator discharge air temperature sensor connector end view (C296)
      • Heater blower control module connector end view (C297)
      • Inline Connector end view (C300)
      • Passenger safety belt retractor pretensioner connector end view (C303)
      • Side air bag sensor, right connector end view (C304)
      • Side air bag sensor, left connector end view (C305)
      • Parking brake switch connector end view (C306)
      • Transmission shift selector connector end view (C307)
      • Restraints Control module (RCM) connector end view (C310a)
      • Restraints Control Module (RCM) connector end view (C310b)
      • Inline Connector end view (C311)
      • Inline Connector end view (C312)
      • Inline Connector end view (C313)
      • Inline Connector end view (C314)
      • Inline Connector end view (C315)
      • Safety belt buckle switch connector end view (C323)
      • Antenna connector end view (C326)
      • Seat adjust switch, passenger side front connector end view (C330)
      • Inline Connector end view (C337)
      • Power seat motor assembly, left connector end view (C357)
      • Seat adjust switch, driver side front connector end view (C360)
      • Side air bag module, left connector end view (C367)
      • Electronic Hidden Antenna Module (EHAM) connector end view (C387)
      • Speaker, left rear connector end view (C395)
      • Speaker, right rear connector end view (C396)
      • Auxiliary Junction Box (AJB), trailer tow connector end view (C400)
      • Rear window defrost grid connector end view (C402a)
      • Rear window defrost grid connector end view (C402b)
      • Inline Connector end view (C405)
      • Inline Connector end view (C406)
      • Battery Junction Box (BJB) connector end view (C407)
      • Inline Connector end view (C408)
      • Inline Connector end view (C410)
      • Inline Connector end view (C411)
      • Lamp assembly, left rear connector end view (C414)
      • Lamp assembly, right rear connector end view (C417)
      • Front Electronic Module (FEM) connector end view (C420a)
      • Rear Electronic Module (REM) connector end view (C420b)
      • Rear Electronic Module (REM) connector end view (C420c)
      • Rear Electronic Module (REM) connector end view (C420d)
      • Rear Electronic Module (REM) connector end view (C420e)
      • Rear Electronic Module (REM) connector end view (C420f)
      • Rear window defrost grid connector end view (C421)
      • Trailer exterior lamp relay connector end view (C424)
      • Trailer tow control unit connector end view (C425)
      • Wheel speed sensor, right rear connector end view (C426)
      • Luggage compartment lamp connector end view (C428)
      • Luggage compartment lid ajar switch connector end view (C429)
      • Luggage compartment lid release solenoid connector end view (C430)
      • Fuel pump delivery module connector end view (C433)
      • Fuel sender connector end view (C434)
      • Fuel tank pressure transducer sensor connector end view (C435)
      • Inline Connector end view (C439)
      • Wheel speed sensor, left rear connector end view (C440)
      • SSP 1 relay connector end view (C441)
      • SSP 2 relay connector end view (C442)
      • Rear window defrost relay connector end view (C443)
      • SSP 3 relay connector end view (C444)
      • SSP 4 relay connector end view (C445)
      • Fuel pump relay connector end view (C446)
      • Fuel pump motor diode connector end view (C449)
      • Evaporative omission (EVAP) canister vent value connector end view (C450)
      • Reversing lamp, left connector end view (C451)
      • Reversing lamp right connector end view (C461)
      • Subwoofer amplifier connector end view (C466a)
      • High mounted stoplamp connector end view (C475)
      • Side lamp, left rear connector end view (C481)
      • Side lamp, right rear connector end view (C482)
      • License lamps connector end view (C490)
      • Master window adjust switch connector end view (C504)
      • Door lock switch, driver side connector end view (C505)
      • Inline Connector end view (C510)
      • Perimeter anti... theft reset switch connector end view (C515)
      • Exterior rear view mirror, left connector end view (C522)
      • Speaker, left front connector end view (C523)
      • Power window motor, driver side front connector end view (C524)
      • Door lock actuator, left front connector end view (C525)
      • Door ajar switch, driver side front connector end view (C526a)
      • Exterior rear view mirror, right connector end view (C601)
      • Door ajar switch, passenger side front connector end view (C602)
      • Door lock unit, passenger side front connector end view (C603)
      • Window adjust switch, passenger side connector end view (C604)
      • Door lock switch, passenger side connector end view (C605)
      • Power window motor, passenger side front connector end view (C608)
      • Inline Connector end view (C610)
      • Speaker, right front connector end view (C612)
      • Interior/map lamps assembly, front connector end view (C929)
      • Wiper high/low relay connector end view (C1001)
      • Wiper run/park relay connector end view (C1002)
      • COPS & Heated Oxygen Sensor (HO2S) relay connector end view (C1003)
      • Auxiliary coolant pump relay connector end view (C1005)
      • Horn relay connector end view (C1006)
      • A/C clutch relay connector end view (C1008)
      • Windshield wiper relay connector end view (C1009)
      • Blower motor relay connector end view (C1011)
      • Heater wiper park relay connector end view (C1014)
      • PCM power relay connector end view (C1016)
      • Starter relay connector end view (C1017)
      • PCM power diode connector end view (C1018)
      • Inline Connector end view (C1019)
      • Headlamp, left connector end view (C1021)
      • Park/turn lamp, left front connector end view (C1023)
      • Coolant control valve solenoid connector end view (C1034)
      • Headlamp, right connector end view (C1041)
      • Park/turn lamp, right front connector end view (C1043)
      • Power steering pressure switch connector end view (C1121)
      • Driving lamp, left connector end view (C1166)
      • Driving lamp, right connector end view (C1167)
      • Inline Connector end view (C1168)
      • Throttle Position Sensor (TPS) connector end view (C1189)
      • Brake shift interlock connector end view (C2008)
      • Cigar lighter, front connector end view (C2031)
      • Power point connector end view (C2033)
      • Passenger Air bag Deactivation (PAD) switch connector end view (C2099)
      • Convertible top switch connector end view (C2138)
      • Heated wiper park connector end view (C2152a)
      • Heated wiper park connector end view (C2152b)
      • Radio capacitor connector end view (C2243)
      • Driver safety belt retractor pretensioner connector end view (C3014)
      • Power seat motor assembly, right connector end view (C3015)
      • Convertible top motor connector end view (C4062)
      • Convertible top raise relay connector end view (C4063)
      • Convertible top lower relay connector end view (C4064)
      • Circuit breaker connector end view (C4065)
      • Mega fuse connector end view (C4066a)
      • Mega fuse connector end view (C4066c)
      • Heated backlight relay connector end view (C4067)
      • Subwoofer, left connector end view (C4068)
      • Subwoofer, right connector end view (C4069)
      • Battery connector end view (C4070a)
      • Battery connector end view (C4070b)
      • Remote keyless entry module connector end view (C4071)
  • Starters
    • Description
    • Component Locations
    • Adjustments
      • Digital Transmission Range Sensor
    • Trouble Shooting
    • System Tests
      • Notes
      • Test A: Engine Does Not Crank
      • Test B: Unusual Starter Noise
    • Component Tests
      • Starter Relay
    • On-Vehicle Testing
      • Notes
      • Voltage Drop Test
      • Starter Ground Circuit Test
    • Removal & Installation
      • Notes
      • Starter Motor
        • Removal & Installation
    • Starter Motor Specifications
    • Torque Specifications
    • Wiring Diagrams
      • LS
      • THUNDERBIRD
  • Wiring Diagrams
    • OEM Connector End Views
      • A/C clutch field coil connector end view (C100)
      • Crankshaft position sensor connector end view (C101)
      • Generator connector end view (C102a)
      • Generator connector end view (C102b)
      • Oil pressure switch connector end view (C103)
      • Hydraulic fan solenoid connector end view (C105)
      • Fuel rail pressure transducer sensor connector end view (C106)
      • Cylinder... head temperature sensor connector end view (C107)
      • Knock sensor 2 connector end view (C108)
      • Knock sensor 1 connector end view (C109)
      • Inline Connector end view (C110)
      • Coil On Plug (COP) 1 connector end view (C111)
      • Coil On Plug (COP) 2 connector end view (C112)
      • Coil On Plug (COP) 3 connector end view (C113)
      • Coil On Plug (COP) 4 connector end view (C114)
      • Coil On Plug (COP) 5 connector end view (C115)
      • Coil On Plug (COP) 6 connector end view (C116)
      • Coil On Plug (COP) 7 connector end view (C117)
      • Coil On Plug (COP) 8 connector end view (C118)
      • Inlet air control valve solenoid connector end view (C119)
      • Power steering valve solenoid connector end view (C120)
      • Speed control servo connector end view (C122)
      • EVAP canister purge valve connector end view (C123)
      • Brake fluid level switch connector end view (C124)
      • Windshield wiper motor connector end view (C125)
      • ABS test connector end view (C126)
      • Anti... theft hood switch connector end view (C127)
      • Mass Air Flow (MAF) sensor connector end view (C128)
      • Intake Air Temperature (IAT) sensor connector end view (C129)
      • A/C clutch cycling pressure switch connector end view (C130)
      • Horn connector end view (C131)
      • Inline Connector end view (C133)
      • Inline Connector end view (C134)
      • ABS control module connector end view (C135)
      • Auxiliary Junction Box (AJB), underhood connector end view (C136a)
      • Auxiliary Junction Box (AJB), underhood connector end view (C136b)
      • Windshield washer pump motor connector end view (C137)
      • Washer fluid level switch connector end view (C138)
      • Inline Connector end view (C139)
      • Inline Connector end view (C140)
      • Heated Oxygen Sensor (HO2S) #22 connector end view (C141)
      • Heated Oxygen Sensor (HO2S) #12 connector end view (C142)
      • Turbine shaft speed sensor connector end view (C143)
      • Wheel speed sensor, left front connector end view (C150)
      • Side lamp, left front connector end view (C151)
      • Wheel speed sensor, right front connector end view (C160)
      • Side lamp, right front connector end view (C161)
      • Auxiliary coolant pump motor connector end view (C163)
      • Intermediate Shaft Speed (ISS) sensor connector end view (C164)
      • Digital Transmission Range (DTR) sensor connector end view (C167)
      • Automatic transmission connector end view (C168)
      • Heated Oxygen Sensor (HO2S) #11 connector end view (C171)
      • Heated Oxygen Sensor (HO2S) #21 connector end view (C172)
      • Ignition transformer capacitor connector end view (C174)
      • Powertrain Control Module (PCM) connector end view (C175a)
      • Powertrain Control Module (PCM) connector end view (C175b)
      • Powertrain Control Module (PCM) connector end view (C175c)
      • Exhaust Pressure Transducer (EPT) connector end view (C178)
      • Electr. Vacuum Regulator (EVR) solenoid valve connector end view (C179)
      • Camshaft position sensor connector end view (C180)
      • Injector 1 connector end view (C181)
      • Injector 2 connector end view (C182)
      • Injector 3 connector end view (C183)
      • Injector 4 connector end view (C184)
      • Injector 5 connector end view (C185)
      • Injector 6 connector end view (C186)
      • Injector 7 connector end view (C187)
      • Injector 8 connector end view (C188)
      • Output Shaft Speed (OSS) sensor connector end view (C193)
      • Ignition transformer capacitor 2 connector end view (C194)
      • Stud dash panel connector end view (C195a)
      • Stud dash panel connector end view (C195b)
      • Starter motor connector end view (C197a)
      • Starter motor connector end view (C197b)
      • Starter motor connector end view (C197c)
      • Outside temperature sensor connector end view (C198)
      • Front Electronic Module (FEM) connector end view (C201a)
      • Front Electronic Module (FEM) connector end view (C201b)
      • Front Electronic Module (FEM) connector end view (C201c)
      • Front Electronic Module (FEM) connector end view (C201d)
      • Front Electronic Module (FEM) connector end view (C201e)
      • Front Electronic Module (FEM) connector end view (C201g)
      • Multifunction switch connector end view (C202)
      • Speed control switch connector end view (C203)
      • Exterior rear view mirror switch connector end view (C204)
      • Main light switch connector end view (C205)
      • Instrument panel dimming module connector end view (C206)
      • Luggage compartment lid release switch connector end view (C207)
      • Auxiliary audio controls, steering wheel connector end view (C208)
      • Footwell lamp, left front connector end view (C209)
      • Inline Connector end view (C210)
      • Inline Connector end view (C211)
      • Inline Connector end view (C212)
      • Inline Connector end view (C213)
      • Inline Connector end view (C214)
      • Inline Connector end view (C215)
      • Driver air bag unit connector end view (C216)
      • Horn switch connector end view (C217)
      • Steering wheel assembly connector end view (C218a)
      • Steering wheel assembly connector end view (C218b)
      • Steering wheel assembly connector end view (C218c)
      • Inline Connector end view (C219)
      • Instrument cluster connector end view (C220a)
      • Instrument cluster connector end view (C220b)
      • Instrument cluster connector end view (C220c)
      • Steering column position sensor connector end view (C222)
      • Center image amplifier connector end view (C225)
      • Steering column position motor connector end view (C227)
      • Electronic Automatic Temperature Control (EATC) module connector end view (C228a)
      • Electronic Automatic Temperature Control (EATC) module connector end view (C228b)
      • Center image speaker, left connector end view (C230)
      • Center image speaker, right connector end view (C231)
      • Defrost mode actuator connector end view (C232)
      • In... vehicle temperature sensor connector end view (C233)
      • Floor mode actuator connector end view (C234)
      • Discharge temperature sensor, left connector end view (C235)
      • Panel mode actuator connector end view (C236)
      • Inline Connector end view (C237)
      • Inline Connector end view (C238)
      • Audio unit connector end view (C240a)
      • Audio unit connector end view (C240b)
      • Audio unit Audio unit connector end view (C240c)
      • Inline Connector end view (C248)
      • Ignition switch connector end view (C250)
      • Data Link Connector (DLC) connector end view (C251)
      • Passive anti... theft transceiver module connector end view (C252)
      • Glove box lamp connector end view (C254)
      • Discharge temperature sensor, right connector end view (C255)
      • Passenger air bag module connector end view (C256)
      • Inline Connector end view (C260)
      • Inline Connector end view (C264)
      • Stud, junction box connector end view (C265a)
      • Stud, junction box connector end view (C265b)
      • Footwell lamp, right front connector end view (C266)
      • Inline Connector end view (C268)
      • Central Junction Box (CJB) connector end view (C270a)
      • Central Junction Box (CJB) connector end view (C270b)
      • Central Junction Box (CJB) connector end view (C270c)
      • Central Junction Box (CJB) connector end view (C270d)
      • Central Junction Box (CJB) connector end view (C270e)
      • Inline Connector end view (C275)
      • Brake pressure switch connector end view (C277)
      • Brake pedal position switch connector end view (C278)
      • Traction control switch connector end view (C280)
      • Inertial Fuel Shutoff (IFS) switch (9341) connector end view (C282)
      • Auxiliary Junction Box (AJB) Interior connector end view (C283a)
      • Auxiliary Junction Box (AJB), Interior connector end view (C283b)
      • Auxiliary Junction Box (AJB), Interior connector end view (C283c)
      • Auxiliary Junction Box (AJB), interior connector end view (C283d)
      • Sunload sensor connector end view (C286)
      • Autolamp sensor connector end view (C287)
      • Heater blower motor connector end view (C288)
      • Fresh/recirculation door actuator connector end view (C289)
      • Cool air bypass actuator connector end view (C295)
      • Evaporator discharge air temperature sensor connector end view (C296)
      • Heater blower control module connector end view (C297)
      • Inline Connector end view (C300)
      • Passenger safety belt retractor pretensioner connector end view (C303)
      • Side air bag sensor, right connector end view (C304)
      • Side air bag sensor, left connector end view (C305)
      • Parking brake switch connector end view (C306)
      • Transmission shift selector connector end view (C307)
      • Restraints Control module (RCM) connector end view (C310a)
      • Restraints Control Module (RCM) connector end view (C310b)
      • Inline Connector end view (C311)
      • Inline Connector end view (C312)
      • Inline Connector end view (C313)
      • Inline Connector end view (C314)
      • Inline Connector end view (C315)
      • Safety belt buckle switch connector end view (C323)
      • Antenna connector end view (C326)
      • Seat adjust switch, passenger side front connector end view (C330)
      • Inline Connector end view (C337)
      • Power seat motor assembly, left connector end view (C357)
      • Seat adjust switch, driver side front connector end view (C360)
      • Side air bag module, left connector end view (C367)
      • Electronic Hidden Antenna Module (EHAM) connector end view (C387)
      • Speaker, left rear connector end view (C395)
      • Speaker, right rear connector end view (C396)
      • Auxiliary Junction Box (AJB), trailer tow connector end view (C400)
      • Rear window defrost grid connector end view (C402a)
      • Rear window defrost grid connector end view (C402b)
      • Inline Connector end view (C405)
      • Inline Connector end view (C406)
      • Battery Junction Box (BJB) connector end view (C407)
      • Inline Connector end view (C408)
      • Inline Connector end view (C410)
      • Inline Connector end view (C411)
      • Lamp assembly, left rear connector end view (C414)
      • Lamp assembly, right rear connector end view (C417)
      • Front Electronic Module (FEM) connector end view (C420a)
      • Rear Electronic Module (REM) connector end view (C420b)
      • Rear Electronic Module (REM) connector end view (C420c)
      • Rear Electronic Module (REM) connector end view (C420d)
      • Rear Electronic Module (REM) connector end view (C420e)
      • Rear Electronic Module (REM) connector end view (C420f)
      • Rear window defrost grid connector end view (C421)
      • Trailer exterior lamp relay connector end view (C424)
      • Trailer tow control unit connector end view (C425)
      • Wheel speed sensor, right rear connector end view (C426)
      • Luggage compartment lamp connector end view (C428)
      • Luggage compartment lid ajar switch connector end view (C429)
      • Luggage compartment lid release solenoid connector end view (C430)
      • Fuel pump delivery module connector end view (C433)
      • Fuel sender connector end view (C434)
      • Fuel tank pressure transducer sensor connector end view (C435)
      • Inline Connector end view (C439)
      • Wheel speed sensor, left rear connector end view (C440)
      • SSP 1 relay connector end view (C441)
      • SSP 2 relay connector end view (C442)
      • Rear window defrost relay connector end view (C443)
      • SSP 3 relay connector end view (C444)
      • SSP 4 relay connector end view (C445)
      • Fuel pump relay connector end view (C446)
      • Fuel pump motor diode connector end view (C449)
      • Evaporative omission (EVAP) canister vent value connector end view (C450)
      • Reversing lamp, left connector end view (C451)
      • Reversing lamp right connector end view (C461)
      • Subwoofer amplifier connector end view (C466a)
      • High mounted stoplamp connector end view (C475)
      • Side lamp, left rear connector end view (C481)
      • Side lamp, right rear connector end view (C482)
      • License lamps connector end view (C490)
      • Master window adjust switch connector end view (C504)
      • Door lock switch, driver side connector end view (C505)
      • Inline Connector end view (C510)
      • Perimeter anti... theft reset switch connector end view (C515)
      • Exterior rear view mirror, left connector end view (C522)
      • Speaker, left front connector end view (C523)
      • Power window motor, driver side front connector end view (C524)
      • Door lock actuator, left front connector end view (C525)
      • Door ajar switch, driver side front connector end view (C526a)
      • Exterior rear view mirror, right connector end view (C601)
      • Door ajar switch, passenger side front connector end view (C602)
      • Door lock unit, passenger side front connector end view (C603)
      • Window adjust switch, passenger side connector end view (C604)
      • Door lock switch, passenger side connector end view (C605)
      • Power window motor, passenger side front connector end view (C608)
      • Inline Connector end view (C610)
      • Speaker, right front connector end view (C612)
      • Interior/map lamps assembly, front connector end view (C929)
      • Wiper high/low relay connector end view (C1001)
      • Wiper run/park relay connector end view (C1002)
      • COPS & Heated Oxygen Sensor (HO2S) relay connector end view (C1003)
      • Auxiliary coolant pump relay connector end view (C1005)
      • Horn relay connector end view (C1006)
      • A/C clutch relay connector end view (C1008)
      • Windshield wiper relay connector end view (C1009)
      • Blower motor relay connector end view (C1011)
      • Heater wiper park relay connector end view (C1014)
      • PCM power relay connector end view (C1016)
      • Starter relay connector end view (C1017)
      • PCM power diode connector end view (C1018)
      • Inline Connector end view (C1019)
      • Headlamp, left connector end view (C1021)
      • Park/turn lamp, left front connector end view (C1023)
      • Coolant control valve solenoid connector end view (C1034)
      • Headlamp, right connector end view (C1041)
      • Park/turn lamp, right front connector end view (C1043)
      • Power steering pressure switch connector end view (C1121)
      • Driving lamp, left connector end view (C1166)
      • Driving lamp, right connector end view (C1167)
      • Inline Connector end view (C1168)
      • Throttle Position Sensor (TPS) connector end view (C1189)
      • Brake shift interlock connector end view (C2008)
      • Cigar lighter, front connector end view (C2031)
      • Power point connector end view (C2033)
      • Passenger Air bag Deactivation (PAD) switch connector end view (C2099)
      • Convertible top switch connector end view (C2138)
      • Heated wiper park connector end view (C2152a)
      • Heated wiper park connector end view (C2152b)
      • Radio capacitor connector end view (C2243)
      • Driver safety belt retractor pretensioner connector end view (C3014)
      • Power seat motor assembly, right connector end view (C3015)
      • Convertible top motor connector end view (C4062)
      • Convertible top raise relay connector end view (C4063)
      • Convertible top lower relay connector end view (C4064)
      • Circuit breaker connector end view (C4065)
      • Mega fuse connector end view (C4066a)
      • Mega fuse connector end view (C4066c)
      • Heated backlight relay connector end view (C4067)
      • Subwoofer, left connector end view (C4068)
      • Subwoofer, right connector end view (C4069)
      • Battery connector end view (C4070a)
      • Battery connector end view (C4070b)
      • Remote keyless entry module connector end view (C4071)
    • System Wiring Diagrams
      • Using lemon2025'S Wiring Diagrams
      • Air Conditioning
      • Anti-Lock Brakes
      • Anti-Theft
      • Body Control Modules
      • Computer Data Lines
      • Cooling Fan
      • Cruise Control
      • Defoggers
      • Electronic Power Steering
      • Engine Performance
        • 3.9L
      • Exterior Lights
      • Ground Distribution
      • Headlights
      • Horn
      • Instrument Cluster
      • Interior Lights
      • Power Distribution
      • Power Door Locks
      • Power Mirrors
      • Power Seats
      • Power Top/Sunroof
      • Power Windows
      • Radio
      • Shift Interlock
      • Starting/Charging
      • Supplemental Restraints
      • Transmission
      • Warning Systems
      • Wiper/Washer
    • Using lemon2025'S System Wiring Diagrams
      • Introduction
      • Wiring Diagram Features And Controls
      • Wiring Diagram Color Abbreviations
      • Wiring Diagram Symbols
      • Wiring Diagram Ground Number Locations
      • Wiring Diagram Component Locations
• Engine Mechanical
  • Accessory Drive Belts
    • Cooling System Specifications & Drive Belt Routing
      • Bleeding
        • Cooling System
          • Notes
          • Except LS
          • LS
      • Drive Belt Adjustment
      • Drive Belt Routing
        • Notes
        • Continental
        • Cougar
          • Serpentine Belt Routing (Cougar - 2.0L VIN 3)
          • Serpentine Belt Routing (Cougar - 2.5L)
        • Crown Victoria, Grand Marquis & Town Car
        • Escort
          • Serpentine Belt Routing (Escort & ZX2 - 2.0L VIN 3)
          • Serpentine Belt Routing (Escort - 2.0L VIN P)
        • Focus
          • Serpentine Belt Routing (Focus - 2.0L VIN 3)
          • Serpentine Belt Routing (Focus - 2.0L VIN P)
        • LS (3.0L)
        • LS & THUNDERBIRD (3.9L)
        • Mustang
          • Serpentine Belt Routing (Mustang - 3.8L)
          • Serpentine Belt Routing (Mustang - 4.6L)
        • Sable & TAURUS
          • Serpentine Belt Routing (Sable & Taurus - 3.0L VIN S)
          • Water Pump Routing (Sable & Taurus - 3.0L VIN S) With Tensioner
          • Serpentine Belt Routing (Sable & Taurus - 3.0L VIN U)
      • Coolant Replacement Intervals
      • Cooling System Specifications
        • Continental
        • Cougar
        • Crown Victoria, Grand Marquis & Town Car
        • Escort
        • Focus
        • LS & THUNDERBIRD
        • Mustang
        • Sable & TAURUS
  • Auxiliary Emission Control Systems
    • Emission Control System Visual Inspection Procedures - General Information
      • * Please Read This First *
      • Emission Control Labels
      • Emission Control Visual Inspection
        • Notes
        • Positive Crankcase Ventilation (PCV)
        • Thermostatic Air Cleaner (TAC)
        • Fuel Evaporative System (EVAP)
        • Catalytic Converters
          • Oxidation Catalyst (OC)
          • Three-Way Catalyst (TWC)
          • Three-Way Catalyst + Oxidation Catalyst (TWC + OC)
        • Fill Pipe RESTRICTOR (Fr)
        • Exhaust Gas RECIRCULATION (EGR) System
          • Single Diaphragm EGR Valve
          • Dual Diaphragm EGR Valve
          • Positive Backpressure EGR (BP/EGR) Valve
          • Negative Backpressure EGR (BP/EGR) Valve
          • Digital EGR Valve
          • Integrated Electronic EGR Valve
        • Spark Controls (SPK)
        • Air Injection System (AIS)
          • Air Pump Injection System (AP)
          • Pulsed Secondary Air Injection (PAIR) System
        • Oxygen Sensor (O2)
        • Computerized Engine Controls (CEC)
        • Early Fuel Evaporation (EFE)
        • Emission Maintenance Reminder Light (EMR) (If Equipped)
        • Malfunction Indicator Light (Mil)
  • Cooling Fans
    • Description & Operation
    • Component Locations
    • Trouble Shooting
      • Notes
      • Preliminary Inspection
    • Diagnostic System
    • Component Tests
      • Hydraulic Cooling Fan Motor
      • Hydraulic Cooling Fan Pump
      • Hydraulic Cooling Fan Reservoir
    • Removal & Installation
      • Hydraulic Cooling Fan System Filling & Bleeding
      • Cooling Fan Motor & Shroud
        • Removal & Installation
      • Cooling Fan Pump
        • Removal & Installation (3.0L)
        • Removal & Installation (3.9L)
    • Torque Specifications
    • Wiring Diagrams
      • LS
      • THUNDERBIRD
  • Cooling System (Mechanical)
    • Cooling System Specifications & Drive Belt Routing
      • Bleeding
        • Cooling System
          • Notes
          • Except LS
          • LS
      • Drive Belt Adjustment
      • Drive Belt Routing
        • Notes
        • Continental
        • Cougar
          • Serpentine Belt Routing (Cougar - 2.0L VIN 3)
          • Serpentine Belt Routing (Cougar - 2.5L)
        • Crown Victoria, Grand Marquis & Town Car
        • Escort
          • Serpentine Belt Routing (Escort & ZX2 - 2.0L VIN 3)
          • Serpentine Belt Routing (Escort - 2.0L VIN P)
        • Focus
          • Serpentine Belt Routing (Focus - 2.0L VIN 3)
          • Serpentine Belt Routing (Focus - 2.0L VIN P)
        • LS (3.0L)
        • LS & THUNDERBIRD (3.9L)
        • Mustang
          • Serpentine Belt Routing (Mustang - 3.8L)
          • Serpentine Belt Routing (Mustang - 4.6L)
        • Sable & TAURUS
          • Serpentine Belt Routing (Sable & Taurus - 3.0L VIN S)
          • Water Pump Routing (Sable & Taurus - 3.0L VIN S) With Tensioner
          • Serpentine Belt Routing (Sable & Taurus - 3.0L VIN U)
      • Coolant Replacement Intervals
      • Cooling System Specifications
        • Continental
        • Cougar
        • Crown Victoria, Grand Marquis & Town Car
        • Escort
        • Focus
        • LS & THUNDERBIRD
        • Mustang
        • Sable & TAURUS
    • Engine Cooling
      • Specifications
        • General Specifications
        • Torque Specifications
      • Description & Operation
        • Engine Cooling
          • Notes
          • Coolant Flow 3.9L
      • Diagnosis & Testing
        • Engine Cooling
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Inspection & Verification
          • Symptom Chart
        • Pinpoint Tests
          • Pinpoint Test A: Loss Of Coolant
          • Pinpoint Test B: The Engine Overheats
          • Pinpoint Test C: The Engine Does Not Reach Normal Operating Temperature
        • Component Tests
          • Pressure Test
          • Cap
          • Thermostat-Water
          • Thermostat-Electrical Test
          • Thermostat-Mechanical Test
          • Radiator Leak Test, Removed From The Vehicle
          • Hydraulic Cooling Fan Reservoir
          • Hydraulic Cooling Fan Motor
          • Hydraulic Cooling Fan Pump
      • General Procedures
        • Cooling System Draining, Filling & Bleeding
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Material
          • Draining
          • Filling & Bleeding With RADKITPLUS
          • Filling & Bleeding Without RADKITPLUS
        • Hydraulic Cooling Fan System Filling & Bleeding
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Material
        • Engine & Radiator Flushing
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Material
        • Heater Core BACKFLUSHING
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Material
      • Removal & Installation
        • Thermostat
          • Removal & Installation
        • Thermostat Housing
          • Removal & Installation
        • Coolant Outlet Pipe
          • Removal & Installation
        • Water Pump
          • Material
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Radiator - Fan Motor & Shroud
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Removal & Installation
        • Cooling Fan - Pump
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Removal & Installation
        • Degas Bottle
          • Removal & Installation
  • Fuel System
    • Fuel Tank & Lines
      • Specifications
        • General Specifications
        • Torque Specifications
      • Diagnosis & Testing
        • Overview
        • Fuel Tank & Lines
      • Description & Operation
        • Fuel Tank & Lines
      • Removal & Installation
        • Fuel Tank
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Fuel Tank Support Straps
          • Removal & Installation
        • Fuel Pump Module
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Removal & Installation
        • Fuel Transfer Pump
          • Notes
          • Removal & Installation
        • Fuel Tank Filler Pipe
          • Material
          • Removal & Installation
        • Fuel Filter
          • Removal & Installation
        • Inertia Fuel Shutoff (Ifs) Switch
          • Removal & Installation
  • Mechanical
    • Engine - 3.9L
      • Specifications
        • General Specifications
        • Torque Specifications
      • Description & Operation
        • Engine
          • Cylinder Head & Valve Train
          • Lower End
          • Lower End Exterior Dress
          • Upper End Exterior Dress
          • Identification
          • Engine Code Information
          • Emission Calibration Label
          • Exhaust Emission Control System
          • Induction System
          • Crankshaft
          • Camshafts
          • Valve Train
          • Positive Crankcase Ventilation System
          • Engine Lubrication System
          • Oil Pump
          • Engine Cooling System
          • Drive Belt System
      • Diagnosis & Testing
        • Engine
      • General Procedures
        • Valve Clearance Adjustment
        • Valve Clearance Check
      • In-Vehicle Repair
        • Intake Manifold
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Valve Cover LH
          • Material
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Valve Cover RH
          • Material
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Crankshaft Pulley
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Material
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Crankshaft Front Oil Seal
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Engine Front Cover
          • Material
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Timing Drive Components - Primary
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Timing Drive Components - Secondary
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Valve Springs
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Valve Seals
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Camshaft
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Material
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Exhaust Manifold LH
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Exhaust Manifold RH
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Cylinder Head
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Oil Filter Adapter
          • Material
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Oil Level Indicator & Tube
          • Material
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Oil Pan
          • Material
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Oil Pump
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Oil Pump Screen & Pickup Tube
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • FLEXPLATE
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Crankshaft Rear Oil Seal
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Material
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Engine Mount
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Removal
      • Removal
        • Engine
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Removal
      • Disassembly
        • Engine
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Disassembly
      • Disassembly & Assembly Of Subassemblies
        • Cylinder Head
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Material
          • Disassembly
          • Assembly
      • Assembly
        • Engine
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Material
      • Installation
        • Engine
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Material
    • Engine System-General Information
      • Specifications
        • General Specifications
      • Description And Operation
        • Engine
      • Diagnosis And Testing
        • Engine
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Inspection and Verification
          • Symptom Chart
          • Component Tests
            • Engine Oil Leaks
            • Engine Oil Leaks-Fluorescent Oil Additive Method
            • Leakage Points-Underhood
            • Leakage Points-Under Engine-With Vehicle on Hoist
            • Leakage Points-With Transmission and Flywheel Removed
          • Compression Test-Compression Gauge Check
            • Notes
            • Compression Test-Test Results
            • Compression Test-Interpreting Compression Readings
          • Cylinder Leakage Detection
          • Oil Consumption Test
          • Intake Manifold Vacuum Test
            • Notes
            • Intake Manifold Vacuum Test-Interpreting Vacuum Gauge Readings
          • Excessive Engine Oil Consumption
            • Notes
            • Oil Pressure Test
          • Valve Train Analysis-Engine Off-Valve Cover Removed
          • Valve Train Analysis-Engine Off
          • Valve Train Analysis-Engine Off, Camshaft-Engines
          • Valve Train Analysis-Valve Springs
          • Valve Train Analysis-Engine Off, Valve Spring Retainer and Valve Spring Retainer Keys
          • Valve Train Analysis-Engine Off, Valves and Cylinder Head
          • Valve Train Analysis-Engine Off, Camshaft Lobe Lift-OHC Engines
          • Valve Train Analysis-Engine Off, Valve Tappet
      • General Procedures
        • Sprockets
        • Camshaft Journal-Diameter
        • Camshaft Journal
        • Camshaft-End Play, OHC Engines
        • Camshaft-Lobe Surface
        • Camshaft-Lobe Lift
        • Camshaft-Runout
        • Valve-Stem Diameter
        • Valve-Stem to Valve Guide Clearance
        • Valve-Inspection
        • Valve-Guide Inner Diameter
        • Valve-Spring Free Length
        • Valve-Spring Squareness
        • Valve-Spring Strength
        • Valve-Seat Inspection
          • Valve and Seat Refacing Measurements
        • Valve -Seat Width
        • Valve-Seat Runout
        • Cylinder Head-Distortion
        • Cylinder Bore-Cleaning
        • Cylinder Block-Distortion
        • Cylinder Block-Core Plug Replacement
          • Notes
          • Expansion-Type
        • Exhaust Manifold-Inspection
        • Bearing-Inspection
  • Starters
    • Description
    • Component Locations
    • Adjustments
      • Digital Transmission Range Sensor
    • Trouble Shooting
    • System Tests
      • Notes
      • Test A: Engine Does Not Crank
      • Test B: Unusual Starter Noise
    • Component Tests
      • Starter Relay
    • On-Vehicle Testing
      • Notes
      • Voltage Drop Test
      • Starter Ground Circuit Test
    • Removal & Installation
      • Notes
      • Starter Motor
        • Removal & Installation
    • Starter Motor Specifications
    • Torque Specifications
    • Wiring Diagrams
      • LS
      • THUNDERBIRD
• Engine Performance
  • Engine Controls - On-Vehicle Adjustments
    • Engine Mechanical
    • Valve Clearance
      • Notes
      • 2.0L Engine (VIN 3)
      • 3.0L Engine (VIN S)
      • 3.9L Engine (VIN A)
    • Ignition Timing
    • Idle Speed
  • Application
    • Engine Introduction - Cars
      • Engine Introduction - Cars
        • Notes
        • Vehicle Identification Number Description
          • Notes
          • World Manufacturer Identifier - Position 1
          • Restraint Type Code - Position 2
          • Line, Series & Body Type Code - Position 3
          • Engine Code - Position 4
          • Computer-Generated Check Digit - Position 5
          • Model Year Code - Position 6
          • Assembly Plant Code - Position 7
          • Production Sequence Number - Position 8
        • Model/Year VIN Code Applications
        • Engine Code Location
  • Emissions
    • EGR Function Testing - Ford - Cars
      • EGR Function Testing - Ford - Cars
        • Test 1
          • Ported EGR Valve
        • Test 2
          • Backpressure Transducer EGR System
        • Test 3
          • Integral Backpressure Transducer EGR System
        • Test 4
          • Electronic EGR Valve
        • Test 5
          • 1994-96 All Except 2.5L (VIN B)
        • Test 6
          • EEC-V Equipped Vehicles
        • Test 7
          • 1.8L & 2.5L (EEC Systems)
        • Test 8
          • EGR Valve
          • EGR Vacuum Regulator (EVR) Solenoid
        • Test 9
    • Emission Applications
      • Emission Applications
    • Emission Control Abbreviations
      • "A"
      • "B"
      • "C"
      • "D"
      • "E"
      • "F"
      • "G"
      • "H"
      • "I"
      • "K"
      • "L"
      • "M"
      • "N"
      • "O"
      • "P"
      • "R"
      • "S"
      • "T"
      • "V"
      • "W"
    • State Emission Standards - Diesel
      • ARIZONA
      • Colorado
      • CONNECTICUT
      • IDAHO
      • KENTUCKY
      • MASSACHUSETTS
      • New YORK
      • OHIO
      • RHODE Island
      • UTAH
      • WASHINGTON
    • State Emission Standards - Gas
      • ALASKA
      • ARIZONA
      • CALIFORNIA
        • California Emission Standards ASM Tests
        • Legend
        • Pass/Fail Emission Standards = A+B / VTW
      • Colorado
      • CONNECTICUT
      • DELAWARE
      • District Of COLUMBIA
      • GEORGIA
      • IDAHO
      • ILLINOIS
      • INDIANA
      • KENTUCKY
      • MARYLAND
      • MASSACHUSETTS
      • MISSOURI
      • NEVADA
      • New Jersey
      • New MEXICO
      • New YORK
      • North CAROLINA
      • OHIO
      • OREGON
      • PENNSYLVANIA
      • RHODE Island
      • TENNESSEE
      • TEXAS
      • UTAH
      • VIRGINIA
      • WASHINGTON
      • WISCONSIN
      • U. S. EPA ASM2525 & ASM5015 Start-Up Emission Standards
      • U. S. EPA Revised Final ASM Emission Standards (ASM5015 & ASM2525)
      • U.S. EPA Im240 Emission Standards
        • Start-Up Standards
        • Final Standards
  • Fuel Delivery
    • Fuel Tank & Lines
      • Specifications
        • General Specifications
        • Torque Specifications
      • Diagnosis & Testing
        • Overview
        • Fuel Tank & Lines
      • Description & Operation
        • Fuel Tank & Lines
      • Removal & Installation
        • Fuel Tank
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Fuel Tank Support Straps
          • Removal & Installation
        • Fuel Pump Module
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Removal & Installation
        • Fuel Transfer Pump
          • Notes
          • Removal & Installation
        • Fuel Tank Filler Pipe
          • Material
          • Removal & Installation
        • Fuel Filter
          • Removal & Installation
        • Inertia Fuel Shutoff (Ifs) Switch
          • Removal & Installation
  • Mode 6 - 2002 Ford - Except Diesel
    • Introduction
    • Catalyst Monitor
    • Misfire Monitor
    • Air System Monitor
    • EVAP Monitor
    • Front Ho2S Monitor
    • Rear Ho2S Monitor
    • EGR Monitor
  • Engine Controls - Pin Voltage Charts
    • Introduction
    • Test Equipment
    • Test Procedures
      • Notes
      • Pin Voltage Testing
      • Symptom Testing
      • PID Testing
        • Notes
        • Accessing Ford Specific PIDs
        • Accessing Generic OBD-II PIDs
      • Pcm Connector End Views
      • Powertrain Control Module Locations
    • PID Definitions & Pin Voltage/PID Values
      • Notes
      • PID Definitions
      • Pin Voltage/PID Value Tables
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Continental
        • Cougar
          • Cougar 2.0L M/T
          • Cougar 2.5L A/T
          • Cougar 2.5L M/T
        • Crown Victoria & Grand Marquis
          • Crown Victoria & Grand Marquis 4.6L (Gasoline Vehicle)
          • Crown Victoria & Grand Marquis 4.6L (Natural Gas Vehicle)
        • Escort & ZX2
          • Escort 2.0L 2V A/T
          • ZX2 2.0L 4V A/T
          • ZX2 2.0L 4V M/T
        • Focus
          • Focus 2.0L 2V A/T
          • Focus 2.0L 2V M/T
          • Focus 2.0L 4V A/T
          • Focus 2.0L 4V M/T
        • LS
          • LS 3.0L A/T
          • LS 3.0L M/T
          • LS 3.9L A/T
        • Mustang
          • Mustang 3.8L A/T
          • Mustang 3.8L M/T
          • Mustang 4.6L 2V A/T
          • Mustang 4.6L 2V M/T
        • Sable & Taurus
          • Notes
          • Sable & TAURUS 3.0L 2V (Flexible Fuel & Gasoline)
          • Sable & TAURUS 3.0L 4V
        • Thunderbird
        • Town Car
  • Remove, Overhaul & Install
    • Engine Controls - Removal, Overhaul & Installation
      • Introduction
      • Air Induction Systems
        • Intake Manifold
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Mass Airflow Sensor
          • Removal & Installation
        • Throttle Body
          • Removal & Installation
      • Programming
        • Notes
        • Pcm Security Access Procedure
      • Computerized Engine Controls
        • Notes
        • Powertrain Control Module
          • Notes
          • Removal
          • Installation
      • Engine Sensors & Switches
        • Camshaft Position Sensor
        • Crankshaft Position Sensor
        • Cylinder Head Temperature Sensor
        • Fuel Rail Pressure Sensor
        • Fuel Tank Pressure Sensor
        • Heated Oxygen Sensor
        • Intake Air Temperature Sensor
        • Knock Sensor
        • Mass Airflow Sensor
        • Power Steering Pressure Switch
        • Throttle Position Sensor
      • Motors, Relays & Solenoids
        • Canister Purge Valve
        • Canister Vent Solenoid
        • Idle Air Control Valve
      • Cooling System
        • Cooling System Precautions
        • Cooling System Draining
        • Cooling System Filling & Bleeding
      • Ignition System
        • Camshaft Position Sensor
          • Notes
          • Removal & Installation
        • Ignition Coils
          • Removal & Installation
        • Crankshaft Position Sensor
          • Removal & Installation
        • Knock Sensor
          • Removal & Installation
        • Spark Plug
          • Removal & Installation
      • Fuel System
        • Fuel System Safety Precautions
          • Safe Fuel Handling Practices
          • Inertia Fuel Shutoff Switch Reset Procedure
        • Fuel System Pressure Release
        • Fuel Tank Draining
        • Fuel Line Connectors
          • Notes
          • Removal (Spring Lock Coupling)
          • Installation
          • Removal ("R" Clip Fitting)
        • Cylinder Head Temperature Sensor
          • Removal & Installation
        • Fuel Injection Supply Manifold & Injectors
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Fuel Filter
          • Removal & Installation (Thunderbird)
        • Fuel Pump Module
          • Notes
          • Description
          • Removal & Installation
        • Fuel Rail Pressure Sensor
          • Removal & Installation
        • Heated Oxygen Sensor
          • Notes
          • Removal & Installation (Downstream)
          • Removal & Installation (Upstream)
        • Intake Air Temperature Sensor
          • Removal & Installation
        • Intake Manifold
      • Idle Control Systems
        • Idle Air Control Valve
          • Removal & Installation
        • Power Steering Pressure Switch
          • Removal & Installation
        • Throttle Position Sensor
          • Notes
          • Removal & Installation
      • Emission System & Subsystems
        • Exhaust Manifold-To-Exhaust Gas RECIRCULATION Valve Tube
          • Removal & Installation
      • Evaporative Emission Systems
        • Evaporative Emission System Safety Precautions
        • Vapor Line Connectors
        • Canister Purge Valve
          • Removal & Installation
        • Canister Vent Solenoid
          • Removal & Installation
        • Charcoal Canister
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Fuel Vapor Control Tube Assembly Valve
          • Notes
          • Removal & Installation
        • Fuel Vapor Vent Valve
        • After Repair Procedure
      • Torque Specifications
    • Fuel Tank & Lines
      • Specifications
        • General Specifications
        • Torque Specifications
      • Diagnosis & Testing
        • Overview
        • Fuel Tank & Lines
      • Description & Operation
        • Fuel Tank & Lines
      • Removal & Installation
        • Fuel Tank
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Fuel Tank Support Straps
          • Removal & Installation
        • Fuel Pump Module
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Removal & Installation
        • Fuel Transfer Pump
          • Notes
          • Removal & Installation
        • Fuel Tank Filler Pipe
          • Material
          • Removal & Installation
        • Fuel Filter
          • Removal & Installation
        • Inertia Fuel Shutoff (Ifs) Switch
          • Removal & Installation
  • Sensor Range Charts
    • Engine Controls - Sensor Operating Range Charts
      • Introduction
  • Specifications
    • Engine Controls - Service & Adjustment Specifications
      • Introduction
      • Capacities
        • Cooling System Capacities
        • Engine Oil Capacity
        • Transmission Capacities
        • Differential Fluid Capacity
      • Quick-Service
        • Service Intervals & Specifications
        • Belt Adjustment
      • Mechanical Checks
        • Engine Compression
        • Valve Clearance
      • Ignition Systems
        • High Tension Wire Resistance
        • Spark Plugs
          • Spark Plug Specifications (4-Cylinder)
          • Spark Plug Specifications (V6)
          • Spark Plug Specifications (V8)
        • Firing Order & Timing Marks
          • 2.0L DOHC
          • 2.0L SOHC
          • 2.5L
          • 3.0L (2V)
          • 3.0L (4V)
          • 3.8L
          • 3.9L
          • 4.6L
        • Ignition Timing
      • Fuel Systems
        • Fuel Pump
        • Idle Speed & Mixture
        • Throttle Position Sensor
    • Firing Order & Cylinder Identification
      • Firing Order & Cylinder Identification
        • Notes
        • 3 Cylinder Engine
        • 4 Cylinder Engine
        • 5 Cylinder Engine
        • V6 Engine
          • 3.3L (VIN T) Engines
          • 3.0L Villager Engine
          • All Other V6 Engines Except 3.3L (VIN T) & 3.0L Villager Engine
        • V8 Engine
          • 3.9L (VIN A) V8 Engines
          • 5.2L V8 Engines
          • 5.0L (Mustang Only) & 6.2L V8 Engines
          • All Other Gasoline V8 Engines Except 3.9L (VIN A), 5.0L (Mustang Only), 5.2L & 6.2L
          • Diesel V8 Engine (To 2010)
          • 6.7L Diesel V8 Engine (From 2011)
        • V10 Engine
    • Fuel System Pressure Specifications
      • Fuel Systems
        • Fuel Pressure - Cars
        • Fuel Pressure - Trucks
  • System
    • Engine Controls - Basic Diagnostic Procedures
      • Introduction
      • Preliminary Inspection & Adjustments
        • Visual Inspection
        • Mechanical Inspection
          • Compression
          • Exhaust System Backpressure
      • Fuel Systems
        • Preliminary Checks
        • Fuel Pressure Release
        • Fuel System Pressure
          • Natural Gas Engines
          • Gasoline Engines
        • Fuel Injectors
          • Fuel Injector Resistance
          • Fuel Injector Check
        • Inertia Fuel Shutoff Switch
      • Ignition Checks
        • Preliminary Checks
        • EDIS (DISTRIBUTORLESS) Ignition System
          • Notes
          • Spark Check
        • Ignition Coil Resistance
      • Idle Speed & Ignition Timing
        • Notes
        • Idle Mixture Adjustment
        • Ignition Timing
      • Throttle Position Sensor Adjustment
      • Summary
    • Engine Controls - Self-Diagnostics Introduction- EEC-V - Gasoline & NGV
      • Introduction
      • Self-Diagnostic System
        • Diagnostic Formats
        • Diagnostic Trouble Codes
          • Notes
          • KOEO & KOER Self-Tests
          • Continuous Memory Codes
        • Retrieving Codes
        • Reading Codes
          • Notes
          • KOEO & KOER On-Demand Self-Test Codes
          • Pass Codes
          • Continuous Memory Codes
        • Clearing Codes
          • Notes
          • PCM Reset Procedure
          • Keep Alive Random Access Memory Reset Procedure
        • Powertrain Control Module Location
      • Quick Test
        • Notes
        • Visual Check
        • Vehicle Preparation & Equipment Hookup
        • KOEO On-Demand Self-Test
          • Description
          • Performing Self-Test
        • KOER On-Demand Self-Test
          • Description
          • BPP, PSP & TCS Test Procedures
          • Performing Self-Test
        • Continuous Memory Self-Test
          • Description
          • Performing Self-Test
      • Additional System Functions
        • Notes
        • Parameter Identification Mode
          • Notes
          • Description
          • Accessing Generic OBD-II PIDs
          • Accessing Ford Specific PIDs
        • On-Board System Readiness Test Mode
          • Description
          • Accessing OSR Test Mode
        • Freeze Frame Data Mode
          • Description
          • Accessing Freeze Frame Data Mode PIDs
        • Diagnosing Adaptive Fuel DTCS
          • Notes
          • Description
          • Obtain Freeze Frame Data
          • Using LONGFT1 & LONGFT2 (Dual Bank Engines) PIDs
          • Resetting Long Term Fuel Trims
          • P0171/P0174 System Too Lean Diagnostic Aids
          • P0172/P0175 System Too Rich Diagnostic Aids
        • Output Test Mode
          • Notes
          • Description
          • Accessing Output Test Mode
        • Failure Mode Effects Management
        • Hardware Limited Operational Strategy
        • Engine Rpm/Vehicle Speed Limiter
      • Diagnostic Monitors
        • Description
        • Catalyst Efficiency Monitor
          • Description
          • Switch Ratio Method (1996-2002)
          • Index Ratio Method (Some 2001-Later)
          • General Catalyst Monitor Operation
        • Comprehensive Component Monitor
        • Evaporative Emission Leak Check Monitor
        • Exhaust Gas RECIRCULATION System Monitor - Differential Pressure Feedback EGR
        • Electric Exhaust Gas RECIRCULATION System Monitor
        • Fuel System Monitor
        • Heated Oxygen Sensor Monitor
          • Description
          • Testing
        • Misfire Detection Monitoring
        • Secondary Air Injection System Monitor - Electric Secondary Air Injection Pump System
        • Thermostat Monitor
        • Drive Cycle Procedure
          • Notes
          • OBD-II Drive Cycle Description
          • OBD-II Drive Cycle Vehicle Preparation
          • OBD-II Drive Cycle Procedure
      • Programming Pcm
        • Notes
        • Description
        • Flash Vehicle Identification Block Procedure
      • Fuel System Safety Precautions
        • Gasoline System
          • Notes
          • Safe Fuel Handling Practices (Gasoline, Methanol & Methanol Blends)
          • Inertia Fuel Shutoff Switch Reset Procedure
        • Natural Gas System
          • Notes
          • Safe Fuel Handling Practices (Natural Gas)
      • Summary
      • Diagnostic Trouble Code Definitions
      • System Tests
        • Notes
        • How To Use System Tests
      • Evaporative Emissions Diagnostic Trouble Code Definitions
      • System Tests (Evaporative Emission)
        • Notes
        • Canister Vent Solenoid Closing Procedure
        • Evaporative Emissions System Leak Test
        • Evaporative Emission Repair Verification Drive Cycle
        • Test A: DTC P0442: Small Leak Detected In EVAP System
          • Notes
          • Diagnostic Aids
          • Continental & Focus
          • Crown Victoria, Escape, Escort, Grand Marquis & Town Car
          • LS & Thunderbird
          • Ranger
          • Sable & Taurus
          • All Others
        • Test B: DTC P0455: Major Leak Or No Flow Detected In EVAP System Or DTC P1443: Very Small Or No Purge Flow Detected In EVAP System
          • Notes
          • Diagnostic Aids
          • Continental
          • Focus
          • LS & Thunderbird
          • Sable & Taurus
          • All Others
        • Test C: DTC P1450: Excessive Vacuum Detected In Fuel Tank
          • Notes
          • Diagnostic Aids
          • Continental
          • Escort
          • Focus
          • LS & Thunderbird
          • Sable & Taurus
          • All Others
    • Engine Controls - System & Component Tests - EEC-V - Gasoline
      • Introduction
        • Notes
        • Engine Cover
          • Removal & Installation
      • Air Induction Systems
        • Intake Air Control
          • Intake Manifold Runner Control Solenoid
          • Intake Manifold Swirl Control Solenoid
          • Intake Manifold Tuning Valve Solenoid
      • Computerized Engine Controls
        • Powertrain Control Module
          • Ground Circuits
          • Power Circuits
      • Engine Sensors & Switches
        • Switches
          • Brake Pedal Applied/Brake Pedal Position Switch
          • Clutch Pedal Position Switch
          • Inertia Fuel Shutoff Switch
          • Park/Neutral Position Or Clutch Pedal Position Switch
          • Power Steering Pressure Switch
          • Reverse Switch
          • Transmission Control Switch
        • Sensors
          • Notes
          • Air Conditioning Evaporator Temperature Sensor
          • Air Conditioning Pressure Sensor
          • Barometric Pressure Sensor
          • Camshaft Position Sensor
          • Crankshaft Position Sensor
          • Cylinder Head Temperature Sensor
          • Engine Coolant Temperature Sensor
          • Engine Oil Temperature Sensor
          • Engine Fuel Temperature Sensor
          • Fuel Rail Pressure Sensor
          • Heated Oxygen Sensor
          • Intake Air Temperature Sensor
          • Intake Air Temperature 2 Sensor (F150 Lightning 5.4L SC Only)
          • Knock Sensor
          • Mass Airflow Sensor
          • Output Shaft Speed Sensor
          • Power Steering Pressure Sensor
          • Thermal Manifold Absolute Pressure Sensor
          • Throttle Position Sensor
          • Transfer Case Speed Sensor
          • Vehicle Speed Sensor
      • Relays & Solenoids
        • Relays
          • Notes
          • Cooling Fan Control, Fuel Pump & PCM Power Relay
        • Solenoids
          • Air Injection By-Pass Solenoid
          • Air Injection Diverter Solenoid
          • Canister Vent Solenoid
          • EGR Vacuum Regulator Solenoid
          • Fuel Rail Solenoid
          • Idle Air Control Solenoid
          • Intake Manifold Runner Control Solenoid
          • Intake Manifold Swirl Control Solenoid (Ranger 2.3L Only)
          • Intake Manifold Tuning Valve Solenoid
          • Supercharger (Boost) By-Pass Solenoid
          • Variable Cam Timing Solenoid
      • Fuel Systems
        • Fuel Delivery
          • Fuel Pressure Regulator
          • Fuel Pump Relay
          • Fuel System Pressure Check
        • Fuel Control
          • Fuel Injector
      • Idle Control System
        • Idle Air Control Solenoid
      • Ignition Systems
      • Emission Systems & Sub-Systems
        • Catalytic Converter
        • Emissions Compliance
          • Notes
          • Diagnostic Routines
        • Fuel Evaporation
          • Notes
          • Canister Vent Solenoid
          • EVAP Canister (All Models)
          • EVAP Canister Purge Valve
        • Secondary Air Injection
        • EGR Systems
          • Electric Exhaust Gas Recirculation (Ranger 2.3L Only)
          • Exhaust Gas Recirculation
        • Positive Crankcase Ventilation
      • Evaporative Emission System Tests
        • Notes
        • Canister Vent Solenoid Closing Procedure
        • Evaporative Emissions System Leak Test
        • Hissing Sound When Removing Fuel Cap
          • Notes
          • Blackwood, Econoline, Escape, Excursion, Expedition, Explorer, F250-550 Super Duty Pickup, Mountaineer, Navigator, Ranger & Windstar
          • Continental
          • Crown Victoria, Grand Marquis & Town Car
          • Escort, Escort ZX2 & Focus
          • F150 Pickup
          • LS & Thunderbird
          • Mustang
          • Sable & Taurus
        • Excessive Fuel Odor
          • Notes
          • Blackwood, Econoline, Escape, Expedition, Excursion, Explorer, F250-550 Super Duty Pickup, Mountaineer, Navigator, Ranger & Windstar
          • Continental, Escort, Escort ZX2, Focus, Crown Victoria, Grand Marquis, Sable, Taurus & Town Car
          • F150 Pickup
          • LS & Thunderbird
          • Mustang
        • Unable To Refuel Vehicle
          • Notes
          • Continental, Crown Victoria, Escape, Grand Marquis & Town Car
          • Escort, Escort ZX2, Focus, Ranger, Sable & Taurus (With ORVR Only)
          • LS & Thunderbird
          • Mustang
          • Windstar
    • Engine Controls - System Tests A Through FB - EEC-V - Gasoline & NGV
      • Test A: No-Start
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test B: EEC-V Power Relay
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test C: Reference Voltage
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test DA: Temperature Sensor Test (IAT, ECT & EOT)
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test Db: Engine Fuel Temperature Sensor
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test Dc: Mass Airflow Sensor
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test Dd: Fuel Rail Pressure Sensor
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test DF: Vehicle Speed Circuit Check
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test Dg: Knock Sensor
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test DH: Throttle Position Sensor
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test DJ: Air Conditioning Evaporator Temperature Sensor
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test DL: Cylinder Head Temperature Sensor
        • Notes
        • Description
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test Dm: Thermal Manifold Absolute Pressure Sensor
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test DP: Vehicle Speed Sensor/Transfer Case Speed Sensor
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test DQ: Barometric Pressure Sensor
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test Dr: Camshaft Position Sensor
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test DS: Air Conditioning Pressure Sensor
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test DT: Power Steering Pressure Sensor
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test DU: Intake Air Temperature 2
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test FB: Power Take Off
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
    • Engine Controls - System Tests FD Through KA - EEC-V - Gasoline & NGV
      • Test FD: Brake Pedal Position Switch
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test Ff: Power Steering Pressure Switch
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test FH: Generator Load Input
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test H: Fuel Control
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test Ha: Natural Gas Fuel Control
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test HB: Natural Gas Fuel Delivery System
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test HC: Gasoline Fuel Delivery System
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test Hd: Misfire Detection Monitor
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test He: EGR System
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test Hf: Catalyst Efficiency Monitor & Exhaust Systems
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test Hg: PCV System
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test HK: Variable Cam Timing
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test HM: Secondary Air Injection System
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test HU: Air Intake System
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test HX: Evaporative Emission Monitor & System
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test HY: Generator/Regulator System
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test JB: Secondary Ignition
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test JD: Crankshaft Position Sensor
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test JE: Integrated Ignition Coil Failure
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test JF: Integrated Ignition Coil On Plug Failure
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test JH: Tachometer Output Failure
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test KA: Fuel Pump Relay
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
    • Engine Controls - System Tests Kb Through Z - EEC-V - Gasoline & NGV
      • Test Kb: Fuel Pump Driver Module
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test Kc: Fuel Shutoff Valve Relay
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test KD: Electric Exhaust Gas RECIRCULATION
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test KE: Idle Air Control Valve
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test KF: Fan Control Relay
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test Kg: VISCTRONIC Drive Fan Clutch
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test KH: Hydraulic Cooling Fan
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test KJ: Supercharger By-Pass Control
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test Kl: Shift Indicator Light
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test Km: Wot A/C Cut-Off
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test KP: Charge Air Cooler Pump
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test KQ: Thermostat Heater Control
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test NB: Malfunction Indicator Light
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test NC: Ignition Engine Speed Input Circuit
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test ND: Engine Rpm/Vehicle Speed Limiter
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test QA: Unable To Activate Self-Test/SCP Communication Error/DTC Not Listed
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test QB: KOEO DTC P0603, P1605 Or KOEO, KOER & Continuous Memory DTC P1633
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test QC: OBD-II Monitor Testing Not Complete; DTC P1000
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test QD: DTC P1260
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test Ta: Park/Neutral Position Or Clutch Pedal Position Switches
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test Tb: Transmission Control Switch/Transmission Control Indicator Lamp
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • TEST TG: 4x4 LOW RANGE
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test Th: Reverse Switch
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test TJ: Output Shaft Speed Sensor
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test X: Constant Control Relay Module
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test Z: Intermittent
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
    • Engine Controls - Trouble Shooting - No Codes - EEC-V - Gasoline & NGV
      • Introduction
      • Symptoms
        • Notes
        • Symptom Diagnosis
        • Rough Or Rolling Idle, Stalls, Misses, Hesitation Or Surge
          • Notes
          • Preliminary Checks
          • Symptom Checks Using Scan Tool PIDs
          • Engine Runs Rough At Idle
          • Engine Now Starts, But Stalls In Park Or Neutral
          • Miscellaneous Component Or System Checks
          • Natural Gas Vehicles With Rough Idle
          • Idle Concerns With A/C On (Continental, LS, Thunderbird & Windstar)
          • Additional Intermittent Testing
          • Additional Checks
        • Hard Start/Long Crank Or Erratic Start/Crank
          • Preliminary Checks
          • Miscellaneous Component Or System Checks
          • Additional Intermittent Testing
        • No-Start/Normal Crank
          • Notes
          • Preliminary Checks
          • Miscellaneous Component Or System Checks
          • Engine Will Now Start & Run Normally At Part Throttle
          • Additional Intermittent Testing
        • Slow Return To Idle
          • Preliminary Checks
          • Miscellaneous Component Or System Checks
        • Fast Idle Or Diesels/Runs On
          • Preliminary Checks
          • Engine Idles Fast
          • Miscellaneous Component Or System Checks
          • Additional Intermittent Testing
        • Low Idle (Stalls On Deceleration)
          • Preliminary Checks
          • Stall Or Quit On Deceleration (A/T Models)
          • Low Idle With A/C On (Econoline 4.6L, 5.4L & 6.8L)
          • Miscellaneous Component Or System Checks
        • Backfires
          • Preliminary Checks
          • Miscellaneous Component Or System Checks
          • Additional Intermittent Testing
        • Lack/Loss Of Power
          • Notes
          • Preliminary Checks
          • Symptom Checks Using Scan Tool PIDs
          • Miscellaneous Component Or System Checks
          • Lack/Loss Of Power (Mustang Only)
          • Lack/Loss Of Power (F150 Lightning 5.4L SC Only)
          • Additional Intermittent Testing
          • Additional Checks
        • Spark Knock
          • Preliminary Checks
          • Miscellaneous Component Or System Checks
          • Additional Intermittent Testing
        • Poor Fuel Economy
          • Notes
          • Preliminary Checks
          • Symptom Checks Using Scan Tool PIDs
          • Miscellaneous Component Or System Checks
          • Additional Checks
          • Additional Intermittent Testing
        • Vehicle Fails Emissions/Emissions Compliance
        • Hissing Sound When Removing Fuel Cap
        • Excessive Fuel Odor
        • Unable To Refuel Vehicle
        • Warning Indicator Lights
          • Notes
          • Preliminary Check
          • Pickups With Power Takeoff (PTO) & MIL Concern
          • MIL Always On When Engine Is Running, No DTCs Are Present
          • TCIL Always On When Engine Is Running, No DTCs Are Present
          • MIL Inoperative (Including Bulb Check When Engine Is First Started)
          • Transmission Control Indicator (TCIL) Inoperative
          • Temperature Warning Indicator Light Or Temperature Gauge Inoperative (Models With CHT Sensor Only)
          • SIL Always On Or Inoperative
          • Fuel Cap Indicator Light Always On Or Inoperative
          • Additional Intermittent Testing
        • Automatic Transmission Down Or Upshift, Or Engagement Concern
          • Preliminary Checks
          • Miscellaneous Component Or System Checks
          • Additional Intermittent Testing
        • Speedometer Or Tachometer Inoperative
          • Preliminary Checks
          • Tachometer Inoperative On Models With Clean Tach Output (CTO) Only
          • Speedometer/Odometer Inoperative On Models With Manual Shift On-The-Fly (MSOF) Only
          • Additional Checks
        • High Oil Consumption
          • Preliminary Checks
          • Miscellaneous Component Or System Checks
        • Electric, Hydraulic Or VISCTRONIC Cooling Fan Inoperative
          • Preliminary Checks
          • Miscellaneous Component Or System Checks
        • Electric, Hydraulic Or VISCTRONIC Cooling Fan(S) Always On
          • Notes
          • Miscellaneous Component Or System Checks
        • Exhaust Smoke
          • Notes
          • Black Smoke (Rich Mixture)
          • Blue Smoke (Burning Oil)
          • White Smoke (Water In Combustion)
        • Fuel Odor
          • Preliminary Checks
          • Symptom Checks
        • Engine Noise
          • Notes
          • Symptom Checks
        • Climate Control (Lack Of A/C Cooling, A/C Always On Or A/C Inoperative)
          • Notes
          • Lack Of A/C Cooling Or A/C Inoperative (Mustang)
          • A/C Always On (Mustang)
          • A/C Does Not Turn Off During WOT (Mustang)
          • A/C System Concerns (All Others)
          • WACF PID Displays YES
        • Exhaust Odor (Sulfur Smell)
          • Notes
          • Preliminary Checks
          • Symptom Checks
  • Testing & Diagnosis
    • Engine Controls - Basic Diagnostic Procedures
      • Introduction
      • Preliminary Inspection & Adjustments
        • Visual Inspection
        • Mechanical Inspection
          • Compression
          • Exhaust System Backpressure
      • Fuel Systems
        • Preliminary Checks
        • Fuel Pressure Release
        • Fuel System Pressure
          • Natural Gas Engines
          • Gasoline Engines
        • Fuel Injectors
          • Fuel Injector Resistance
          • Fuel Injector Check
        • Inertia Fuel Shutoff Switch
      • Ignition Checks
        • Preliminary Checks
        • EDIS (DISTRIBUTORLESS) Ignition System
          • Notes
          • Spark Check
        • Ignition Coil Resistance
      • Idle Speed & Ignition Timing
        • Notes
        • Idle Mixture Adjustment
        • Ignition Timing
      • Throttle Position Sensor Adjustment
      • Summary
    • Engine Controls - Self-Diagnostics Introduction- EEC-V - Gasoline & NGV
      • Introduction
      • Self-Diagnostic System
        • Diagnostic Formats
        • Diagnostic Trouble Codes
          • Notes
          • KOEO & KOER Self-Tests
          • Continuous Memory Codes
        • Retrieving Codes
        • Reading Codes
          • Notes
          • KOEO & KOER On-Demand Self-Test Codes
          • Pass Codes
          • Continuous Memory Codes
        • Clearing Codes
          • Notes
          • PCM Reset Procedure
          • Keep Alive Random Access Memory Reset Procedure
        • Powertrain Control Module Location
      • Quick Test
        • Notes
        • Visual Check
        • Vehicle Preparation & Equipment Hookup
        • KOEO On-Demand Self-Test
          • Description
          • Performing Self-Test
        • KOER On-Demand Self-Test
          • Description
          • BPP, PSP & TCS Test Procedures
          • Performing Self-Test
        • Continuous Memory Self-Test
          • Description
          • Performing Self-Test
      • Additional System Functions
        • Notes
        • Parameter Identification Mode
          • Notes
          • Description
          • Accessing Generic OBD-II PIDs
          • Accessing Ford Specific PIDs
        • On-Board System Readiness Test Mode
          • Description
          • Accessing OSR Test Mode
        • Freeze Frame Data Mode
          • Description
          • Accessing Freeze Frame Data Mode PIDs
        • Diagnosing Adaptive Fuel DTCS
          • Notes
          • Description
          • Obtain Freeze Frame Data
          • Using LONGFT1 & LONGFT2 (Dual Bank Engines) PIDs
          • Resetting Long Term Fuel Trims
          • P0171/P0174 System Too Lean Diagnostic Aids
          • P0172/P0175 System Too Rich Diagnostic Aids
        • Output Test Mode
          • Notes
          • Description
          • Accessing Output Test Mode
        • Failure Mode Effects Management
        • Hardware Limited Operational Strategy
        • Engine Rpm/Vehicle Speed Limiter
      • Diagnostic Monitors
        • Description
        • Catalyst Efficiency Monitor
          • Description
          • Switch Ratio Method (1996-2002)
          • Index Ratio Method (Some 2001-Later)
          • General Catalyst Monitor Operation
        • Comprehensive Component Monitor
        • Evaporative Emission Leak Check Monitor
        • Exhaust Gas RECIRCULATION System Monitor - Differential Pressure Feedback EGR
        • Electric Exhaust Gas RECIRCULATION System Monitor
        • Fuel System Monitor
        • Heated Oxygen Sensor Monitor
          • Description
          • Testing
        • Misfire Detection Monitoring
        • Secondary Air Injection System Monitor - Electric Secondary Air Injection Pump System
        • Thermostat Monitor
        • Drive Cycle Procedure
          • Notes
          • OBD-II Drive Cycle Description
          • OBD-II Drive Cycle Vehicle Preparation
          • OBD-II Drive Cycle Procedure
      • Programming Pcm
        • Notes
        • Description
        • Flash Vehicle Identification Block Procedure
      • Fuel System Safety Precautions
        • Gasoline System
          • Notes
          • Safe Fuel Handling Practices (Gasoline, Methanol & Methanol Blends)
          • Inertia Fuel Shutoff Switch Reset Procedure
        • Natural Gas System
          • Notes
          • Safe Fuel Handling Practices (Natural Gas)
      • Summary
      • Diagnostic Trouble Code Definitions
      • System Tests
        • Notes
        • How To Use System Tests
      • Evaporative Emissions Diagnostic Trouble Code Definitions
      • System Tests (Evaporative Emission)
        • Notes
        • Canister Vent Solenoid Closing Procedure
        • Evaporative Emissions System Leak Test
        • Evaporative Emission Repair Verification Drive Cycle
        • Test A: DTC P0442: Small Leak Detected In EVAP System
          • Notes
          • Diagnostic Aids
          • Continental & Focus
          • Crown Victoria, Escape, Escort, Grand Marquis & Town Car
          • LS & Thunderbird
          • Ranger
          • Sable & Taurus
          • All Others
        • Test B: DTC P0455: Major Leak Or No Flow Detected In EVAP System Or DTC P1443: Very Small Or No Purge Flow Detected In EVAP System
          • Notes
          • Diagnostic Aids
          • Continental
          • Focus
          • LS & Thunderbird
          • Sable & Taurus
          • All Others
        • Test C: DTC P1450: Excessive Vacuum Detected In Fuel Tank
          • Notes
          • Diagnostic Aids
          • Continental
          • Escort
          • Focus
          • LS & Thunderbird
          • Sable & Taurus
          • All Others
    • Engine Controls - System & Component Tests - EEC-V - Gasoline
      • Introduction
        • Notes
        • Engine Cover
          • Removal & Installation
      • Air Induction Systems
        • Intake Air Control
          • Intake Manifold Runner Control Solenoid
          • Intake Manifold Swirl Control Solenoid
          • Intake Manifold Tuning Valve Solenoid
      • Computerized Engine Controls
        • Powertrain Control Module
          • Ground Circuits
          • Power Circuits
      • Engine Sensors & Switches
        • Switches
          • Brake Pedal Applied/Brake Pedal Position Switch
          • Clutch Pedal Position Switch
          • Inertia Fuel Shutoff Switch
          • Park/Neutral Position Or Clutch Pedal Position Switch
          • Power Steering Pressure Switch
          • Reverse Switch
          • Transmission Control Switch
        • Sensors
          • Notes
          • Air Conditioning Evaporator Temperature Sensor
          • Air Conditioning Pressure Sensor
          • Barometric Pressure Sensor
          • Camshaft Position Sensor
          • Crankshaft Position Sensor
          • Cylinder Head Temperature Sensor
          • Engine Coolant Temperature Sensor
          • Engine Oil Temperature Sensor
          • Engine Fuel Temperature Sensor
          • Fuel Rail Pressure Sensor
          • Heated Oxygen Sensor
          • Intake Air Temperature Sensor
          • Intake Air Temperature 2 Sensor (F150 Lightning 5.4L SC Only)
          • Knock Sensor
          • Mass Airflow Sensor
          • Output Shaft Speed Sensor
          • Power Steering Pressure Sensor
          • Thermal Manifold Absolute Pressure Sensor
          • Throttle Position Sensor
          • Transfer Case Speed Sensor
          • Vehicle Speed Sensor
      • Relays & Solenoids
        • Relays
          • Notes
          • Cooling Fan Control, Fuel Pump & PCM Power Relay
        • Solenoids
          • Air Injection By-Pass Solenoid
          • Air Injection Diverter Solenoid
          • Canister Vent Solenoid
          • EGR Vacuum Regulator Solenoid
          • Fuel Rail Solenoid
          • Idle Air Control Solenoid
          • Intake Manifold Runner Control Solenoid
          • Intake Manifold Swirl Control Solenoid (Ranger 2.3L Only)
          • Intake Manifold Tuning Valve Solenoid
          • Supercharger (Boost) By-Pass Solenoid
          • Variable Cam Timing Solenoid
      • Fuel Systems
        • Fuel Delivery
          • Fuel Pressure Regulator
          • Fuel Pump Relay
          • Fuel System Pressure Check
        • Fuel Control
          • Fuel Injector
      • Idle Control System
        • Idle Air Control Solenoid
      • Ignition Systems
      • Emission Systems & Sub-Systems
        • Catalytic Converter
        • Emissions Compliance
          • Notes
          • Diagnostic Routines
        • Fuel Evaporation
          • Notes
          • Canister Vent Solenoid
          • EVAP Canister (All Models)
          • EVAP Canister Purge Valve
        • Secondary Air Injection
        • EGR Systems
          • Electric Exhaust Gas Recirculation (Ranger 2.3L Only)
          • Exhaust Gas Recirculation
        • Positive Crankcase Ventilation
      • Evaporative Emission System Tests
        • Notes
        • Canister Vent Solenoid Closing Procedure
        • Evaporative Emissions System Leak Test
        • Hissing Sound When Removing Fuel Cap
          • Notes
          • Blackwood, Econoline, Escape, Excursion, Expedition, Explorer, F250-550 Super Duty Pickup, Mountaineer, Navigator, Ranger & Windstar
          • Continental
          • Crown Victoria, Grand Marquis & Town Car
          • Escort, Escort ZX2 & Focus
          • F150 Pickup
          • LS & Thunderbird
          • Mustang
          • Sable & Taurus
        • Excessive Fuel Odor
          • Notes
          • Blackwood, Econoline, Escape, Expedition, Excursion, Explorer, F250-550 Super Duty Pickup, Mountaineer, Navigator, Ranger & Windstar
          • Continental, Escort, Escort ZX2, Focus, Crown Victoria, Grand Marquis, Sable, Taurus & Town Car
          • F150 Pickup
          • LS & Thunderbird
          • Mustang
        • Unable To Refuel Vehicle
          • Notes
          • Continental, Crown Victoria, Escape, Grand Marquis & Town Car
          • Escort, Escort ZX2, Focus, Ranger, Sable & Taurus (With ORVR Only)
          • LS & Thunderbird
          • Mustang
          • Windstar
    • Engine Controls - System Tests A Through FB - EEC-V - Gasoline & NGV
      • Test A: No-Start
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test B: EEC-V Power Relay
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test C: Reference Voltage
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test DA: Temperature Sensor Test (IAT, ECT & EOT)
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test Db: Engine Fuel Temperature Sensor
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test Dc: Mass Airflow Sensor
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test Dd: Fuel Rail Pressure Sensor
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test DF: Vehicle Speed Circuit Check
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test Dg: Knock Sensor
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test DH: Throttle Position Sensor
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test DJ: Air Conditioning Evaporator Temperature Sensor
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test DL: Cylinder Head Temperature Sensor
        • Notes
        • Description
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test Dm: Thermal Manifold Absolute Pressure Sensor
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test DP: Vehicle Speed Sensor/Transfer Case Speed Sensor
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test DQ: Barometric Pressure Sensor
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test Dr: Camshaft Position Sensor
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test DS: Air Conditioning Pressure Sensor
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test DT: Power Steering Pressure Sensor
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test DU: Intake Air Temperature 2
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test FB: Power Take Off
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
    • Engine Controls - System Tests FD Through KA - EEC-V - Gasoline & NGV
      • Test FD: Brake Pedal Position Switch
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test Ff: Power Steering Pressure Switch
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test FH: Generator Load Input
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test H: Fuel Control
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test Ha: Natural Gas Fuel Control
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test HB: Natural Gas Fuel Delivery System
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test HC: Gasoline Fuel Delivery System
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test Hd: Misfire Detection Monitor
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test He: EGR System
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test Hf: Catalyst Efficiency Monitor & Exhaust Systems
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test Hg: PCV System
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test HK: Variable Cam Timing
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test HM: Secondary Air Injection System
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test HU: Air Intake System
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test HX: Evaporative Emission Monitor & System
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test HY: Generator/Regulator System
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test JB: Secondary Ignition
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test JD: Crankshaft Position Sensor
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test JE: Integrated Ignition Coil Failure
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test JF: Integrated Ignition Coil On Plug Failure
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test JH: Tachometer Output Failure
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test KA: Fuel Pump Relay
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
    • Engine Controls - System Tests Kb Through Z - EEC-V - Gasoline & NGV
      • Test Kb: Fuel Pump Driver Module
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test Kc: Fuel Shutoff Valve Relay
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test KD: Electric Exhaust Gas RECIRCULATION
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test KE: Idle Air Control Valve
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test KF: Fan Control Relay
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test Kg: VISCTRONIC Drive Fan Clutch
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test KH: Hydraulic Cooling Fan
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test KJ: Supercharger By-Pass Control
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test Kl: Shift Indicator Light
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test Km: Wot A/C Cut-Off
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test KP: Charge Air Cooler Pump
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test KQ: Thermostat Heater Control
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test NB: Malfunction Indicator Light
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test NC: Ignition Engine Speed Input Circuit
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test ND: Engine Rpm/Vehicle Speed Limiter
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test QA: Unable To Activate Self-Test/SCP Communication Error/DTC Not Listed
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test QB: KOEO DTC P0603, P1605 Or KOEO, KOER & Continuous Memory DTC P1633
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test QC: OBD-II Monitor Testing Not Complete; DTC P1000
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test QD: DTC P1260
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test Ta: Park/Neutral Position Or Clutch Pedal Position Switches
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test Tb: Transmission Control Switch/Transmission Control Indicator Lamp
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • TEST TG: 4x4 LOW RANGE
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test Th: Reverse Switch
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test TJ: Output Shaft Speed Sensor
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test X: Constant Control Relay Module
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
      • Test Z: Intermittent
        • Notes
        • Diagnostic Aids
        • Testing
    • Engine Controls - Trouble Shooting - No Codes - EEC-V - Gasoline & NGV
      • Introduction
      • Symptoms
        • Notes
        • Symptom Diagnosis
        • Rough Or Rolling Idle, Stalls, Misses, Hesitation Or Surge
          • Notes
          • Preliminary Checks
          • Symptom Checks Using Scan Tool PIDs
          • Engine Runs Rough At Idle
          • Engine Now Starts, But Stalls In Park Or Neutral
          • Miscellaneous Component Or System Checks
          • Natural Gas Vehicles With Rough Idle
          • Idle Concerns With A/C On (Continental, LS, Thunderbird & Windstar)
          • Additional Intermittent Testing
          • Additional Checks
        • Hard Start/Long Crank Or Erratic Start/Crank
          • Preliminary Checks
          • Miscellaneous Component Or System Checks
          • Additional Intermittent Testing
        • No-Start/Normal Crank
          • Notes
          • Preliminary Checks
          • Miscellaneous Component Or System Checks
          • Engine Will Now Start & Run Normally At Part Throttle
          • Additional Intermittent Testing
        • Slow Return To Idle
          • Preliminary Checks
          • Miscellaneous Component Or System Checks
        • Fast Idle Or Diesels/Runs On
          • Preliminary Checks
          • Engine Idles Fast
          • Miscellaneous Component Or System Checks
          • Additional Intermittent Testing
        • Low Idle (Stalls On Deceleration)
          • Preliminary Checks
          • Stall Or Quit On Deceleration (A/T Models)
          • Low Idle With A/C On (Econoline 4.6L, 5.4L & 6.8L)
          • Miscellaneous Component Or System Checks
        • Backfires
          • Preliminary Checks
          • Miscellaneous Component Or System Checks
          • Additional Intermittent Testing
        • Lack/Loss Of Power
          • Notes
          • Preliminary Checks
          • Symptom Checks Using Scan Tool PIDs
          • Miscellaneous Component Or System Checks
          • Lack/Loss Of Power (Mustang Only)
          • Lack/Loss Of Power (F150 Lightning 5.4L SC Only)
          • Additional Intermittent Testing
          • Additional Checks
        • Spark Knock
          • Preliminary Checks
          • Miscellaneous Component Or System Checks
          • Additional Intermittent Testing
        • Poor Fuel Economy
          • Notes
          • Preliminary Checks
          • Symptom Checks Using Scan Tool PIDs
          • Miscellaneous Component Or System Checks
          • Additional Checks
          • Additional Intermittent Testing
        • Vehicle Fails Emissions/Emissions Compliance
        • Hissing Sound When Removing Fuel Cap
        • Excessive Fuel Odor
        • Unable To Refuel Vehicle
        • Warning Indicator Lights
          • Notes
          • Preliminary Check
          • Pickups With Power Takeoff (PTO) & MIL Concern
          • MIL Always On When Engine Is Running, No DTCs Are Present
          • TCIL Always On When Engine Is Running, No DTCs Are Present
          • MIL Inoperative (Including Bulb Check When Engine Is First Started)
          • Transmission Control Indicator (TCIL) Inoperative
          • Temperature Warning Indicator Light Or Temperature Gauge Inoperative (Models With CHT Sensor Only)
          • SIL Always On Or Inoperative
          • Fuel Cap Indicator Light Always On Or Inoperative
          • Additional Intermittent Testing
        • Automatic Transmission Down Or Upshift, Or Engagement Concern
          • Preliminary Checks
          • Miscellaneous Component Or System Checks
          • Additional Intermittent Testing
        • Speedometer Or Tachometer Inoperative
          • Preliminary Checks
          • Tachometer Inoperative On Models With Clean Tach Output (CTO) Only
          • Speedometer/Odometer Inoperative On Models With Manual Shift On-The-Fly (MSOF) Only
          • Additional Checks
        • High Oil Consumption
          • Preliminary Checks
          • Miscellaneous Component Or System Checks
        • Electric, Hydraulic Or VISCTRONIC Cooling Fan Inoperative
          • Preliminary Checks
          • Miscellaneous Component Or System Checks
        • Electric, Hydraulic Or VISCTRONIC Cooling Fan(S) Always On
          • Notes
          • Miscellaneous Component Or System Checks
        • Exhaust Smoke
          • Notes
          • Black Smoke (Rich Mixture)
          • Blue Smoke (Burning Oil)
          • White Smoke (Water In Combustion)
        • Fuel Odor
          • Preliminary Checks
          • Symptom Checks
        • Engine Noise
          • Notes
          • Symptom Checks
        • Climate Control (Lack Of A/C Cooling, A/C Always On Or A/C Inoperative)
          • Notes
          • Lack Of A/C Cooling Or A/C Inoperative (Mustang)
          • A/C Always On (Mustang)
          • A/C Does Not Turn Off During WOT (Mustang)
          • A/C System Concerns (All Others)
          • WACF PID Displays YES
        • Exhaust Odor (Sulfur Smell)
          • Notes
          • Preliminary Checks
          • Symptom Checks
  • Theory and Operation
    • Engine Controls - Theory & Operation - Gasoline & NGV
      • Introduction
      • Air Induction Systems
        • Idle Control System
          • Idle Air Control Valve Assembly
        • Supercharger (F150 Lightning 5.4L SC)
          • Supercharger Assembly
          • Supercharger By-Pass System
          • Supercharger Intercooler (Charge Air Cooler) System
        • Variable Induction System
          • Intake Manifold Runner Control - 2.0L (VIN P), 2.5L (VIN L), Windstar 3.8L (VIN 4), & 4.2L (VIN 2)
          • Intake Manifold Swirl Control Vacuum Actuated System - 2.3L (VIN D)
          • Intake Manifold Tuning Valve - 3.0L (VIN S), Econoline & Pickup 4.6L (VIN W), & 5.4L 4V (VIN A)
      • Computerized Engine Controls
        • Powertrain Control Module
          • Notes
          • Hardware Limited Operation Strategy
          • Integrated Electronic Ignition System
          • Keep Alive Random Access Memory
        • Power & Ground Signals
          • Vehicle Buffered Power
          • Vehicle Power
          • Vehicle Reference Voltage
          • Mass Air Flow Return
          • Signal Return
          • Power Ground
          • Gold Plated Terminals
        • Powertrain Control Module Software
          • Engine RPM/Vehicle Speed Limiter
          • Fail-Safe Cooling Strategy
          • Failure Mode Effects Management
          • Flash Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory
          • Fuel Trim
          • Idle Air Trim
          • Idle Speed Control Closed Throttle Determination
          • Multiplexing
          • Standard Corporate Protocol
        • Diagnostic Monitors
          • Notes
          • Catalyst Efficiency Monitor Description
          • Catalyst Efficiency Monitor - Switch Ratio Method (1996-2002)
          • Catalyst Efficiency Monitor - Index Ratio Method (Some 2001-Later)
          • General Catalyst Monitor Operation
          • Comprehensive Component Monitor
          • Evaporative Emission Leak Check Monitor
          • Exhaust Gas Recirculation System Monitor - Differential Pressure Feedback EGR
          • Electric Exhaust Gas Recirculation System Monitor
          • Fuel System Monitor
          • Heated Oxygen Sensor Monitor
          • Misfire Detection Monitoring
          • Secondary Air Injection System Monitor - Electric Secondary Air Injection Pump System
          • Thermostat Monitor
        • Constant Control Relay Module
        • Fuel Pump Driver Module
        • Generic Electronic Module
        • Natural Gas Vehicle Module
        • Input Devices
          • Notes
          • A/C Cycling Switch
          • A/C Pressure Sensor
          • Air Conditioning Evaporator Temperature Sensor
          • Air Conditioning Pressure Sensor
          • A/C High Pressure Switch
          • Brake Pressure Applied/Brake Deactivator Switch
          • Brake Pedal Position Switch
          • Camshaft Position Sensor
          • Clutch Pedal Position Switch
          • Crankshaft Position Sensor
          • Cylinder Head Temperature Sensor
          • Differential Pressure Feedback EGR Sensor
          • Engine Coolant Temperature Sensor
          • Engine Fuel Temperature Sensor
          • Engine Oil Temperature Sensor
          • Fan Speed Sensor
          • Fuel Level Input
          • Fuel Pump Monitor (With Fuel Pump Driver Module)
          • Fuel Pump Monitor (Without Fuel Pump Driver Module)
          • Fuel Tank Pressure Sensor
          • Fuel Rail Pressure Sensor
          • Generator Load
          • Generator Monitor
          • Heated Oxygen Sensor
          • Intake Air Temperature Sensor
          • Intake Manifold Runner Control
          • Intake Manifold Swirl Control
          • Intake Manifold Tuning Valve
          • Knock Sensor
          • Mass Airflow Sensor
          • Output Shaft Speed Sensor
          • Power Steering Pressure Sensor
          • Power Steering Pressure Switch
          • Power Take-Off Switch
          • Thermal Manifold Absolute Pressure Sensor
          • Throttle Position Sensor
          • Transmission Control Switch
          • Vehicle Speed Sensor
          • 4x4 Mode Switch
        • Output Devices
          • Notes
          • Canister Vent Solenoid
          • Coil Pack
          • Coil On Plug
          • EGR Vacuum Regulator Solenoid
          • Electric Secondary Air Injection Pump
          • Evaporative Emission Canister Purge Valve
          • Fan Control
          • Fuel Cap Off Indicator Light
          • Fuel Injectors
          • Fuel Pump (Applications Using Fuel Pump Relay For Fuel Pump ON/OFF Control)
          • Fuel Pump Driver Module Applications & Applications With Fuel Pump Functions Incorporated In Rear Electronic Module)
          • Generator Communication
          • Hydraulic Cooling Fan Drive (LS & Thunderbird Only)
          • Idle Air Control Valve
          • Intake Manifold Runner Control
          • Intake Manifold Swirl Control
          • Intake Manifold Tuning Valve
          • Malfunction Indicator Light
          • Secondary Air Injection By-Pass Solenoid
          • Solid State Relay
          • Thermostat Heater Control
          • Transmission Control Indicator Light
          • Wide Open Throttle A/C Cut-Off Relay
          • Vapor Management Valve
          • Vehicle Speed Output
          • Visctronic Drive Fan Clutch
      • Fuel Systems (Gasoline)
        • Fuel Delivery
          • Notes
          • Returnable Fuel System
          • Mechanical Returnless Fuel System
          • Electronic Returnless Fuel System
          • Inertia Fuel Shutoff Switch (All Fuel Systems)
        • Fuel Control
          • Notes
          • Fuel Injectors
      • Fuel System (Natural Gas)
        • Fuel Delivery
          • Notes
          • Fueling Connector
          • Fuel Lines & Fittings
          • Fuel Rail
          • Fuel Rail Shutoff Valve
          • Fuel Tank Shutoff Valve
          • Inertia Fuel Shutoff Switch
          • NG Fuel Pressure Regulator
        • Fuel Control
          • Natural Gas Vehicle Module
          • NG Fuel Injectors
      • Ignition Systems
        • Integrated Electronic Ignition System
          • Notes
          • Description
          • Coil Pack System
          • Coil On Plug System
      • Variable Cam Timing System
        • Variable Cam Timing
          • Description
          • Variable Cam Timing Solenoid Valve
          • Variable Cam Timing Unit Assembly
      • Catalyst & Exhaust Systems
        • Catalyst System
          • Notes
          • Catalytic Converter
          • Light Off Catalyst
          • 3-Way Catalytic Converter
          • 3-Way Catalyst Conversion Efficiency
        • Exhaust System
          • Notes
          • Hardware
          • Exhaust Manifold & Runners
          • Exhaust Pipes
          • Upstream & Downstream Heated Oxygen Sensors
          • Muffler
      • Evaporative Emission Systems
        • Fuel Evaporative Systems
        • Enhanced Evaporative Emission System
          • Notes
          • EVAP Canister Purge Valve
        • On-Board Refueling Vapor Recovery EVAP System
        • Positive Crankcase Ventilation
      • Secondary Air Injection System
        • Description
        • Electric Secondary Air Injection System
          • Notes
          • AIR By-Pass Solenoid
          • AIR Diverter Valve
          • Electric AIR Pump
      • EGR Systems
        • Notes
        • Description
        • Differential Pressure Feedback EGR System
          • Notes
          • Differential Pressure Feedback EGR Sensor (Remote Mounted)
          • Differential Pressure Feedback EGR Sensor (Tube Mounted)
          • EGR Vacuum Regulator Solenoid
          • EGR Valve
          • Orifice Tube Assembly
        • Electric EGR Motor System
      • Self-Diagnostic System
        • Notes
        • Malfunction Indicator Light
      • Miscellaneous Controls
        • Pcm Controlled Charging System
          • Description
          • Generator Communication
          • Generator Load
          • Generator Monitor
  • Vacuum Diagrams - Cars
    • Introduction
      • Notes
      • Pcm Calibrations
      • Protocol 3 Code Descriptions
    • Vacuum Hose Diagram(S)
      • Continental
      • Cougar
      • Crown Victoria & Grand Marquis
      • Escort & Escort ZX2
      • Focus
      • LS
      • Mustang
      • Sable & TAURUS
      • THUNDERBIRD
      • Town Car
  • Engine Performance - Wiring Diagrams
    • Wiring Diagrams
      • BLACKWOOD
      • Continental
      • Cougar
      • Crown Victoria & Grand Marquis
      • ECONOLINE
      • Escape
      • Escort
      • Escort ZX2
      • Excursion & Pickup (F250/F550)
      • Expedition & Navigator
      • Explorer & Mountaineer
      • Explorer Sport & Explorer Sport TRAC
      • Focus
      • LS
      • Mustang
      • Pickup (F150)
      • Ranger
      • Sable & TAURUS
      • THUNDERBIRD
      • Town Car
      • Villager
      • WINDSTAR
• General Information
  • Abbreviations
    • Commonly Used Abbreviations - General Information
      • * Please Read This First *
      • "A"
      • "B"
      • "C"
      • "D"
      • "E"
      • "F"
      • "G"
      • "H"
      • "I"
      • "J"
      • "K"
      • "L"
      • "M"
      • "N"
      • "O"
      • "P"
      • "Q"
      • "R"
      • "S"
      • "T"
      • "V"
      • "W"
    • Emission Control Abbreviations
      • "A"
      • "B"
      • "C"
      • "D"
      • "E"
      • "F"
      • "G"
      • "H"
      • "I"
      • "K"
      • "L"
      • "M"
      • "N"
      • "O"
      • "P"
      • "R"
      • "S"
      • "T"
      • "V"
      • "W"
  • Basic Trouble Shooting
    • Basic Trouble Shooting - General Information
      • * Please Read This First *
      • Accessories & Electrical
        • Charging System Trouble Shooting
        • Ignition System Trouble Shooting
        • Starter Trouble Shooting
      • Air Conditioning & Heat
        • Air Conditioning Trouble Shooting
        • Heater System Trouble Shooting
      • Brakes
        • Brake System Trouble Shooting
      • Engine Mechanical
        • Cooling System Trouble Shooting
        • Gasoline Engine - Mechanical Trouble Shooting
      • Engine Performance
        • Carburetor Trouble Shooting:
        • Diesel Engine Trouble Shooting
        • Fuel Injection Trouble Shooting
        • Ignition System Trouble Shooting
        • Starter Trouble Shooting
        • Tune-Up Trouble Shooting - Gas Engine Vehicles
        • Vacuum Pump - Diesel Trouble Shooting
      • Manual Transmission
        • Manual Transmission Trouble Shooting
      • Powertrain
        • Clutch Trouble Shooting
        • Drive Axle - Noise Diagnosis
          • Unrelated Noises
          • Non-Drive Axle Noises
          • Gear Noise
          • Chuckle
          • Knock
          • Clunk
          • Bearing Whine
          • Bearing Rumble
          • Chatter On Turns
          • Axle Shaft Noise
          • Vibration
        • Drive Axle - RWD Trouble Shooting
        • Fwd Axle Shafts & CV Joints Trouble Shooting
      • Steering & Suspension
        • Manual Steering Gear Trouble Shooting
        • Power Steering Trouble Shooting
        • Steering Column Trouble Shooting
        • Suspension Trouble Shooting
        • Wheel Alignment Trouble Shooting
    • Commonly Used Abbreviations - General Information
      • * Please Read This First *
      • "A"
      • "B"
      • "C"
      • "D"
      • "E"
      • "F"
      • "G"
      • "H"
      • "I"
      • "J"
      • "K"
      • "L"
      • "M"
      • "N"
      • "O"
      • "P"
      • "Q"
      • "R"
      • "S"
      • "T"
      • "V"
      • "W"
    • Emission Control Abbreviations
      • "A"
      • "B"
      • "C"
      • "D"
      • "E"
      • "F"
      • "G"
      • "H"
      • "I"
      • "K"
      • "L"
      • "M"
      • "N"
      • "O"
      • "P"
      • "R"
      • "S"
      • "T"
      • "V"
      • "W"
    • Engine Performance - Trouble Shooting - General Information
      • * Please Read This First *
      • Engine Performance
  • Brakes
    • Anti-Lock Brake Safety Precautions - General Information
      • * Please Read This First *
      • Anti-Lock Brake Safety Precautions
    • Map - Brake Systems
      • Brake Systems
        • Notes
        • Map Standards Of Service
        • The Map Process - Overview
        • The Map Process - Overview Of Service Requirements And Suggestions
        • Accelerometers
        • Accumulators
        • Anchor Pins
        • Anti-Lock Brake Control Assembly(Module)
        • Anti-Lock Brake Controller
        • Anti-Lock Brake Systems
        • Axle Seal
        • Backing Plates
        • Bleeder Screw
        • Brake Abs Active Light (Blue)
        • Brake Fluid
        • Brake Friction Material
        • Brake On - Off Switch
        • Brake Pads
        • Brake Pedals
        • Brake Shoe Hardware
        • Brake Shoes
        • Brake Stoplight Switches
        • Brake Warning Light (Amber)
        • Brake Warning Light (Red)
        • Bulb Sockets
        • Bulbs And LEDS
        • Caliper Hardware
        • Caliper Mounting Pin
        • Caliper Piston
        • Caliper Shim
        • Caliper Slider Pin (Bolt) Dust Boot
        • Caliper Slider Pin (Bolt)
        • Calipers
        • Combination Valve
        • Controllers
        • Digital Ratio Axle Controllers And Buffers (Drab And Dram)
        • Disable Switches
        • Drums
        • Electrical Brake Pumps
        • Electrical Park Motor
        • Electrical Pumps And Motors
        • Electro-Magnetic Interference
        • Electronic Brake Control Modulator
        • Electronic Brake Distribution
        • Electronic Brake Traction Control Module
        • Electronic Controllers
        • Electronic Traction Control
        • External Brake Cable
        • Flow Control Valve
        • Fluid Level Sensor Switches
        • Fluid
        • Four Wheel Drive Switches
        • Friction Material
        • G Sensors
        • Gaskets
        • Gravitational Switches
        • Grease Seal
        • Height Sensing Proportioning Valve
        • High Pressure Accumulator
        • Hoses
        • Hub
        • Hydraulic Control Unit
        • Hydraulic Modulators
        • Hydro-Boosters
        • Hydro-Electric Boosters (POWERMASTER)
        • Ignition Disable Switches
        • Lamp Driver Relay
        • Lateral Acceleration Switches
        • LEDS
        • Lenses
        • Low Pressure Accumulator
        • Lug Nut
        • Master Cylinder Cover Gasket
        • Master Cylinders
        • Modulators
        • Motor Pack
        • Motors
        • Pads
        • Parking Brake Cable
        • Parking Brake Mechanism
        • Parking Brake Shoes
        • Parking Brake Switches
        • Parking Brake Systems
        • Pedal Travel Switches
        • Pedals
        • Power Distribution Center
        • POWERMASTER
        • Pressure Differential Switches
        • Pressure Switches
        • Pressure Transducers
        • Proportioning Valve
        • Pumps
        • Relays
        • RELUCTOR (Speed) Ring
        • Rotors
        • Self-Adjusting Systems
        • Shoe Hardware
        • Shoes
        • Sockets
        • Speed Sensor (RELUCTOR) Ring
        • Speed Sensors (Electronic Wheel And Vehicle)
        • Star Wheel
        • Steel Brake Lines
        • Stoplight Switches
        • Stroke Sensor
        • Switches
        • Tires
        • Tone Ring
        • Toothed Rings (Tone Wheel)
        • Traction Control System (TCS)
        • Transfer Tubes
        • Vacuum Boosters
        • Vacuum Hoses
        • Valves
        • Wear Indicator
        • Wheel Attachment Hardware
        • Wheel Bearings, Races And Seals
        • Wheel Cylinders
        • Wiring Harnesses
        • Yaw Rate Sensor
      • Brake System CHECKSHEET
      • Reason Code Explanation
      • Automotive Terminology & Definitions
    • Map - Routine Inspection Reference Guide
      • Routine Inspection Reference Guide
        • Notes
        • Map Standards Of Service
        • The Map Process - Overview
        • The Map Process - Overview Of Service Requirements And Suggestions
        • Maintenance Overview
          • Antifreeze/Coolant
          • Visual Inspection
          • Radiator Cap Test
          • Engine Fan
          • Cooling System Power Flush And Refill
          • Belts (Except Timing Belts)
          • Belt TENSIONER
          • Automatic Transmission Fluid
          • Automatic Transmission Fluid Exchange & Filter Replacement
          • Engine Oil
          • Air Filters
          • Cabin Air Filter
          • Brake Fluid
          • Battery
          • Battery Cables
          • Power Steering
          • Power Steering Fluid
          • Wiper Blades
        • Routine Inspection CHECKSHEET
        • Routine Inspection - UICS
          • Brake Systems
            • Notes
            • Brake Fluid
            • Bulbs And LEDS
            • Hoses
            • Lenses
            • Lug Nut
            • Master Cylinder Cover Gasket
            • Parking Brake Cable
            • Vacuum Hoses
            • Wheel Attachment Hardware
            • Wheel Bearings, Races And Seals
          • Drivetrain And Transmission
            • Notes
            • Automatic Transmission Fluid
            • Clutch Master Cylinders
            • Cooler Lines
            • Coolers
            • Differential Fluid
            • Drain Plugs And Gaskets
            • Filters And Screens
            • Fluids And Lubricants
            • Hoses, Lines, And Tubes
            • Hydraulic Fluid
            • Lubricants
            • Manual Transmission Fluid
            • Mounts (Engine, Transaxle And Transmission)
            • Transfer Case Fluid
            • Vacuum Hoses
          • Electrical Systems
            • Batteries
            • Battery Cables
            • Battery Trays And Hold Down Hardware
            • Bulbs, Sealed Beams And LEDS
            • Fuses, Fusible Links And Circuit Breakers
            • Ground Cables And Straps
            • Ground Straps
            • Lenses
            • Sealed Beams
            • Washer Pumps
            • Wiper Arms And Blades
            • Wiper Hoses And Nozzles
            • Wiper Pump Reservoirs
          • Engine Performance And Maintenance
            • Notes
            • Accessory Belts
            • Air Filter Elements
            • Air Filter Gaskets
            • Air Filter Housings And Gaskets
            • Air Pump Belts
            • Batteries
            • Battery Connectors
            • Belt Idler Assemblies (Accessory And Cam Belts)
            • Belt TENSIONERS (Accessory And Cam Belt)
            • Chemical Engine DECARBONIZATION
            • Combustion Chamber Cleaning
            • Coolant Recovery Tanks
            • Coolant
            • Distributor Caps
            • Distributor Rotors
            • Engine Cooling Systems
            • Engine DECARBONIZATION
            • Engine Oil Drain Plugs And Gaskets
            • Engine Oil Filters And Canisters
            • Engine Oil
            • Fuel Filters
            • Fuel Injector Cleaning
            • Fuel Injectors
            • Fuel System Cleaning Service
            • Hose Clamps
            • Hose Connectors
            • Hose Couplers
            • Hoses And Tubes (Fuel Lines, Radiator, Vacuum, By-Pass, Heater, Recovery Tank And Oil Coolers)
            • Ignition Wires (Secondary)
            • Intake Cleaning
            • O2 Sensors
            • PCV Breather Elements
            • PCV Valves
            • Radiator Caps And Pressurized Expansion Tank Caps
            • Spark Plugs
            • Thermostats And Housings
            • Throttle Body Cleaning
            • Timing Belts
            • Vacuum Hoses, Tubes And Connections (Non-Metallic)
          • Exhaust Systems
            • Notes
            • Exhaust And Tail Pipes
          • Heating, Ventilation And Air Conditioning Systems
            • Notes
            • Belts
            • Cabin Air Filters
            • Coolant
            • Evaporator Drain Tubes
            • Evaporator Filters
            • In-Line Filters
            • Vacuum Hoses And Tubes
          • Steering And Suspension, Wheel Alignment, Wheels And Tires
            • Notes
            • Hydraulic Hoses
            • Power Steering Belts
            • Power Steering Fluid
            • Power Steering Hoses
            • Shock Absorbers, Strut Cartridges And Strut Assemblies
            • Strut Rods
            • Tire Pressure Monitoring System
            • Tire Pressure Sensors
            • Tires
            • Valve Stems
            • Wheel Attachment Hardware
            • Wheel Bearings, Races And Seals
      • Wheel & Tire Supplement
        • Notes
        • Tires
        • Mounting Tires
        • Vehicle Tire Placard
        • Tire Rotation
        • Wheel Lug Nut Torque & Clamping Force
        • Popular Tire Rotation Patterns
        • Wheels And Rims
        • Tire Pressure Monitoring Systems
        • Wheels & Tires CHECKSHEET
        • Wheel & Tire - UICS
          • Tire Pressure Monitoring System
          • Tire Pressure Sensors
          • Tires
          • Wheel Alignment
          • Wheel Attachment Hardware
          • Wheels (Rims)
      • Reason Code Explanation
      • Automotive Terminology & Definitions
  • Check Lists
    • Symptom Check List Worksheet - General Information
      • * Please Read This First *
      • Purpose
        • Notes
        • Why Use the Symptom Check List Worksheets?
        • Making the Worksheets a Part of Your Normal Routine
      • Symptom Check List Worksheets
        • Condensed Version - All On One Page
        • Full Version - All On Four Pages
        • Individual System-Based Check Lists
  • Computer Relearn Procedures
    • Introduction
      • Body Controls
      • Engine Controls
    • CHRYSLER Corp.
      • A/C Calibration (Caravan, Town & Country, & Voyager)
        • Description
        • Procedure
      • A/C Calibration (CONCORDE, Intrepid & 300M)
      • Body Control Module (CONCORDE, Intrepid, SEBRING Convertible, SEBRING Sedan, Stratus Sedan & 300M)
      • Drive Learn Procedure (DAKOTA - 4.7L, DURANGO - 4.7L & Ram Pickup 1500 - 4.7L)
        • Notes
        • Procedure To Learn A Smooth 1st Neutral To Drive Shift
        • Procedure To Learn A Smooth Neutral To Drive Garage Shift
        • Procedure To Learn The 1st 2-3 Shift After A Restart Or Shift To Reverse
        • Procedure To Learn A Smooth 2-3 & 3-4 Upshift
        • Procedure To Learn A Smooth 4-3 Coastdown & Part Throttle 4-3 Kickdown
        • Procedure To Learn A Smooth 1-2 Upshift & 3-2 Kickdown
        • Procedure To Learn A Smooth Manual 2-1 Pulldown Shift As Well As A Neutral To Reverse Shift
        • Procedure To Learn A Smooth Neutral To Reverse Shift
        • Procedure To Learn A Smooth 4-5 Upshift for 545RFE
      • Engine Control Module Programming (Diesel)
      • Immobilizer System (SEBRING Coupe & Stratus Coupe)
        • Notes
        • Encrypted Code Registration
        • Key ID Registration
      • Instrument Cluster (Ram Van & Ram Wagon)
      • Pinion Factor Procedure
        • Except Concorde, Durango - With NGC, Intrepid & 300M
        • Concorde, Durango - With NGC, Intrepid & 300M
      • Power Liftgate Learn Cycle (Caravan & Town & Country)
        • Description
        • Procedure
      • Power Sliding Door Learn Cycle (Caravan & Town & Country)
        • Description
        • Procedure
      • Powertrain Control Module Programming (Except Ram Pickup 2500 & 3500 - Gasoline, Ram Van & Ram Wagon)
      • Powertrain Control Module Programming (Ram Pickup 2500 & 3500 - Gasoline, Ram Van & Ram Wagon)
      • Sentry Key Immobilizer Module Programming
      • Programming Ignition Keys To Sentry Key Immobilizer Module
        • Using Scan Tool
        • Programming Ignition Keys Using Customer Learn Method
      • Torque Converter Clutch Break-In Procedure (CONCORDE, Intrepid & 300M)
        • Description
        • Break-In Procedure
      • Transmission Shift Quality Quick Learn Procedure (DAKOTA - 4.7L, DURANGO - 4.7L & Ram Pickup 1500 - 4.7L)
      • Transaxle Shift Quality Quick Learn Procedure
      • Vehicle DRIVEABILITY Computer Relearn Procedure
    • Ford Motor Co.
      • Notes
      • Control Module Programming
        • Notes
        • Programmable Module Installation Procedure
        • Steering Column Lock Actuator Module Parameter Reset (LS - Manual Transmission Only)
      • Customer Preferences
      • Instrument Cluster Programming
        • Notes
        • Instrument Cluster Programming Procedure "A"
        • Instrument Cluster Programming Procedure "B"
        • Security Access Procedure
      • Power Sliding Door Initialization (WINDSTAR Only)
      • Programming Powertrain Control Module (All Models)
        • Notes
        • Description
        • Flash Vehicle Identification (VID) Block Procedure
      • Rear Ride Height Initializing Procedure (BLACKWOOD Only)
        • Calibration Procedure
    • General Motors (Cars)
      • Notes
      • Crankshaft Position Sensor System Variation Learn Procedure
        • Alero, Aurora - 4.0L, Bonneville, Cavalier - 2.2L, Century, Corvette, Deville, Eldorado, Grand Am, Grand Prix, Impala, LeSabre, Malibu, Monte Carlo, Park Avenue, Regal, Seville & Sunfire - 2.2L
        • Camaro & Firebird - 3.8L
        • Camaro & Firebird - 5.7L
        • Cavalier & Sunfire - 2.4L
        • Intrigue - 3.5L
        • Saturn - 1.9L
        • Saturn - 2.2L
      • Engine Control Module
        • Saturn - 3.0L
      • Idle Air Control Valve Learn Procedure
        • Deville, Eldorado & Seville
      • Powertrain Control Module
        • Alero - 2.2L, Cavalier, Grand Am - 2.2L, Saturn - 1.9L & Sunfire
        • Remote Programming (Alero - 3.4L, Aurora, Bonneville, Camaro, Century, Deville, Eldorado, Firebird, Grand Am, Grand Prix, Impala, Intrigue, LeSabre, Malibu, Monte Carlo, Park Avenue, Regal & Seville)
        • Off-Board Programming (Alero - 3.4L, Aurora, Bonneville, Camaro, Century, Deville, Eldorado, Firebird, Grand Am, Grand Prix, Impala, Intrigue, LeSabre, Malibu, Monte Carlo, Park Avenue, Regal & Seville)
        • Remote Programming (Corvette)
        • Off-Board Programming (Corvette)
      • Theft Deterrent System Components
        • 10-Minute Learn Procedure (Alero, Cavalier, Century, Corvette, Grand Am, Impala, Malibu, Monte Carlo, Regal & Sunfire)
        • 30-Minute Learn Procedure (Alero, Cavalier, Century, Corvette, Grand Am, Impala, Malibu, Monte Carlo, Regal & Sunfire)
        • Set Up A New Theft Deterrent Control Module (Aurora, Bonneville, Deville, Eldorado, Intrigue, LeSabre, Park Avenue & Seville)
        • 10-Minute Learn Procedure (Aurora, Bonneville, Deville, Eldorado, Intrigue, LeSabre, Park Avenue & Seville)
        • 30-Minute Learn Procedure (Aurora, Bonneville, Deville, Eldorado, Intrigue, LeSabre, Park Avenue & Seville)
        • Passlock™ Anti-Theft Seed & Key Method (Saturn - 1.9L)
        • Passlock™ Anti-Theft Auto Learn Method (Saturn - 1.9L)
        • Auto Learn Method (Saturn - 2.2L & 3.0L)
        • Saturn Service Stall Method (Saturn - 2.2L & 3.0L)
      • Throttle Body Relearn Procedure
        • Saturn - 3.0L
      • Throttle Position Sensor Learn Procedure
        • Deville, Eldorado & Seville
    • General Motors (Trucks & Vans)
      • Notes
      • Crankshaft Position Sensor System Variation Learn Procedure
        • Avalanche, Astro, Aztek, Blazer, Bravada, Cab & Chassis - 8.1L, Chevy Express - 4.3L, 5.0L, 5.7L & 8.1L, Cutaway - 5.7L & 8.1L, Envoy, Envoy XL, Escalade, Escalade EXT, Jimmy Canadian, Montana, Rendezvous, RV Cutaway - 5.7L & 8.1L, S10 Pickup, Safari, Savana - 4.3L, 5.0L, 5.7L & 8.1L, Savana Camper Special -5.7L & 8.1L, Savana Special - 5.7L & 8.1L, Sierra - 4.3L, 4.8L, 5.3L, 6.0L & 8.1L, Silhouette, Silverado - 4.3L, 4.8L, 5.3L, 6.0L & 8.1L, Sonoma, Suburban, Tahoe, Trailblazer, Venture, Yukon & Yukon XL
        • Vue - 2.2L
      • Engine Control Module Programming
        • Remote Programming (Sierra & Silverado - 6.6L)
        • Off-Board Programming (Sierra & Silverado - 6.6L)
        • Vue - 2.2L
        • Vue - 3.0L
      • Fuel Injection Pump Top Dead Center Offset Adjustment
        • Learning A TDC Offset (Cab & Chassis, Chevy Express, Cutaway, RV Cutaway, Savana, Savana Camper Special & Savana Special - 6.5L)
      • Glow Plug System Relearn Procedure
        • Cab & Chassis, Chevy Express, Cutaway, RV Cutaway, Savana, Savana Camper Special & Savana Special - 6.5L
      • Powertrain Control Module
        • Remote Programming (Avalanche, Astro, Aztek, Blazer, Bravada, Cab & Chassis - 8.1L, Chevy Express - 5.0L, 5.7L & 8.1L, Cutaway - 5.7L & 8.1L, Envoy, Envoy XL, Escalade, Escalade EXT, Jimmy Canadian, Montana, Rendezvous, RV Cutaway - 5.7L & 8.1L, S10 Pickup - 4.3L, Safari, Savana - 5.0L, 5.7L & 8.1L, Savana Camper Special - 5.7L & 8.1L, Savana Special - 5.7L & 8.1L, Sierra - 4.3L, 4.8L, 5.3L, 6.0L & 8.1L, Silhouette, Silverado - 4.3L, 4.8L, 5.3L, 6.0L & 8.1L, Sonoma - 4.3L, Suburban, Tahoe, Trailblazer, Venture, Yukon & Yukon XL)
        • Off-Board Programming (Avalanche, Astro, Aztek, Blazer, Bravada, Cab & Chassis - 8.1L, Chevy Express - 5.0L, 5.7L & 8.1L, Cutaway - 5.7L & 8.1L, Envoy, Envoy XL, Escalade, Escalade EXT, Jimmy Canadian, Montana, Rendezvous, RV Cutaway - 5.7L & 8.1L, S10 Pickup - 4.3L, Safari, Savana - 5.0L, 5.7L & 8.1L, Savana Camper Special - 5.7L & 8.1L, Savana Special - 5.7L & 8.1L, Sierra - 4.3L, 4.8L, 5.3L, 6.0L & 8.1L, Silhouette, Silverado - 4.3L, 4.8L, 5.3L, 6.0L & 8.1L, Sonoma - 4.3L, Suburban, Tahoe, Trailblazer, Venture, Yukon & Yukon XL)
        • PCM Programming (Cab & Chassis, Chevy Express, Cutaway, RV Cutaway, Savana, Savana Camper Special & Savana Special - 6.5L)
        • Programming TDC Offset (Cab & Chassis, Chevy Express, Cutaway, RV Cutaway, Savana, Savana Camper Special & Savana Special - 6.5L)
        • PCM Programming (S10 Pickup - 2.2L, Sonoma - 2.2L & Tracker)
      • Theft Deterrent System Components
        • 10-Minute Learn Procedure (Avalanche, Astro, Blazer, Cab & Chassis, Chevy Express, Cutaway, Escalade, Escalade EXT, Jimmy Canadian, RV Cutaway, S10 Pickup, Safari, Savana, Savana Camper Special & Savana Special, Sierra, Silverado, Sonoma, Suburban, Tahoe, Yukon & Yukon XL)
        • 30-Minute Learn Procedure (Avalanche, Astro, Blazer, Cab & Chassis, Chevy Express, Cutaway, Escalade, Escalade EXT, Jimmy Canadian, RV Cutaway, S10 Pickup, Safari, Savana, Savana Camper Special & Savana Special, Sierra, Silverado, Sonoma, Suburban, Tahoe, Yukon & Yukon XL)
        • Set Up a New Theft Deterrent Control Module (Aztek, Montana, Rendezvous, Silhouette & Venture)
        • 10-Minute Learn Procedure (Aztek, Montana, Rendezvous, Silhouette & Venture)
        • 30-Minute Learn Procedure (Aztek, Montana, Rendezvous, Silhouette & Venture)
        • 10 Minute Learn Procedure With Standard Key (Bravada, Envoy, Envoy XL & Trailblazer)
        • 30 Minute Learn Procedure With Standard Key (Bravada, Envoy, Envoy XL & Trailblazer)
        • Procedure To Set Up New Theft Deterrent Control Module With Transponder Key (Bravada, Envoy, Envoy XL & Trailblazer)
        • 10 Minute Re-Learn Procedure (Bravada, Envoy, Envoy XL & Trailblazer)
        • Auto Learn Method (Vue)
        • Saturn Service Stall Method (Vue)
      • Throttle Body Relearn Procedure
        • Vue - 3.0L
    • Jeep
      • Drive Learn Procedure (Grand CHEROKEE & Liberty)
        • Notes
        • Procedure To Learn A Smooth 1st Neutral To Drive Shift
        • Procedure To Learn A Smooth Neutral To Drive Garage Shift
        • Procedure To Learn The 1st 2-3 Shift After A Restart Or Shift To Reverse
        • Procedure To Learn A Smooth 2-3 & 3-4 Upshift
        • Procedure To Learn A Smooth 4-3 Coastdown & Part Throttle 4-3 Kickdown
        • Procedure To Learn A Smooth 1-2 Upshift & 3-2 Kickdown
        • Procedure To Learn A Smooth Manual 2-1 Pulldown Shift As Well As A Neutral To Reverse Shift
        • Procedure To Learn A Smooth Neutral To Reverse Shift
        • Procedure To Learn A Smooth 4-5 Upshift for 545RFE
      • Powertrain Control Module Programming
        • Notes
        • Updating Secret Key Data
      • Sentry Key Immobilizer Module Programming
      • Programming Ignition Keys To Sentry Key Immobilizer Module
        • Using Scan Tool
        • Using Customer Learn Method
      • Shift Quality Quick-Learn Procedure (Grand CHEROKEE & Liberty)
        • Overview
        • Quick-Learn Procedure
  • OBD-II Drive Cycles
    • 1996-99 Gasoline Models (Except Villager)
      • Introduction
      • Vehicle Preparation for OBD-II or Monitor Repair Verification Drive Cycle
      • OBD-II Drive Cycle
      • Monitor Repair Verification Drive Cycles
    • 1996 Villager
      • OBD-II Drive Cycle Test Procedure
      • Misfire Detection Repair Verification Drive Cycle
    • 1997-99 Villager
      • OBD-II Drive Cycle
    • 2000-04 Gasoline Models
      • Introduction
      • Drive Cycle Recommendations
      • Drive Cycle Procedures
    • 2005-09 Gasoline Models
      • Description of On Board Diagnostic (OBD) Drive Cycle
        • Notes
        • Drive Cycle Recommendations
    • 2010-12 Gasoline Models (Except Fiesta)
      • Description of On Board Diagnostic (OBD) Drive Cycle
      • Drive Cycle Recommendations
    • 2011-12 Fiesta
      • Description of On Board Diagnostic (OBD) Drive Cycle
      • Drive Cycle Recommendations
    • 2003-07 6.0L Diesel
      • Description
      • Drive Cycle Procedure:
    • 2008-10 6.4L Diesel
      • Description
      • Drive Cycle Procedure:
    • 2011-12 6.7L Diesel
      • Description
      • Drive Cycle Procedure
    • 1996-03 7.3L Diesel
      • Description
      • Performing Drive Cycle
    • 2005-09 Hybrid
      • Description
      • Drive Cycle Recommendations
    • 2005-12 Escape Hybrid
      • Description
      • Drive Cycle
    • 2011-12 Fusion Hybrid
      • Description
      • Drive Cycle Recommendations
  • Driveline/Axles
    • Drive Axle Noise Diagnosis - General Information
      • * Please Read This First *
      • Unrelated Noises
      • Non-Drive Axle Noises
      • Gear Noise
      • Chuckle
      • Knock
      • Clunk
      • Bearing Whine
      • Bearing Rumble
      • Chatter On Turns
      • Axle Shaft Noise
      • Vibration
    • Gear Tooth Contact Patterns - General Information
      • * Please Read This First *
      • Inspection
        • Notes
        • Gear Tooth Contact Pattern
      • Adjustments
        • Notes
        • Gear Backlash & Pinion Shim Changes
    • Map - Drive Train & Transmission
      • Drive Train & Transmission Systems
        • Notes
        • Map Standards Of Service
        • The Map Process - Overview
        • The Map Process - Overview Of Service Requirements And Suggestions
      • Drivetrain And Transmission
        • Notes
        • Actuators (Electrical)
        • Actuators (Vacuum)
        • Automatic Transmission / Transaxle Assemblies/CVTS
        • Automatic Transmission Fluid
        • Axles
        • Bearings And Races
        • Bell Cranks
        • Bell Housings
        • Bushings (External)
        • Cables (Speedometer)
        • Cables (TV, Detent And Shift)
        • Carrier Bearings
        • Clutch Cables And Cable Housings
        • Clutch Discs (Manual Transmissions)
        • Clutch Forks
        • Clutch Linkages (Mechanical)
        • Clutch Master Cylinders
        • Clutch Pedals
        • Clutch Pivots
        • Clutch Pressure Plates
        • Clutch Release Bearings
        • Clutch Slave Cylinders (Concentric)
        • Clutch Slave Cylinders (Conventional Or External)
        • Companion Flanges
        • Connectors
        • Cooler Bypass Valves
        • Cooler Lines
        • Coolers
        • CV Joints
        • Differential And Final Drive Assemblies
        • Differential Fluid
        • Dip Stick Tubes
        • Dip Sticks (Fluid Level Indicators)
        • Dowel Pins, Guides And Pilot Holes
        • Drain Plugs And Gaskets
        • Drive Shaft Flanges
        • Drive Shafts And Half Shafts
        • Dust Boots
        • Engine Mounts
        • Exciter Rings
        • Filler Tubes
        • Filters And Screens
        • Flanges
        • Flex Plates
        • Fluid Level Indicators
        • Fluids And Lubricants
        • Flywheels
        • Force Motors
        • Gaskets
        • Guides
        • Half Shafts
        • Hoses, Lines, And Tubes
        • Housings (Bell, Case, Tail(Extension) And Auxiliary)
        • Hydraulic Fluid
        • Intermediate Shaft Support Bearings
        • Key Interlock Systems
        • Limited Slips
        • Lines
        • Linkages (External)
        • Locking Hub Assemblies
        • Locking Hub Control Knobs
        • Lubricants
        • Manual Transmission Fluid
        • Manual Transmission/Transaxle Assemblies
        • Metal Clad Seals
        • METALASTIC Joints
        • Modulator Pins
        • Modulators
        • Mounts (Engine, Transaxle And Transmission)
        • Odometer Drives (Mechanical)
        • Odometer Heads (Mechanical)
        • Oil Pans
        • Pans
        • Pilot Holes
        • Pressure Plates
        • Pressure Switches
        • Races
        • Rubber Joints (METALASTIC)
        • Screens
        • Seals (Metal Clad)
        • Seals
        • Selector Interlock Systems
        • Sensors
        • Servos
        • Shift Interlock Systems (Selector And Key Interlock Systems)
        • Side Covers
        • Slip Yokes
        • Solenoids
        • Speed Sensors (Electronic Wheel And Vehicle)
        • Speedometer- Driven Gear Housing
        • Speedometer/Odometer Drives (Mechanical)
        • Speedometer/Odometer Heads (Mechanical)
        • Speedometers/Odometers (Electronic)
        • Switches
        • Tone Wheels
        • Toothed Rings (Tone Wheel)
        • Torque Converters
        • Transaxle Mounts
        • Transducers (Transmission)
        • Transfer Case Assemblies
        • Transfer Case Fluid
        • Transmission Coolers
        • Transmission Mounts
        • Transmission Pans
        • Transmission Range Indicators (PRNDL)
        • Tubes
        • Universal Joints (CARDAN Or Cross Type)
        • Vacuum Controls
        • Vacuum Hoses
        • Vacuum Motors
        • Vacuum-Operated Switches
        • Vehicle Speed Sensors
        • Vents
        • Vibration Dampers
        • Wheel Attachment Hardware
        • Wheel Speed Sensors
        • Wiring Harnesses And Connectors
        • Yokes And Slip Yokes
      • Reason Code Explanation
      • Automotive Terminology & Definitions
    • Trouble Shooting - Clutches - General Information
      • * Please Read This First *
      • All Models
  • DTC Index
    • A/C-Heater Systems DTCS
    • Air Bag Restraint Systems DTCS
    • Anti-Lock Brakes DTCS
    • Anti-Theft Systems (Pats) DTCS
    • Anti-Theft Systems (Perimeter) DTCS
    • Automatic Transmission Electronic Controls (5R55N) Diagnosis DTCS
    • Communication System DTCS (U Codes)
    • Cruise Control System DTCS
    • Evaporative Emissions DTCS
    • Generators & Regulators DTCS
    • Instrument Panels DTCS
      • Instrument Panels Diagnostic Trouble Code (DTC)
      • Instrument Panels (Pcm) Diagnostic Trouble Code
    • Power Door Locks
      • Power Door Locks (Front Electronic Module)
      • Power Door Locks (Rear Electronic Module)
    • Power Windows DTCS
    • Remote Keyless Entry Systems DTCS
    • Self-Diagnostics DTCS
    • Wiper/Washer Systems DTCS
  • Electrical
    • Map - Electrical Systems
      • Electrical Systems
        • Notes
        • Map Standards Of Service
        • The Map Process - Overview
        • The Map Process - Overview Of Service Requirements And Suggestions
        • Actuator Motors (Electric)
        • Actuator Motors (Vacuum)
        • Air Bags
        • Alternators And Generators
        • Amplifiers
        • Antennas
        • Batteries
        • Battery Cables, Wires And Connectors
        • Battery Cables
        • Battery Trays And Hold Down Hardware
        • Battery Wires
        • Belts
        • Bulb Sockets
        • Bulbs, Sealed Beams And LEDS
        • Cd Players
        • Cigarette Lighter Assemblies
        • Circuit Breakers
        • Clutch Switches
        • Connectors
        • Control Modules
        • Cruise Control Brake Switches
        • Cruise Control Cables
        • Cruise Control Clutch Switches
        • Cruise Control Linkages And Cables
        • Cruise Control Reservoirs
        • Cruise Control Tubes
        • Cruise Control Vacuum Dump Release Valves
        • Cruise Control Vacuum Hoses, Tubes And
        • Cruise Control Vehicle Speed Sensors
        • Defoggers
        • Defrosters
        • Delays
        • Dimmers
        • Electric Heaters
        • Equalizers
        • Fuse Blocks
        • Fuse Boxes And Blocks
        • Fuses, Fusible Links And Circuit Breakers
        • Fusible Links
        • Gauges
        • Generators
        • Ground Cables And Straps
        • Ground Straps
        • Headlight Adjusters
        • Heating Elements (Defrosters, Defoggers, Electric Heaters And Seats)
        • Horns And Sirens
        • Ignition Switches
        • Indicator Lights
        • Keyless Entry Keypads And Transmitters
        • Keyless Entry Transmitters
        • LEDS
        • Lenses
        • Microphones
        • Mirrors (ELECTROCHROMATIC And Heated)
        • Motors
        • Neutral Safety Switches
        • Odometers, Speedometers And Tachometers (Cable Driven)
        • Odometers
        • Power Distribution Center
        • Pulleys
        • Receivers, Amplifiers, Equalizers And Sub-Woofer Volume Controls
        • Relay Boxes
        • Relays
        • Sealed Beams
        • Seat Heaters
        • Security Alarm Sensors
        • Sirens
        • Solenoids
        • Speakers And Microphones
        • Speedometer And Tachometer Linkages And Cables
        • Speedometer Cables
        • Speedometers
        • Starters
        • Sub-Woofer Volume Control
        • Switches
        • Tachometer Cables
        • Tachometers
        • Tape Players And Cd Players
        • TENSIONERS
        • Timers
        • Transceivers
        • Transducers
        • Vacuum Accumulators (Reservoirs)
        • Voltage Regulators
        • Washer Fluid Level Senders
        • Washer Pumps
        • Wiper Arms And Blades
        • Wiper Blades
        • Wiper Hoses And Nozzles
        • Wiper Linkages
        • Wiper Nozzles
        • Wiper Pump Reservoirs
        • Wiring Harnesses And Connectors
      • Battery, Starting & Charging System CHECKSHEET
      • Reason Code Explanation
      • Automotive Terminology & Definitions
    • Using lemon2025'S System Wiring Diagrams
      • Introduction
      • Wiring Diagram Features And Controls
      • Wiring Diagram Color Abbreviations
      • Wiring Diagram Symbols
      • Wiring Diagram Ground Number Locations
      • Wiring Diagram Component Locations
  • Engine
    • Engine Overhaul Procedures - General Information
      • * Please Read This First *
      • Description
      • Engine Identification
      • Inspection Procedures
        • * Please Read This First *
        • General
        • Magnetic Particle Inspection
          • Notes
          • Magnaflux & Magnaglo
        • Penetrant Inspection
          • Notes
          • Zyglo
          • Dye Check
        • Ultrasonic Inspection
        • X-Ray Inspection
        • Pressure Testing
      • Cleaning Procedures
        • * Please Read This First *
        • General
        • Bead Blasting
        • Chemical Cleaning
      • Component Cleaning
        • * Please Read This First *
        • Sheet Metal Parts
        • Intake & Exhaust Manifolds
      • Cylinder Head Replacement
        • * Please Read This First *
        • Removal
        • Installation
        • Valve Adjustment
      • Cylinder Head Overhaul
        • * Please Read This First *
        • Cylinder Head Disassembly
        • Cylinder Head Cleaning & Inspection
        • Valve Springs
        • Valve Guide
          • Notes
          • Measuring Valve Guide Clearance
          • Reaming Valve Guide
          • Replacing Valve Guide
        • Valves & Valve Seats
          • Notes
          • Valve Grinding
          • Valve Lapping
          • Valve Seat Grinding
          • Valve Seat Replacement
          • Valve Seat Concentricity
        • Cylinder Head Reassembly
          • Notes
          • Valve Stem Installed Height
        • Valve Stem Oil Seals
          • Notes
          • Replacement (On-Vehicle)
        • Valve Spring Installed Height
        • Rocker Arms & Assemblies
          • Notes
          • Rocker Studs
          • Rocker Arms & Shafts
        • Push Rods
        • Lifters
          • Notes
          • Hydraulic Lifters
          • Mechanical Lifters
      • Pistons, Connecting Rods & Bearings
        • * Please Read This First *
        • Ridge Removal
        • Piston & Connecting Rod Removal
        • Piston & Connecting Rod
          • Notes
          • Disassembly
          • Cleaning
          • Inspection
        • Piston & Cylinder Bore Fit
        • Assembling Piston & Connecting Rod
        • Checking Piston Ring Clearances
        • Piston & Connecting Rod Installation
        • Connecting Rod Side Clearance
        • Main & Connecting Rod Bearing Clearance
          • Notes
          • Plastigage Method
          • Micrometer & Telescopic Gauge Method
      • Crankshaft & Main Bearings
        • * Please Read This First *
        • Removal
        • Cleaning & Inspection
        • Installation
        • Crankshaft End Play
          • Notes
          • Dial Indicator Method
          • Feeler Gauge Method
        • Cylinder Block
          • Notes
          • Block Cleaning
          • Block Inspection
          • Cylinder Bore Inspection
          • Cylinder Honing
          • Deck Warpage
          • Deck Height
          • Main Bearing Bore & Alignment
          • Expansion Plug Removal
          • Expansion Plug Installation
          • Oil Gallery Plug Removal
          • Oil Gallery Plug Installation
      • Camshaft
        • * Please Read This First *
        • Cleaning & Inspection
        • Camshaft Bearings
          • Notes
          • Removal & Installation
        • Camshaft Installation
        • Camshaft End Play
      • Timing Chains & Belts
        • * Please Read This First *
        • Timing Chains
        • Timing Belts
        • Tension Adjustment
      • Timing Gears
        • * Please Read This First *
        • Timing Gear Backlash & RUNOUT
        • Rear Main Oil Seal Installation
          • Notes
          • One-Piece Type Seal
          • Rope Type Seal
          • Split-Rubber Type Seal
      • Oil Pump
        • * Please Read This First *
        • Rotor Type
        • Gear Type
      • Break-In Procedure
        • * Please Read This First *
        • Engine Pre-Oiling
        • Initial Start-Up
        • Camshaft
        • Piston Rings
        • Final Adjustments
    • General Cooling System Service - General Information
      • * Please Read This First *
      • Description
      • Maintenance
        • Draining
        • Flushing
          • Notes
          • Radiator
          • Engine Block
        • Refilling
      • Testing
        • Thermostat
        • Pressure Testing
          • Notes
          • Radiator Cap
          • Cooling System
  • Engine Performance
    • Electrostatic Discharge Warning - General Information
      • * Please Read This First *
      • Introduction
      • Handling Static-Sensitive Circuits/Devices
      • Checking Static-Sensitive Circuits/Devices
    • Engine Performance Diagnostic Routine Outline - General Information
      • * Please Read This First *
      • Where Does DRIVEABILITY Diagnosis Start?
        • Perform Basic Inspection
        • Check For Trouble Codes
        • Diagnose Symptom
        • Test System
    • Engine Performance Safety Precautions
      • Engine Performance Safety Precautions
    • Map - Engine Performance & Maintenance
      • Engine Performance And Maintenance (Including Exhaust Systems)
        • Notes
        • Map Standards Of Service
        • The Map Process - Overview
        • The Map Process - Overview Of Service Requirements And Suggestions
      • Engine Performance & Maintenance CHECKSHEET
      • Engine Performance And Maintenance
        • Notes
        • Accelerator Pedal Position Sensor
        • Accessory Belts
        • Accessory Pulleys
        • Air Conditioning Cycling Switches
        • Air Conditioning Pressure Sensors
        • Air Ducts And Tubes
        • Air Filter Elements
        • Air Filter Gaskets
        • Air Filter Housings And Gaskets
        • Air Fuel Ratio Sensors
        • Air Injection Control Solenoids
        • Air Plenums
        • Air Pump Belts
        • Air Pumps (Electric Driven)
        • Air Tubes
        • Aspirator, Check And DECEL Valves
        • Baffles
        • Ballast Primary Supply Resistor Wires
        • Ballast Resistors And Primary Supply Resistors
        • Barometric Pressure Sensors
        • Batteries
        • Battery Cables, Wires And Connectors
        • Battery Connectors
        • Battery Trays And Hold Down Hardware
        • Battery Wires
        • Belt Idler Assemblies (Accessory And Cam Belts)
        • Belt TENSIONERS (Accessory And Cam Belt)
        • Belt-Driven Air Pumps
        • Boost Control Mechanism
        • Camshaft Position Sensors
        • Carburetors And Chokes
        • Casting Core Plugs And Expansion Plugs
        • Charge Air Coolers ""INTERCOOLERS"" (CAC)
        • Check Valves
        • Chemical Engine DECARBONIZATION
        • Chokes
        • Clutch Pedal Position Switches
        • Cold Start Injectors
        • Combustion Chamber Cleaning
        • Connectors
        • Coolant Recovery Tanks
        • Coolant
        • Cooling Fan Motor Modules
        • Cooling Fan Motor Relays And Modules
        • Cooling Fan Motor Resistors
        • Cooling Fan Motor Sensors And Switches
        • Cooling Fan Motor Switches
        • Cooling Fan Motors
        • Crankshaft Position Sensors
        • Cylinder Deactivation Solenoid
        • Cylinder Head Assemblies
        • DECEL Valves
        • Deflectors
        • Dip Stick Tubes
        • Dip Sticks And Tubes
        • Distributor Advances And Retarders (Mechanical And Vacuum)
        • Distributor Boots And Shields
        • Distributor Caps
        • Distributor Retarders (Mechanical And Vacuum)
        • Distributor Rotors
        • Distributor Shields
        • Distributors
        • Early Fuel Evaporation Valves (Heat Riser Assemblies)
        • EGR Coolers
        • EGR Exhaust Manifold Passages
        • EGR Intake And Exhaust Manifold Passages
        • EGR Plates And Coolers
        • Electronic Spark Control Modules
        • Electronic Transmission Control Devices
        • Electronic Transmission Feedback Devices
        • Engine Coolant Temperature Sensors
        • Engine Cooling Systems
        • Engine Covers (Oil Pan, Valve Cover, Timing Cover)
        • Engine DECARBONIZATION
        • Engine Oil Canisters
        • Engine Oil Coolers (External)
        • Engine Oil Drain Plugs And Gaskets
        • Engine Oil Filters And Canisters
        • Engine Oil Gaskets
        • Engine Oil Pressure Gauges (Mechanical)
        • Engine Oil
        • Evaporative Emissions (EVAP) Canister Filters
        • Evaporative Emissions (EVAP) Canister Purge Devices
        • Evaporative Emissions (EVAP) Canisters
        • Evaporative Emissions (EVAP) Feedback Devices
        • Exhaust Gas RECIRCULATION Devices
        • Exhaust Gas RECIRCULATION Feedback Devices
        • Expansion Plugs
        • Fan Control Sensor
        • Fuel Accumulators And Dampers
        • Fuel And Cold Start Injectors
        • Fuel Caps
        • Fuel Dampers
        • Fuel Delivery Check Valves
        • Fuel Distributors (BOSCH Cis)
        • Fuel Filler Necks And RESTRICTORS
        • Fuel Filters
        • Fuel Injector Cleaning
        • Fuel Injectors
        • Fuel Level Senders
        • Fuel Pressure Regulators
        • Fuel Pumps (In-Tank, External, Electrical Or Mechanical)
        • Fuel Rails
        • Fuel RESTRICTORS
        • Fuel System Cleaning Service
        • Fuel Tanks
        • Fuel
        • Gaskets
        • Grommets (Valve Cover)
        • Harmonic Dampers
        • Heater Control Valves
        • Heater Cores
        • Hose Clamps
        • Hose Connectors
        • Hose Couplers
        • Hoses And Tube Couplers, Connectors And Clamps
        • Hoses And Tubes (Fuel Lines, Radiator, Vacuum, By-Pass, Heater, Recovery Tank And Oil Coolers)
        • Housings
        • Idle Air Controls
        • Idle Speed Control Actuators
        • Ignition Boots
        • Ignition Coil Towers
        • Ignition Coils
        • Ignition Control Modules (ICM)
        • Ignition Switches
        • Ignition Terminals
        • Ignition Wires (Secondary)
        • Inertia Fuel Shut-Off Switches
        • Intake Air Temperature Sensors
        • Intake Cleaning
        • Intake Manifolds
        • In-Tank Fuel Strainers
        • INTERCOOLERS
        • Knock Sensors
        • Liquid Vapor Separators
        • Long Block Assemblies
        • Manifold Absolute Pressure (Map) Sensors
        • Mass Air Flow (MAF) Sensors
        • Metal Air Manifolds And Pipes
        • Metal Air Pipes
        • Mix Control Solenoids
        • Motor Mounts
        • O2 Sensors
        • Oil Pans
        • Oil Pressure Sending Units
        • Oil Pump Pick-Up Screens
        • Oil Pumps
        • O-Rings, Gaskets, Seals And Spring Locks
        • Park Neutral Position Switches
        • PCV Breather Elements
        • PCV Orifices
        • PCV Valves
        • Pick-Up Assemblies (Includes Magnetic, Hall Effect And Optical)
        • Power Steering Pressure Sensors
        • Powertrain Control Modules (Pcm) And Prom
        • Powertrain Control Prom
        • Pressurized Expansion Tank Caps
        • Radiator / Cooling Fan Blades
        • Radiator / Cooling Fan Clutches
        • Radiator Caps And Pressurized Expansion Tank Caps
        • Radiators
        • Roll Over Valves
        • Sealing Compounds
        • Seals
        • Secondary Air Injection System Management Devices
        • Sensors
        • Short Block Assemblies
        • Shrouds, Baffles And Deflectors
        • Spark Plugs
        • Spring Locks
        • Super Chargers
        • Switches
        • Thermal Vacuum Valves
        • Thermostatic Air Door Assemblies
        • Thermostats And Housings
        • Throttle Bodies
        • Throttle Body Cleaning
        • Throttle Cables
        • Throttle Linkages And Cables
        • Throttle Position Sensors
        • Throttle Position Switches
        • Timing Belt Sprockets
        • Timing Belts
        • Timing Covers
        • Torque Struts
        • Transmission Range Switches
        • Tube Clamps
        • Tube Connectors
        • Tube Couplers
        • Tubes
        • Turbo Chargers
        • Vacuum Connections
        • Vacuum Hoses, Tubes And Connections (Non-Metallic)
        • Vacuum Regulator Solenoids
        • Vacuum Tubes
        • Valve Covers
        • Vehicle Speed Senors
        • Volume Air Flow Sensors
        • Waste Gate And Boost Control Mechanisms
        • Waste Gate Control Solenoids
        • Water Pumps (Electric)
        • Water Pumps (Non-Electric)
        • Wiring Harnesses And Connectors
      • Reason Code Explanation
      • Automotive Terminology & Definitions
    • Parasitic Load Explanation & Test Procedures - General Information
      • * Please Read This First *
      • General Information
      • Testing For Parasitic Load
        • Notes
        • CHRYSLER Ignition Off Draw (IOD) Test
        • Test Procedure Using Test Switch
        • Intermittent Parasitic Load Problems
        • Diode Check & Solenoid Test
        • Quad Driver Test
    • State Emission Standards - Diesel
      • ARIZONA
      • Colorado
      • CONNECTICUT
      • IDAHO
      • KENTUCKY
      • MASSACHUSETTS
      • New YORK
      • OHIO
      • RHODE Island
      • UTAH
      • WASHINGTON
    • State Emission Standards - Gas
      • ALASKA
      • ARIZONA
      • CALIFORNIA
        • California Emission Standards ASM Tests
        • Legend
        • Pass/Fail Emission Standards = A+B / VTW
      • Colorado
      • CONNECTICUT
      • DELAWARE
      • District Of COLUMBIA
      • GEORGIA
      • IDAHO
      • ILLINOIS
      • INDIANA
      • KENTUCKY
      • MARYLAND
      • MASSACHUSETTS
      • MISSOURI
      • NEVADA
      • New Jersey
      • New MEXICO
      • New YORK
      • North CAROLINA
      • OHIO
      • OREGON
      • PENNSYLVANIA
      • RHODE Island
      • TENNESSEE
      • TEXAS
      • UTAH
      • VIRGINIA
      • WASHINGTON
      • WISCONSIN
      • U. S. EPA ASM2525 & ASM5015 Start-Up Emission Standards
      • U. S. EPA Revised Final ASM Emission Standards (ASM5015 & ASM2525)
      • U.S. EPA Im240 Emission Standards
        • Start-Up Standards
        • Final Standards
    • Waveforms - Injector Pattern Tutorial - General Information
      • * Please Read This First *
      • Purpose Of This Article
        • Notes
        • Scope Of This Article
      • Is A Lab Scope Necessary?
        • Introduction
        • Overview Of NOID Light
          • Notes
          • Use the Right Noid Light
        • Overview Of DVOM
          • Notes
          • Checking Injector Resistance
          • Checking Available Voltage At the Injector
          • Checking Injector On-Time With Built-In Function
          • Checking Injector On-Time With Dwell Or Duty
          • How A Duty Cycle Meter and Dwell Meter Work
          • Strengths of Dwell/Duty Meter
          • Weaknesses of Dwell/Duty Meter
      • The Two Types Of Injector Drivers
        • Notes
        • Overview
        • Voltage Controlled Circuit ("Saturated Switch")
        • Current Controlled Circuit ("Peak & Hold")
      • The Two Ways Injector Circuits Are Wired
      • Interpreting Injector Waveforms
        • Notes
        • Interpreting A Voltage Controlled Pattern
        • Interpreting A Current Controlled Pattern
      • Current Waveform Samples
        • Notes
        • Example #1 - Voltage Controlled Driver
        • Example #2 - Voltage Controlled Driver
        • Example #3 - Voltage Controlled Driver
        • Example #4 - Current Controlled Driver
        • Example #5 - Current Controlled Driver
        • Example #6 - Current Controlled Driver
        • Example #7 - Current Controlled Driver
        • Example #8 - Current Controlled Driver
      • Voltage Waveform Samples
        • Notes
        • Example #1 - Voltage Controlled Driver
        • Example #2 - Voltage Controlled Driver
        • Example #3 - Voltage Controlled Driver
        • Example #4 - Current Controlled Driver
        • Example #5 - Current Controlled Driver
        • Example #6 - Current Controlled Driver
        • Example #7 - Current Controlled Driver
        • Example #8 - Current Controlled Driver
  • Map - Exhaust Systems
    • Exhaust Systems
      • Notes
      • Map Standards Of Service
      • The Map Process - Overview
      • The Map Process - Overview Of Service Requirements And Suggestions
      • Catalytic Converters
      • Exhaust And Tail Pipes
      • Exhaust Connections
      • Hangers
      • Heat Risers (Mechanical EFE Devices)
      • Heat Shields
      • Manifolds (Cast And Tube Type)
      • Mechanical EFE Devices
      • Muffler Valve
      • Mufflers And Resonators
    • Reason Code Explanation
  • Heating, Ventilation & A/C (HVAC)
    • Map - Heating, Ventilation, & Air Conditioning
      • Heating, Ventilation & Air Conditioning Systems
        • Notes
        • Map Standards Of Service
        • The Map Process - Overview
        • The Map Process - Overview Of Service Requirements And Suggestions
        • Accumulators
        • Actuators (Electrical)
        • Actuators (Vacuum)
        • Air Conditioning Fittings
        • Air Conditioning Hoses
        • Air Conditioning Metal Lines
        • Air Control Doors
        • Air Dams (External)
        • Air Distribution System
        • Belts
        • Blend Doors
        • Blower Fans (Blower Wheel Or Squirrel Cage)
        • Blower Motors
        • Blower Resistors
        • Blower Switches
        • Cabin Air Filters
        • Circuit Breakers
        • Compressor Clutch Assemblies
        • Compressors
        • Condenser Air Seals
        • Condenser Fan Motors
        • Condensers
        • Connectors
        • Control Cables
        • Control Heads (Function Selectors)
        • Control Linkages
        • Control Modules
        • Coolant
        • Cooling Fan Blades
        • Cooling Fan Clutches
        • Cooling Fan Motors
        • Evaporator Drain Tubes
        • Evaporator Filters
        • Evaporator Pressure Regulators (EPRS)
        • Evaporators
        • Expansion Valves
        • Function Selectors
        • Fuses, Fusible Links And Circuit Breakers
        • Fusible Links
        • Gaskets
        • Heater Cases
        • Heater Control Valves
        • Heater Cores
        • Heater Hoses
        • High Pressure Relief Valves (HPRV)
        • Idlers
        • In-Line Filters
        • Metal Fittings
        • Metal Lines
        • Mix And Air Control Doors (Blend Doors)
        • ORIFACE Tubes
        • O-Rings
        • Pilot-Operated Absolutes (POAS)
        • Plenums
        • Pressure Control Valves
        • Pressure Sensors
        • Pulleys
        • Radiators
        • Receiver-DRIERS
        • Refrigerant Oil
        • Refrigerant
        • Relays
        • Seals
        • Service Ports
        • Spring Lock Couplings
        • Suction Throttling Valves (STVS)
        • Switches (Electrical)
        • TENSIONERS
        • Thermistors And Pressure Sensors
        • Thermostats And Housings
        • Vacuum Hoses And Tubes
        • Vacuum Reservoirs
        • Vacuum Tubes
        • Valves In Receiver (VIRS)
        • Water Pumps (Electric Auxiliary)
        • Wiring Harnesses And Connectors
      • Heating, Ventilation & Air Conditioning System CHECKSHEET
      • Reason Code Explanation
      • Automotive Terminology & Definitions
  • Identification
    • CANADIAN Model Cross-Reference
      • * Please Read This First *
      • ACURA
      • ASUNA
      • AUDI
      • BMW
      • CHRYSLER Corp.
        • CHRYSLER
        • Dodge
        • Eagle
        • PLYMOUTH
      • General Motors
        • BUICK
        • CHEVROLET
        • GMC
        • OLDSMOBILE
        • Optima
        • PONTIAC
      • HYUNDAI
      • Jaguar
      • KIA
      • MAZDA
      • MERCEDES-BENZ
      • Mercury
      • MERKUR
      • MITSUBISHI
      • NISSAN
      • RENAULT
      • SATURN
      • Smart
      • SUBARU
      • SUZUKI
      • TOYOTA
      • VOLKSWAGEN
      • VOLVO
      • All Others
  • Metric Conversions
    • Engine Displacement Conversion Table - ECAT
      • Conversion Table
    • Metric Conversions
      • Metric Conversions
        • Notes
        • Length
        • Volume
        • Torque
        • Pressure
      • Conversion Factors
  • Maintenance Reminder Light (Reset Procedures)
    • A/C Filter Service Reminder
      • Notes
      • A/C Filter Service Reminder Reset Procedure
    • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder
      • Notes
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 01
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 02
        • Oil Life Reset - Base Instrument Cluster
        • Oil Life Reset - Message Center Instrument Cluster
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 03
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 04
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 05
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 06
        • Non-Hybrid
        • Hybrid
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 07
        • Owner's Manual 1
        • Owner's Manual 2
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 08
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 09
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 10
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 11
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 12
        • With Base Instrument Cluster
        • With Message Center Instrument Cluster
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 13
        • With Message Center Instrument Cluster
        • With Base Instrument Cluster
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 14
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 15
        • Base Message Center
        • Uplevel Message Center
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 16
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 17
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 18
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 19
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 20
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 21
        • Notes
        • Without Message Center
        • With Message Center
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 22
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 23
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 24
        • Path 1
        • Path 2
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 25
        • Base Cluster
        • High Series Cluster
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 26
        • Resetting The Engine Oil Change Reminder - Vehicles With: 2.3 Inch Screen/4.2 Inch Screen
        • Resetting The Engine Oil Change Reminder - Vehicles With: 8 Inch Screen
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 27
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 28
    • Maintenance Service Reminder (Overhead Warning Lights)
      • Notes
      • Maintenance Service Reminder Reset Procedure
    • Maintenance Service Reminder (Sri)
      • Notes
      • Maintenance Service Reminder Reset - Procedure 01
      • Maintenance Service Reminder Reset - Procedure 02
      • Maintenance Service Reminder Reset - Procedure 03
    • Maintenance Service Reminder (VMM)
      • Notes
      • Maintenance Service Reminder Reset - Procedure 01
      • Maintenance Service Reminder Reset - Procedure 02
      • Maintenance Service Reminder Reset - Procedure 03
    • Tire Pressure Monitor System Reminder
      • Notes
      • Tire Pressure Sensor Types
        • Notes
        • Banded Sensor
        • Valve Mounted Bolt-On Sensor
        • Valve Mounted Snap-In Sensor
      • TPMS Reminder Reset - Procedure 01
      • TPMS Reminder Reset - Procedure 02
      • TPMS Reminder Reset - Procedure 03
      • TPMS Reminder Reset - Procedure 04
      • TPMS Reminder Reset - Procedure 05
        • Notes
        • Vehicles With Message Center
        • Vehicles Without Message Center
      • TPMS Reminder Reset - Procedure 07
      • TPMS Reminder Reset - Procedure 08
        • Notes
        • Performing the System Reset Procedure - Single Rear Wheel
        • Performing the System Reset Procedure - Dual Rear Wheel
      • TPMS Reminder Reset - Procedure 09
        • Overview
        • Carrying Out the System Reset Procedure
        • To reset the tire pressure monitoring system for vehicles equipped with 2.3" information display, scroll to:
        • To reset the tire pressure monitoring system for vehicles equipped with 4.2" information display, scroll to:
      • TPMS Reminder Reset - Procedure 10
  • Specifications Index
    • Common Specs & Procedures
      • Specifications Index
  • Steering
    • Map - Steering, Suspension, Wheel Alignment, Wheels & Tires
      • Steering & Suspension Systems
        • Notes
        • Map Standards Of Service
        • The Map Process - Overview
        • The Map Process - Overview Of Service Requirements And Suggestions
      • Wheel And Tire
        • Notes
        • Tires
        • Mounting Tires
        • Vehicle Tire Placard
        • Tire Rotation
        • Wheel Lug Nut Torque & Clamping Force
        • Popular Tire Rotation Patterns
        • Wheels And Rims
        • Tire Pressure Monitoring Systems
      • Steering & Suspension CHECKSHEET
      • Wheels & Tires CHECKSHEET
      • Steering And Suspension, Wheel Alignment, Wheels And Tires
        • Notes
        • Active Handling
        • Active Suspension Control Modules
        • Active Variable Ratio Steering
        • Active Yaw Control
        • Adaptive Cruise Control
        • Advance TRAC
        • Air Bags
        • Air Ride Control Modules
        • Air Ride Suspension Torsion Springs (Counter Balancing)
        • Air Ride Suspension
        • Air Ride Tubes
        • Air Shocks And Air Struts
        • Air Spring Valves
        • Air Springs
        • Air Suspension Control Valves
        • Air Suspension DRIERS
        • Axle Acceleration Sensor
        • Ball Joints
        • Body Acceleration Sensor
        • Bushings
        • Center Links
        • Compressors
        • Continuous Damping Control
        • Control Arm Shafts
        • Control Arms
        • Control Modules
        • Distance Regulation Control Module
        • Distance Regulation Sensor
        • Drag Links
        • Dynamic Stability Control
        • Dynamic Stability Traction Control
        • Electronic Ride Control Shocks And Struts
        • Electronic Stability Control
        • Electronic Suspension System
        • Flex Couplers
        • Gaskets
        • Height Sensors
        • Hydraulic Hoses
        • Hydraulic Power Steering Pumps
        • Hydraulic Suspension Hoses
        • Hydraulic Suspension Pumps
        • Idler Arms
        • Intermediate Shaft U-Joints
        • King Pins
        • Modules
        • Pitman Arms
        • Power Steering Belts
        • Power Steering Coolers
        • Power Steering Fluid
        • Power Steering Hoses
        • Power Steering Lines (Steel)
        • Power Steering Pumps - Electric
        • Power Steering Pumps
        • Radar Sensor
        • Radius Arms
        • Relay Rods
        • Relays
        • Sensors
        • Shock Absorbers, Strut Cartridges And Strut Assemblies
        • Spindles
        • Springs, Coil, Leaf And Torsion Bars
        • STABILITRAC
        • Stability Management System
        • Steering Angle Sensor
        • Steering Arms
        • Steering Couplers
        • Steering Dampers
        • Steering Gears (Except Rack And Pinion)
        • Steering Gears, Rack And Pinion
        • Steering Knuckles
        • Strike Out Bumpers
        • Strut Bearing Plate Assemblies
        • Strut Rods
        • Suspension Pumps (Hydraulic)
        • Sway Bar Links
        • Sway Bar Mounting Bushings
        • Sway Bars
        • Switches
        • Tie Rod Ends (Inner And Outer)
        • Tire Pressure Monitoring System
        • Tire Pressure Sensors
        • Tires
        • Torque Sensor
        • Torsion Springs
        • Track Bar Bushings
        • Track Bars
        • Trailing Arm Bushings
        • Trailing Arms
        • Valve Stems
        • Vehicle Dynamics Control
        • Vehicle Speed Sensor
        • Vehicle Stability Assist
        • Vehicle Stability/Skid Control
        • Warning Lamps
        • Wheel Alignment
        • Wheel Attachment Hardware
        • Wheel Bearings, Races And Seals
        • Wheels (Rims)
        • Wiring Harnesses And Connectors
      • Reason Code Explanation
      • Automotive Terminology & Definitions
    • Wheel Alignment Theory & Operation - General Information
      • * Please Read This First *
      • Pre-Alignment Instructions
        • Notes
        • General Alignment Checks
      • Adjustments
        • Notes
        • Camber
        • Caster
        • Toe-In Adjustment
        • Toe-Out On Turns
        • Steering Axis Inclination
  • Traction Control Disable Procedures
    • Traction Control Disable
  • Trouble Shooting - Manual Transmission - General Information
    • * Please Read This First *
    • Introduction
• Heating, Ventilation & A/C (HVAC)
  • A/C Compressor
    • HVAC Systems - Compressor Servicing
      • Ford FS-10 10-Cylinder
        • Notes
        • Clutch & Clutch Field Coil
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Shaft Seal
          • Removal
          • Installation
      • Ford SC115 Scroll
        • Clutch Assembly
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Shaft Seal
      • General Motors DELPHI-Thermal (HARRISON) CVC- 6/CVC-7, Hd6/Ht6/HU6, Hd6/Hr-6HE 6, V5 & V7.
        • Compressor Clutch Plate & Hub Assembly
          • Notes
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Compressor Control Valve (Variable Displacement Compressors Only)
          • Notes
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Compressor Pressure Relief Valve
          • Notes
          • Removal & Installation
        • Clutch Rotor/Bearing
          • Notes
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • High Pressure Switch
          • Notes
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Identifying Compressor Components
        • Shaft Seal
      • MITSUBISHI ASTT
      • MITSUBISHI Scroll
      • NIPPONDENSO 10-Cylinder
        • Clutch Assembly
          • Notes
          • Removal & Installation
        • Shaft Seal
          • Notes
          • Removal
          • Installation
      • NIPPONDENSO 10S15/10S17/10S20
        • Clutch Assembly
          • Notes
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Shaft Seal
      • NIPPONDENSO 10PA17 10-Cylinder
        • Clutch Assembly
          • Removal (All Models Except Grand Cherokee)
          • Installation (All Models Except Grand Cherokee)
          • Removal (Grand Cherokee)
          • Installation (Grand Cherokee)
        • Shaft Seal
      • SANDEN Scroll
        • Clutch Assembly
          • Removal & Installation (General Motors)
      • SANDEN SD-7H15 7-Cylinder
        • Notes
        • Clutch Assembly
          • Notes
          • Removal (All Models)
          • Installation (Cherokee)
          • Installation (Dakota, Durango & Ram Pickup)
      • SANDEN TRS-90 Scroll
        • Clutch Assembly
          • Notes
          • Removal
          • Installation
      • SANDEN TRS-105 Scroll
        • Clutch Assembly
          • Notes
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Shaft Seal
      • ZEXEL (SATURN - Variable Displacement Type)
        • Clutch Assembly
          • Removal ("S" Series)
          • Installation ("S" Series)
          • Removal ("L" Series)
          • Installation ("L" Series)
          • Removal (VUE)
          • Installation (VUE)
        • Pressure Relief Valve
          • Notes
          • Removal
          • Installation
  • General Servicing
    • Cabin Air Filter
      • Removal & Installation
        • Notes
        • Cabin Air Filter
          • Removal & Installation (2002-2005)
    • Climate Control System-General Information
      • Specifications
        • General Specifications
        • Torque Specifications
      • Description And Operation
        • Climate Control System
          • Notes
          • Principles of Operation
          • Heat Transfer
          • Latent Heat of Vaporization
          • Relative Humidity
          • Effects of Pressure on Boiling or Condensation
          • The Refrigerant Cycle
          • Clutch Cycling Thermostatic Expansion Valve Type Refrigerant System
          • Dual Automatic Temperature Control (DATC) Module Description
          • System Air Flow
            • Auto
            • Off
            • Panel
            • Panel/Floor
            • Floor
            • Floor/Defrost
            • Defrost
            • Climate Control System Electrical Components-Directly Linked to DATC Module
            • Climate Control System Components - J1850 Communications Network (SCP) Linked
      • Diagnosis And Testing
        • Climate Control System
          • Notes
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Inspection and Verification
            • Notes
            • Dual Automatic Temperature Control (DATC) Module Diagnostic Trouble Codes (DTCs)
            • Front Panel DATC Module Self-Test (On-demand Diagnostic Trouble Codes)
            • Front Panel DATC Module Display - Retrieve Continuous Diagnostic Trouble Codes (DTCs)
            • Diagnostic Trouble Code Index
              • Powertrain Control Module (PCM) Diagnostic Trouble Code (DTC) Index
              • Dual Electronic Automatic Temperature Control (DATC) Module Diagnostic Trouble Code (DTC) Index
          • Symptom Chart
          • Pinpoint Tests
            • Pinpoint Test A: No Communication With The Dual Automatic Temperature Control (DATC) Module
            • Pinpoint Test B: The DATC System Is Inoperative, Intermittent Or Incorrect Operation
            • Pinpoint Test C: Incorrect/Erratic Direction Of Airflow From Outlets
            • Pinpoint Test D: DTC B1251 Or B1253 - Air Temperature Internal Sensor Circuit Open Or Short To Ground
            • Pinpoint Test E: DTC B1946, B1947, B1966, B1967, B2428, Or B2429 - Climate Control A/C Post Evaporator Sensor, A/C Post Heater Sensor Driver Side, Or A/C Post Heater Sensor Passenger Side Circuit Failure Or Short To Ground
            • Pinpoint Test F: DTC B1255 Or B1257 - Air Temperature External Sensor Circuit Open Or Short To Ground
            • Pinpoint Test G: DTC B1259 Or B1261 - Solar Radiation Sensor Circuit Open Or Short To Ground
            • Pinpoint Test H: Insufficient, Erratic, Or No Heat
            • Pinpoint Test I: Insufficient Heat During Engine Idle
            • Pinpoint Test J: Full Heat Only In All Modes
            • Pinpoint Test K: The Dual Temperature Control Is Inoperative/Does Not Operate Correctly
            • Pinpoint Test L: The Air Conditioning (A/C) Is Inoperative/Does Not Operate Correctly
            • Pinpoint Test M: The Air Conditioning (A/C) Is Always On
            • Pinpoint Test N: The Blower Motor Is Inoperative
            • Pinpoint Test O: The Blower Motor Does Not Operate Correctly
            • Pinpoint Test P: The Temperature Set Point Does Not Repeat After Turning The Ignition Switch Off
            • Pinpoint Test Q: The Exterior Temperature Display Does Not Function Correctly
          • Component Tests
            • A/C Evaporator Discharge Temperature Sensor
          • Coolant Control Valve
          • Heater Core
          • Heater Core-Plugged
          • Heater Core-Pressure Test
          • Heater Core-Bench Test
          • Condenser Core-On-Vehicle Leak Test
          • A/C Compressor-External Leak Test
      • General Procedures
        • Air Conditioning (A/C) System Check - Retail Procedure
          • Notes
          • Visual inspection
        • Spring Lock Coupling
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Disconnect
          • Cleaning
          • Connect
        • Air Conditioning Line (Peanut) Fitting
          • Disconnect
          • Connect
        • Heater Hose Coupling
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Material
          • Disconnect
          • Connect
        • Refrigerant System Tests
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Procedure 1 - Ambient Temperature At or Below 38°C (100°F)
          • Procedure 2 - Ambient Temperature Above 38°C (100°F)
          • Diagnostic Table
        • A/C Clutch Air Gap Adjustment
        • Manifold Gauge Set Connection
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Procedure
        • Electronic Leak Detection
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Procedure
        • Fluorescent Dye Leak Detection
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Fluorescent Dye Detection
          • Fluorescent Dye Injection - Using an A/C Refrigerant Center and Dye Injector
          • Fluorescent Dye Injection - Using a Dye Injector Loop Kit
        • Air Conditioning (A/C) System Recovery, Evacuation and Charging
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Refrigerant System Recovery
          • Refrigerant System Evacuation
          • Refrigerant System Charging
        • Air Conditioning (A/C) System Flushing
          • Special Tool(s)
        • Refrigerant System Filtering After A/C Component Replacement
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Procedure
        • Refrigerant Oil Adding
        • Inspection and Assembly Requirements - Following An A/C Compressor Failure
        • Refrigerant Identification Testing
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Procedure
        • Contaminated Refrigerant Handling
    • HVAC Systems - Compressor Servicing
      • Ford FS-10 10-Cylinder
        • Notes
        • Clutch & Clutch Field Coil
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Shaft Seal
          • Removal
          • Installation
      • Ford SC115 Scroll
        • Clutch Assembly
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Shaft Seal
      • General Motors DELPHI-Thermal (HARRISON) CVC- 6/CVC-7, Hd6/Ht6/HU6, Hd6/Hr-6HE 6, V5 & V7.
        • Compressor Clutch Plate & Hub Assembly
          • Notes
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Compressor Control Valve (Variable Displacement Compressors Only)
          • Notes
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Compressor Pressure Relief Valve
          • Notes
          • Removal & Installation
        • Clutch Rotor/Bearing
          • Notes
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • High Pressure Switch
          • Notes
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Identifying Compressor Components
        • Shaft Seal
      • MITSUBISHI ASTT
      • MITSUBISHI Scroll
      • NIPPONDENSO 10-Cylinder
        • Clutch Assembly
          • Notes
          • Removal & Installation
        • Shaft Seal
          • Notes
          • Removal
          • Installation
      • NIPPONDENSO 10S15/10S17/10S20
        • Clutch Assembly
          • Notes
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Shaft Seal
      • NIPPONDENSO 10PA17 10-Cylinder
        • Clutch Assembly
          • Removal (All Models Except Grand Cherokee)
          • Installation (All Models Except Grand Cherokee)
          • Removal (Grand Cherokee)
          • Installation (Grand Cherokee)
        • Shaft Seal
      • SANDEN Scroll
        • Clutch Assembly
          • Removal & Installation (General Motors)
      • SANDEN SD-7H15 7-Cylinder
        • Notes
        • Clutch Assembly
          • Notes
          • Removal (All Models)
          • Installation (Cherokee)
          • Installation (Dakota, Durango & Ram Pickup)
      • SANDEN TRS-90 Scroll
        • Clutch Assembly
          • Notes
          • Removal
          • Installation
      • SANDEN TRS-105 Scroll
        • Clutch Assembly
          • Notes
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Shaft Seal
      • ZEXEL (SATURN - Variable Displacement Type)
        • Clutch Assembly
          • Removal ("S" Series)
          • Installation ("S" Series)
          • Removal ("L" Series)
          • Installation ("L" Series)
          • Removal (VUE)
          • Installation (VUE)
        • Pressure Relief Valve
          • Notes
          • Removal
          • Installation
    • HVAC Systems - General Servicing
      • USING R-134a REFRIGERANT
        • Handling/Safety Precautions
        • IDENTIFYING R-134a SYSTEMS & COMPONENTS
          • Notes
          • Fittings & "O" Rings
          • Underhood A/C Specification Labels
        • Refrigerant Oils
      • System Service Valves
        • SCHRADER-Type Valves
        • Special Valve Connectors
        • R-134a SERVICE VALVES/PORTS
        • Service Valve Locations
      • Service Equipment
      • Manifold Gauge Set
        • Notes
        • Connecting Gauge Set
          • Notes
          • Schrader-Type Valves
        • Stabilizing A/C System
      • Pressure-Temperature Relationship
      • Pressure Gauge Readings
      • Recovery/Evacuation & Recharging
        • DAIMLERCHRYSLER Corp.
          • Notes
          • Refrigerant System Service Equipment
          • Manifold Gauge Set Connections
          • Refrigerant Recovery
          • Refrigerant System Evacuate
          • Refrigerant System Charge
        • Ford Motor Co.
          • Notes
          • Refrigerant System Recovery
          • Refrigerant System Evacuation
          • Refrigerant System Charging
        • General Motors
        • Jeep
      • Filtering Procedures (Ford)
        • A/C System Filtering (Focus)
        • A/C System Filtering (Villager)
        • A/C System Filtering (Except Focus & Villager)
      • Flushing Procedures
        • DAIMLERCHRYSLER Corp.
        • Ford Motor Co.
        • General Motors
        • Jeep
      • Leak Testing
        • Notes
        • Types Of Leak Detectors
          • Bubble Solution Detector
          • Dye Solution
          • Fluorescent Leak Detection
          • Electronic Leak Detector
        • Preparation For Leak Testing
        • Bubble Detector Leak Testing Procedure
        • Electronic Leak Testing Procedure
        • Dye Solution Leak Testing Procedures
        • Fluorescent Dye Leak Testing Procedures
  • HVAC Control Systems
    • Air Conditioning
      • Specifications
        • General Specifications
        • Torque Specifications
      • Description And Operation
        • Air Conditioning
          • Notes
          • Component Locations
          • Refrigeration System Components
          • A/C Compressor and Clutch Assembly
          • A/C Compressor Pressure Relief Valve
          • A/C Condenser Core
          • Refrigerant Lines
          • A/C Evaporator Core
          • A/C Thermostatic Expansion Valve
          • Receiver Drier
          • A/C Pressure Transducer
          • Spring Lock Coupling
          • Peanut Fitting
          • Service Gauge Port Valves
      • Diagnosis And Testing
        • Air Conditioning
      • Removal And Installation
        • Air Conditioning (A/C) Compressor
          • Material
          • Removal and Installation
        • Clutch and Clutch Field Coil
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Evaporator Core
          • Removal and Installation
        • Receiver Drier
          • Material
          • Removal and Installation
        • Air Conditioning (A/C) Pressure Transducer
          • Removal and Installation
        • Air Conditioning (A/C) Pressure Relief Valve
          • Material
          • Removal and Installation
        • Condenser Core
          • Material
          • Removal and Installation
        • Receiver Drier Manifold and Tube Assembly
          • Material
          • Removal and Installation
        • Compressor Manifold and Tube Assembly
          • Material
          • Removal and Installation
        • Thermostatic Expansion Valve Manifold and Tube Assembly
          • Removal and Installation
        • Thermostatic Expansion Valve
          • Removal and Installation
    • Air Distribution & Filtering
      • Specifications
        • Torque Specifications
      • Description And Operation
        • Air Distribution And Filtering
          • Notes
          • Component Locations
      • Diagnosis And Testing
        • Air Distribution And Filtering
      • Removal And Installation
        • Cabin Air Filter
          • Removal and Installation
        • Fresh Air Inlet Duct
          • Removal and Installation
        • Center Registers
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Floor Duct
          • Removal and Installation
        • Plenum Chamber
          • Removal and Installation
      • Disassembly And Assembly
        • Instrument Panel Air Distribution Ducts
          • Disassembly and Assembly
    • Climate Control System-General Information
      • Specifications
        • General Specifications
        • Torque Specifications
      • Description And Operation
        • Climate Control System
          • Notes
          • Principles of Operation
          • Heat Transfer
          • Latent Heat of Vaporization
          • Relative Humidity
          • Effects of Pressure on Boiling or Condensation
          • The Refrigerant Cycle
          • Clutch Cycling Thermostatic Expansion Valve Type Refrigerant System
          • Dual Automatic Temperature Control (DATC) Module Description
          • System Air Flow
            • Auto
            • Off
            • Panel
            • Panel/Floor
            • Floor
            • Floor/Defrost
            • Defrost
            • Climate Control System Electrical Components-Directly Linked to DATC Module
            • Climate Control System Components - J1850 Communications Network (SCP) Linked
      • Diagnosis And Testing
        • Climate Control System
          • Notes
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Inspection and Verification
            • Notes
            • Dual Automatic Temperature Control (DATC) Module Diagnostic Trouble Codes (DTCs)
            • Front Panel DATC Module Self-Test (On-demand Diagnostic Trouble Codes)
            • Front Panel DATC Module Display - Retrieve Continuous Diagnostic Trouble Codes (DTCs)
            • Diagnostic Trouble Code Index
              • Powertrain Control Module (PCM) Diagnostic Trouble Code (DTC) Index
              • Dual Electronic Automatic Temperature Control (DATC) Module Diagnostic Trouble Code (DTC) Index
          • Symptom Chart
          • Pinpoint Tests
            • Pinpoint Test A: No Communication With The Dual Automatic Temperature Control (DATC) Module
            • Pinpoint Test B: The DATC System Is Inoperative, Intermittent Or Incorrect Operation
            • Pinpoint Test C: Incorrect/Erratic Direction Of Airflow From Outlets
            • Pinpoint Test D: DTC B1251 Or B1253 - Air Temperature Internal Sensor Circuit Open Or Short To Ground
            • Pinpoint Test E: DTC B1946, B1947, B1966, B1967, B2428, Or B2429 - Climate Control A/C Post Evaporator Sensor, A/C Post Heater Sensor Driver Side, Or A/C Post Heater Sensor Passenger Side Circuit Failure Or Short To Ground
            • Pinpoint Test F: DTC B1255 Or B1257 - Air Temperature External Sensor Circuit Open Or Short To Ground
            • Pinpoint Test G: DTC B1259 Or B1261 - Solar Radiation Sensor Circuit Open Or Short To Ground
            • Pinpoint Test H: Insufficient, Erratic, Or No Heat
            • Pinpoint Test I: Insufficient Heat During Engine Idle
            • Pinpoint Test J: Full Heat Only In All Modes
            • Pinpoint Test K: The Dual Temperature Control Is Inoperative/Does Not Operate Correctly
            • Pinpoint Test L: The Air Conditioning (A/C) Is Inoperative/Does Not Operate Correctly
            • Pinpoint Test M: The Air Conditioning (A/C) Is Always On
            • Pinpoint Test N: The Blower Motor Is Inoperative
            • Pinpoint Test O: The Blower Motor Does Not Operate Correctly
            • Pinpoint Test P: The Temperature Set Point Does Not Repeat After Turning The Ignition Switch Off
            • Pinpoint Test Q: The Exterior Temperature Display Does Not Function Correctly
          • Component Tests
            • A/C Evaporator Discharge Temperature Sensor
          • Coolant Control Valve
          • Heater Core
          • Heater Core-Plugged
          • Heater Core-Pressure Test
          • Heater Core-Bench Test
          • Condenser Core-On-Vehicle Leak Test
          • A/C Compressor-External Leak Test
      • General Procedures
        • Air Conditioning (A/C) System Check - Retail Procedure
          • Notes
          • Visual inspection
        • Spring Lock Coupling
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Disconnect
          • Cleaning
          • Connect
        • Air Conditioning Line (Peanut) Fitting
          • Disconnect
          • Connect
        • Heater Hose Coupling
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Material
          • Disconnect
          • Connect
        • Refrigerant System Tests
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Procedure 1 - Ambient Temperature At or Below 38°C (100°F)
          • Procedure 2 - Ambient Temperature Above 38°C (100°F)
          • Diagnostic Table
        • A/C Clutch Air Gap Adjustment
        • Manifold Gauge Set Connection
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Procedure
        • Electronic Leak Detection
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Procedure
        • Fluorescent Dye Leak Detection
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Fluorescent Dye Detection
          • Fluorescent Dye Injection - Using an A/C Refrigerant Center and Dye Injector
          • Fluorescent Dye Injection - Using a Dye Injector Loop Kit
        • Air Conditioning (A/C) System Recovery, Evacuation and Charging
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Refrigerant System Recovery
          • Refrigerant System Evacuation
          • Refrigerant System Charging
        • Air Conditioning (A/C) System Flushing
          • Special Tool(s)
        • Refrigerant System Filtering After A/C Component Replacement
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Procedure
        • Refrigerant Oil Adding
        • Inspection and Assembly Requirements - Following An A/C Compressor Failure
        • Refrigerant Identification Testing
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Procedure
        • Contaminated Refrigerant Handling
    • Heating & Ventilation
      • Specifications
        • General Specifications
        • Torque Specifications
      • Description And Operation
        • Heating and Ventilation
          • Notes
          • Component Locations
          • Heater Core
          • Blower Motor
          • Dual Coolant Control Valve
          • Auxiliary Water Pump
      • Removal And Installation
        • Heater Hose
          • Removal and Installation
        • Blower Motor
          • Removal and Installation
        • Heater Core And Evaporator Core Housing
          • Material
          • Removal and Installation
        • Heater Core
          • Removal and Installation
        • Dual Coolant Flow Valve
          • Material
          • Removal and Installation
        • Auxiliary Coolant Flow Pump
          • Material
          • Removal and Installation
      • Disassembly And Assembly
        • Heater Core And Evaporator Core Housing
          • Disassembly and Assembly
    • HVAC System - Control Components
      • Description And Operation
        • Control Components
          • Dual Electronic Automatic Temperature Control
          • Component Locations
          • Control System Inputs
            • Climate Control Assembly
            • A/C Ambient Air Temperature Sensor
            • In-Vehicle Temperature Sensor
            • Dual A/C Sunload Sensor
          • Control System Outputs
            • A/C Blower Motor Speed Control
            • A/C Electronic Air Inlet Door Actuator
            • Cold Air Bypass Door Actuator
            • Defrost Door Actuator
            • Panel Door Actuator
            • Floor Outlet Door Actuator
      • Removal And Installation
        • Climate Control Assembly
          • Removal and Installation
        • Ambient Air Temperature Sensor
          • Removal and Installation
        • Sunload Sensor
          • Removal and Installation
        • In-Vehicle Temperature Sensor
          • Removal and Installation
        • Air Discharge Temperature Sensor
          • Removal and Installation
        • Mode Door Actuator - Air Inlet Door
          • Removal and Installation
        • Mode Door Actuator - Floor Door
          • Removal and Installation
        • Mode Door Actuator - Cold Air Bypass Door
          • Removal and Installation
        • Mode Door Actuator - Defrost Door
          • Removal and Installation
        • Mode Door Actuator - Panel Door
          • Removal and Installation
        • Instrument Panel Blend Door Actuator
          • Removal and Installation
        • Blower Motor Speed Control
          • Removal and Installation
    • HVAC Systems - Compressor Servicing
      • Ford FS-10 10-Cylinder
        • Notes
        • Clutch & Clutch Field Coil
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Shaft Seal
          • Removal
          • Installation
      • Ford SC115 Scroll
        • Clutch Assembly
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Shaft Seal
      • General Motors DELPHI-Thermal (HARRISON) CVC- 6/CVC-7, Hd6/Ht6/HU6, Hd6/Hr-6HE 6, V5 & V7.
        • Compressor Clutch Plate & Hub Assembly
          • Notes
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Compressor Control Valve (Variable Displacement Compressors Only)
          • Notes
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Compressor Pressure Relief Valve
          • Notes
          • Removal & Installation
        • Clutch Rotor/Bearing
          • Notes
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • High Pressure Switch
          • Notes
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Identifying Compressor Components
        • Shaft Seal
      • MITSUBISHI ASTT
      • MITSUBISHI Scroll
      • NIPPONDENSO 10-Cylinder
        • Clutch Assembly
          • Notes
          • Removal & Installation
        • Shaft Seal
          • Notes
          • Removal
          • Installation
      • NIPPONDENSO 10S15/10S17/10S20
        • Clutch Assembly
          • Notes
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Shaft Seal
      • NIPPONDENSO 10PA17 10-Cylinder
        • Clutch Assembly
          • Removal (All Models Except Grand Cherokee)
          • Installation (All Models Except Grand Cherokee)
          • Removal (Grand Cherokee)
          • Installation (Grand Cherokee)
        • Shaft Seal
      • SANDEN Scroll
        • Clutch Assembly
          • Removal & Installation (General Motors)
      • SANDEN SD-7H15 7-Cylinder
        • Notes
        • Clutch Assembly
          • Notes
          • Removal (All Models)
          • Installation (Cherokee)
          • Installation (Dakota, Durango & Ram Pickup)
      • SANDEN TRS-90 Scroll
        • Clutch Assembly
          • Notes
          • Removal
          • Installation
      • SANDEN TRS-105 Scroll
        • Clutch Assembly
          • Notes
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Shaft Seal
      • ZEXEL (SATURN - Variable Displacement Type)
        • Clutch Assembly
          • Removal ("S" Series)
          • Installation ("S" Series)
          • Removal ("L" Series)
          • Installation ("L" Series)
          • Removal (VUE)
          • Installation (VUE)
        • Pressure Relief Valve
          • Notes
          • Removal
          • Installation
    • HVAC Systems - General Servicing
      • USING R-134a REFRIGERANT
        • Handling/Safety Precautions
        • IDENTIFYING R-134a SYSTEMS & COMPONENTS
          • Notes
          • Fittings & "O" Rings
          • Underhood A/C Specification Labels
        • Refrigerant Oils
      • System Service Valves
        • SCHRADER-Type Valves
        • Special Valve Connectors
        • R-134a SERVICE VALVES/PORTS
        • Service Valve Locations
      • Service Equipment
      • Manifold Gauge Set
        • Notes
        • Connecting Gauge Set
          • Notes
          • Schrader-Type Valves
        • Stabilizing A/C System
      • Pressure-Temperature Relationship
      • Pressure Gauge Readings
      • Recovery/Evacuation & Recharging
        • DAIMLERCHRYSLER Corp.
          • Notes
          • Refrigerant System Service Equipment
          • Manifold Gauge Set Connections
          • Refrigerant Recovery
          • Refrigerant System Evacuate
          • Refrigerant System Charge
        • Ford Motor Co.
          • Notes
          • Refrigerant System Recovery
          • Refrigerant System Evacuation
          • Refrigerant System Charging
        • General Motors
        • Jeep
      • Filtering Procedures (Ford)
        • A/C System Filtering (Focus)
        • A/C System Filtering (Villager)
        • A/C System Filtering (Except Focus & Villager)
      • Flushing Procedures
        • DAIMLERCHRYSLER Corp.
        • Ford Motor Co.
        • General Motors
        • Jeep
      • Leak Testing
        • Notes
        • Types Of Leak Detectors
          • Bubble Solution Detector
          • Dye Solution
          • Fluorescent Leak Detection
          • Electronic Leak Detector
        • Preparation For Leak Testing
        • Bubble Detector Leak Testing Procedure
        • Electronic Leak Testing Procedure
        • Dye Solution Leak Testing Procedures
        • Fluorescent Dye Leak Testing Procedures
• Maintenance
  • Maintenance Reminder Light (Reset Procedures)
    • A/C Filter Service Reminder
      • Notes
      • A/C Filter Service Reminder Reset Procedure
    • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder
      • Notes
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 01
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 02
        • Oil Life Reset - Base Instrument Cluster
        • Oil Life Reset - Message Center Instrument Cluster
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 03
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 04
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 05
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 06
        • Non-Hybrid
        • Hybrid
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 07
        • Owner's Manual 1
        • Owner's Manual 2
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 08
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 09
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 10
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 11
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 12
        • With Base Instrument Cluster
        • With Message Center Instrument Cluster
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 13
        • With Message Center Instrument Cluster
        • With Base Instrument Cluster
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 14
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 15
        • Base Message Center
        • Uplevel Message Center
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 16
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 17
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 18
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 19
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 20
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 21
        • Notes
        • Without Message Center
        • With Message Center
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 22
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 23
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 24
        • Path 1
        • Path 2
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 25
        • Base Cluster
        • High Series Cluster
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 26
        • Resetting The Engine Oil Change Reminder - Vehicles With: 2.3 Inch Screen/4.2 Inch Screen
        • Resetting The Engine Oil Change Reminder - Vehicles With: 8 Inch Screen
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 27
      • Engine Oil Replacement Reminder Reset - Procedure 28
    • Maintenance Service Reminder (Overhead Warning Lights)
      • Notes
      • Maintenance Service Reminder Reset Procedure
    • Maintenance Service Reminder (Sri)
      • Notes
      • Maintenance Service Reminder Reset - Procedure 01
      • Maintenance Service Reminder Reset - Procedure 02
      • Maintenance Service Reminder Reset - Procedure 03
    • Maintenance Service Reminder (VMM)
      • Notes
      • Maintenance Service Reminder Reset - Procedure 01
      • Maintenance Service Reminder Reset - Procedure 02
      • Maintenance Service Reminder Reset - Procedure 03
    • Tire Pressure Monitor System Reminder
      • Notes
      • Tire Pressure Sensor Types
        • Notes
        • Banded Sensor
        • Valve Mounted Bolt-On Sensor
        • Valve Mounted Snap-In Sensor
      • TPMS Reminder Reset - Procedure 01
      • TPMS Reminder Reset - Procedure 02
      • TPMS Reminder Reset - Procedure 03
      • TPMS Reminder Reset - Procedure 04
      • TPMS Reminder Reset - Procedure 05
        • Notes
        • Vehicles With Message Center
        • Vehicles Without Message Center
      • TPMS Reminder Reset - Procedure 07
      • TPMS Reminder Reset - Procedure 08
        • Notes
        • Performing the System Reset Procedure - Single Rear Wheel
        • Performing the System Reset Procedure - Dual Rear Wheel
      • TPMS Reminder Reset - Procedure 09
        • Overview
        • Carrying Out the System Reset Procedure
        • To reset the tire pressure monitoring system for vehicles equipped with 2.3" information display, scroll to:
        • To reset the tire pressure monitoring system for vehicles equipped with 4.2" information display, scroll to:
      • TPMS Reminder Reset - Procedure 10
• Restraints
  • Air Bag, SRS
    • Air Bag Restraint Systems
      • Description & Operation
        • Notes
        • Back-Up Power Supply
        • CLOCKSPRING
        • Driver-Side Air Bag Module
        • Passenger-Side Air Bag Deactivation (Pad) Switch
        • Passenger-Side Air Bag Module
        • Restraints Control Module (RCM)
        • Seat Belt PRETENSIONERS
        • Side Air Bag Module
        • Side Crash Sensor
      • Component Locations
      • System Operation Check
      • Air Bag Safety Precautions
      • Adjustments
        • CLOCKSPRING Centering
      • Disabling & Activating Air Bag System
        • Notes
        • Disabling System
          • Notes
          • Component Replacement Disabling Procedure
          • Diagnostics Disabling Procedure (Seats Removed)
          • General Disabling Procedure (Seats Installed)
        • Activating System
          • Component Replacement Activating Procedure (Seats Installed)
          • Diagnostics Activating Procedure (Seats Removed)
          • General Activating Procedure (Seats Installed)
        • Air Bag Simulator (Seats Installed)
      • Disposal Procedures
        • Notes
        • Deployed Air Bag Or PRETENSIONER (Seats Installed)
        • UNDEPLOYED Air Bag Or PRETENSIONER-Faulty Unit (Seats Installed)
        • Scrapped Vehicle (Seats Installed)
          • Notes
          • Remote Deployment Of AIR Bags (Seats Installed)
          • Remote Deployment Of Seat Belt Pretensioners (Seats Installed)
      • Post-Collision Inspection
      • Removal & Installation
        • Notes
        • CLOCKSPRING
          • Notes
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Driver-Side Air Bag Module
          • Removal & Installation
        • Front Seat
          • Removal & Installation
        • Instrument Cluster
          • Notes
          • Removal & Installation
        • Instrument Panel
          • Notes
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Passenger-Side Air Bag Deactivation (Pad) Switch
          • Removal & Installation
        • Passenger-Side Air Bag Module
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Restraints Control Module (RCM)
          • Notes
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Seat Belt PRETENSIONERS
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Side Air Bag Crash Sensor
          • Removal & Installation
        • Side Air Bag Module
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Steering Wheel
          • Removal & Installation
      • Diagnostics
        • Notes
        • Self-Diagnostics
        • Diagnostic Procedure
        • Inspection & Verification
        • Using Scan Tool
        • Retrieving Fault Codes
        • Clearing Fault Codes
        • On-Demand Self-Test
        • Active Commands
        • PID/Data Monitor & Record
      • Diagnostic Tests
        • Test A: Air Bag Warning Light On Continuously-RCM Disconnected, Inoperative Or Lost/Low Ignition Feed
          • Notes
          • Description
          • Possible Causes
        • Test B: RCM Bracket Ground Resistance High (DTC B1921)
          • Notes
          • Description
          • Possible Causes
        • Test C: Incorrect Vehicle Identification Code (DTC C1414)
          • Notes
          • Description
          • Possible Causes
        • Test D: Driver-Side Air Bag Circuit Short To Ground (DTC B1887)
          • Notes
          • Description
          • Possible Causes
        • Test E: Passenger-Side Air Bag Circuit Short To Ground (DTC B1888)
          • Notes
          • Description
          • Possible Causes
        • Test F: Driver-Side Air Bag Circuit Short To Battery Or Ignition (DTC B1916)
          • Notes
          • Description
          • Possible Causes
        • Test G: Passenger-Side Air Bag Circuit Short To Battery Or Ignition (DTC B1925)
          • Notes
          • Description
          • Possible Causes
        • Test H: Driver-Side Air Bag Resistance High (DTC B1932)
          • Notes
          • Description
          • Possible Causes
        • Test I: Passenger-Side Air Bag Resistance High (DTC B1933)
          • Notes
          • Description
          • Possible Causes
        • Test J: Driver-Side Air Bag Circuit Low Resistance (DTC B1934)
          • Notes
          • Description
          • Possible Causes
        • Test K: Passenger-Side Air Bag Resistance Low (DTC B1935)
          • Notes
          • Description
          • Possible Causes
        • Test L: Left Side Crash Sensor Internal Fault (DTC B2444)
          • Notes
          • Description
          • Possible Causes
        • Test M: Right Side Crash Sensor Mounting Failure (DTC B2440)
          • Notes
          • Description
          • Possible Causes
        • Test N: Left Side Crash Sensor Mounting Failure (DTC B2441)
          • Notes
          • Description
          • Possible Causes
        • Test O: Right Side Crash Sensor Internal Fault (DTC B2445)
          • Notes
          • Description
          • Possible Causes
        • Test P: Left Side Crash Sensor Communication Fault (DTC U2017)
          • Notes
          • Description
          • Possible Causes
        • Test Q: Right Side Crash Sensor Communication Fault (DTC U2018)
          • Notes
          • Description
          • Possible Causes
        • Test R: Left Side Air Bag Circuit Short To Ground (DTC B1993)
          • Notes
          • Description
          • Possible Causes
        • Test S: Right Side Air Bag Circuit Short To Ground (DTC B1997)
          • Notes
          • Description
          • Possible Causes
        • Test T: Left Side Air Bag Circuit Short To Battery Or Ignition (DTC B1992)
          • Notes
          • Description
          • Possible Causes
        • Test U: Right Side Air Bag Circuit Short To Battery Or Ignition (DTC B1996)
          • Notes
          • Description
          • Possible Causes
        • Test V: Left Side Air Bag Circuit Resistance High (DTC B1994)
          • Notes
          • Description
          • Possible Causes
        • Test W: Right Side Air Bag Circuit Resistance High (DTC B1998)
          • Notes
          • Description
          • Possible Causes
        • Test X: Left Side Air Bag Circuit Resistance Low (DTC B1995)
          • Notes
          • Description
          • Possible Causes
        • Test Y: Right Side Air Bag Circuit Resistance Low (DTC B1999)
          • Notes
          • Description
          • Possible Causes
        • Test Z: Left PRETENSIONER Circuit Resistance Low Or High (DTC B1885/B1877)
          • Notes
          • Description
          • Possible Causes
        • Test Aa: Right PRETENSIONER Circuit Resistance Low Or High (DTC B1881/B1886)
          • Notes
          • Description
          • Possible Causes
        • Test Ab: Left PRETENSIONER Circuit Short To Battery Or Ignition (DTC B1878)
          • Notes
          • Description
          • Possible Causes
        • Test Ac: Left PRETENSIONER Circuit Short To Ground (DTC B1879)
          • Notes
          • Description
          • Possible Causes
        • Test Ad: Right PRETENSIONER Circuit Short To Battery Or Ignition (DTC B1882)
          • Notes
          • Description
          • Possible Causes
        • Test AE: Right PRETENSIONER Circuit Short To Ground (DTC B1883)
          • Notes
          • Description
          • Possible Causes
        • Test AF: Air Bag Tone Warning Indicator Circuit Short To Ground Or Open (DTC B1892)
          • Notes
          • Description
          • Possible Causes
        • Test Ag: Air Bag Tone Warning Indicator Circuit Short To Battery Or Ignition (B1891)
          • Notes
          • Description
          • Possible Causes
        • Test Ah: Air Bag Warning Light Inoperative (DTC B1869)
          • Notes
          • Description
          • Possible Causes
        • Test Ai: Air Bag Warning Light Short To Battery (DTC B1870)
          • Notes
          • Description
          • Possible Causes
        • Test AJ: Passenger Air Bag Deactivation (Pad) Switch Fault (DTC B1871)
          • Notes
          • Description
          • Possible Causes
        • Test AK: Passenger Air Bag Deactivation (Pad) Switch Warning Light Inoperative (DTC B1884)
          • Notes
          • Description
          • Possible Causes
        • Test Al: Passenger Air Bag Deactivation (Pad) Switch Warning Light Short To Battery (DTC B1890)
          • Notes
          • Description
          • Possible Causes
        • Test Am: No Communication With RCM
          • Notes
          • Description
          • Possible Causes
        • Test An: Light Flash Code 5 Times Per Second-RCM In Plant Mode
          • Notes
          • Description
          • Possible Causes
      • Wire Repair
        • Notes
        • Repair Procedure
      • Torque Specifications
      • Wiring Diagrams
    • Supplemental Inflatable Restraint System -- Air Bag/SRS Component Inspection & Replacement Tables
      • Ford Motor Co. (1988-04)
  • Restraints Control Systems
    • Supplemental Inflatable Restraint System -- Air Bag/SRS Component Inspection & Replacement Tables
      • Ford Motor Co. (1988-04)
  • Seat Belts
    • Supplemental Inflatable Restraint System -- Air Bag/SRS Component Inspection & Replacement Tables
      • Ford Motor Co. (1988-04)
• Steering
  • Electronic Steering
    • Steering System-General Information
      • Specifications
        • General Specifications
      • Description And Operation
        • Steering System
      • Diagnosis And Testing
        • Steering System
          • Notes
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Material
          • Principles of Operation
            • Variable Assist Power Steering (VAPS)
            • Inspection and Verification
          • Front Electronic Module (FEM) Diagnostic Trouble Code (DTC) Index
          • Steering System Symptom Definitions
            • Drift/Pull
            • Excessive Steering Wheel Play
            • Feedback
            • Hard Steering or Lack of Assist
            • Nibble
            • Poor Returnability/Sticky Steering
            • Shimmy
            • Wander
          • Symptom Chart
          • Pinpoint Tests
            • Pinpoint Test A: DTC C1924 - VAPS Solenoid Actuator Output Circuit Short To Ground
            • Pinpoint Test B: DTC C1925 - VAPS Solenoid Actuator Return Circuit Failure
            • Pinpoint Test C: Steering System Noise
            • Pinpoint Test D: Steering Is Very Difficult/Very Easy
            • Pinpoint Test E: Excessive Steering Wheel Play
            • Pinpoint Test F: Steering System Drift/Pull/Wander
          • Component Tests
            • Steering Linkage
            • Turning Effort Test
            • Steering Gear Valve
      • General Procedures
        • Power Steering System Flushing
          • Material
        • Power Steering System Purging
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Material
        • Power Steering System Filling
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Material
  • Manual Steering
    • Power Steering
      • Specifications
        • Torque Specifications
      • Description & Operation
        • Power Steering
          • System View
      • Diagnosis & Testing
        • Power Steering
      • Removal & Installation
        • Power Steering Fluid Reservoir
          • Removal
        • Power Steering Pump
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Power Steering Pump Pulley
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Power Steering Pump To Steering Gear Pressure Line
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Removal & Installation
        • Power Steering Fluid Cooler
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Steering Gear
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Removal & Installation
        • Inner Tie Rod
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Material
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Power Steering Control Valve Actuator
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Removal & Installation
      • Disassembly & Assembly
        • Steering Gear
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Disassembly
          • Assembly
    • Steering System-General Information
      • Specifications
        • General Specifications
      • Description And Operation
        • Steering System
      • Diagnosis And Testing
        • Steering System
          • Notes
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Material
          • Principles of Operation
            • Variable Assist Power Steering (VAPS)
            • Inspection and Verification
          • Front Electronic Module (FEM) Diagnostic Trouble Code (DTC) Index
          • Steering System Symptom Definitions
            • Drift/Pull
            • Excessive Steering Wheel Play
            • Feedback
            • Hard Steering or Lack of Assist
            • Nibble
            • Poor Returnability/Sticky Steering
            • Shimmy
            • Wander
          • Symptom Chart
          • Pinpoint Tests
            • Pinpoint Test A: DTC C1924 - VAPS Solenoid Actuator Output Circuit Short To Ground
            • Pinpoint Test B: DTC C1925 - VAPS Solenoid Actuator Return Circuit Failure
            • Pinpoint Test C: Steering System Noise
            • Pinpoint Test D: Steering Is Very Difficult/Very Easy
            • Pinpoint Test E: Excessive Steering Wheel Play
            • Pinpoint Test F: Steering System Drift/Pull/Wander
          • Component Tests
            • Steering Linkage
            • Turning Effort Test
            • Steering Gear Valve
      • General Procedures
        • Power Steering System Flushing
          • Material
        • Power Steering System Purging
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Material
        • Power Steering System Filling
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Material
  • Power Steering
    • Power Steering
      • Specifications
        • Torque Specifications
      • Description & Operation
        • Power Steering
          • System View
      • Diagnosis & Testing
        • Power Steering
      • Removal & Installation
        • Power Steering Fluid Reservoir
          • Removal
        • Power Steering Pump
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Power Steering Pump Pulley
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Power Steering Pump To Steering Gear Pressure Line
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Removal & Installation
        • Power Steering Fluid Cooler
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Steering Gear
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Removal & Installation
        • Inner Tie Rod
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Material
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Power Steering Control Valve Actuator
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Removal & Installation
      • Disassembly & Assembly
        • Steering Gear
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Disassembly
          • Assembly
    • Steering System-General Information
      • Specifications
        • General Specifications
      • Description And Operation
        • Steering System
      • Diagnosis And Testing
        • Steering System
          • Notes
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Material
          • Principles of Operation
            • Variable Assist Power Steering (VAPS)
            • Inspection and Verification
          • Front Electronic Module (FEM) Diagnostic Trouble Code (DTC) Index
          • Steering System Symptom Definitions
            • Drift/Pull
            • Excessive Steering Wheel Play
            • Feedback
            • Hard Steering or Lack of Assist
            • Nibble
            • Poor Returnability/Sticky Steering
            • Shimmy
            • Wander
          • Symptom Chart
          • Pinpoint Tests
            • Pinpoint Test A: DTC C1924 - VAPS Solenoid Actuator Output Circuit Short To Ground
            • Pinpoint Test B: DTC C1925 - VAPS Solenoid Actuator Return Circuit Failure
            • Pinpoint Test C: Steering System Noise
            • Pinpoint Test D: Steering Is Very Difficult/Very Easy
            • Pinpoint Test E: Excessive Steering Wheel Play
            • Pinpoint Test F: Steering System Drift/Pull/Wander
          • Component Tests
            • Steering Linkage
            • Turning Effort Test
            • Steering Gear Valve
      • General Procedures
        • Power Steering System Flushing
          • Material
        • Power Steering System Purging
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Material
        • Power Steering System Filling
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Material
  • Steering Column
    • Steering Column
      • Specifications
        • Torque Specifications
      • Description And Operation
        • Steering Column
          • Notes
          • Power Tilt/Telescopic Steering Column
          • Ignition Switch
      • Diagnosis And Testing
        • Steering Column
        • Steering Column - Tilt/Telescopic Motors
          • Notes
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Inspection and Verification
            • Notes
            • Instrument Cluster Module (ICM) Diagnostic Trouble Code (DTC) Index
          • Symptom Chart
          • Pinpoint Tests
            • Pinpoint Test A: DTC B2328: Steering Column Reach Feedback Potentiometer Circuit Failure
            • Pinpoint Test B: DTC B2332: Steering Column Tilt Feedback Potentiometer Circuit Failure
            • Pinpoint Test C: DTC B2351: Steering Column Switch Signal Circuit Failure
            • Pinpoint Test D: The Tilt And Telescope Adjustment Are Inoperative
      • General Procedures
        • Supplemental Restraint System (SRS) Deactivation and Reactivation
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Deactivation
          • Reactivation
      • Removal And Installation
        • Ignition Switch Lock Cylinder
          • Removal and Installation
        • Steering Wheel
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Clockspring
          • Removal and Installation
        • Steering Column
          • Removal and Installation
        • Tilt/Telescopic Motors
          • Removal and Installation
        • Steering Column Shaft - Intermediate
          • Removal and Installation
    • Steering System-General Information
      • Specifications
        • General Specifications
      • Description And Operation
        • Steering System
      • Diagnosis And Testing
        • Steering System
          • Notes
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Material
          • Principles of Operation
            • Variable Assist Power Steering (VAPS)
            • Inspection and Verification
          • Front Electronic Module (FEM) Diagnostic Trouble Code (DTC) Index
          • Steering System Symptom Definitions
            • Drift/Pull
            • Excessive Steering Wheel Play
            • Feedback
            • Hard Steering or Lack of Assist
            • Nibble
            • Poor Returnability/Sticky Steering
            • Shimmy
            • Wander
          • Symptom Chart
          • Pinpoint Tests
            • Pinpoint Test A: DTC C1924 - VAPS Solenoid Actuator Output Circuit Short To Ground
            • Pinpoint Test B: DTC C1925 - VAPS Solenoid Actuator Return Circuit Failure
            • Pinpoint Test C: Steering System Noise
            • Pinpoint Test D: Steering Is Very Difficult/Very Easy
            • Pinpoint Test E: Excessive Steering Wheel Play
            • Pinpoint Test F: Steering System Drift/Pull/Wander
          • Component Tests
            • Steering Linkage
            • Turning Effort Test
            • Steering Gear Valve
      • General Procedures
        • Power Steering System Flushing
          • Material
        • Power Steering System Purging
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Material
        • Power Steering System Filling
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Material
  • Steering Linkage
    • Steering System-General Information
      • Specifications
        • General Specifications
      • Description And Operation
        • Steering System
      • Diagnosis And Testing
        • Steering System
          • Notes
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Material
          • Principles of Operation
            • Variable Assist Power Steering (VAPS)
            • Inspection and Verification
          • Front Electronic Module (FEM) Diagnostic Trouble Code (DTC) Index
          • Steering System Symptom Definitions
            • Drift/Pull
            • Excessive Steering Wheel Play
            • Feedback
            • Hard Steering or Lack of Assist
            • Nibble
            • Poor Returnability/Sticky Steering
            • Shimmy
            • Wander
          • Symptom Chart
          • Pinpoint Tests
            • Pinpoint Test A: DTC C1924 - VAPS Solenoid Actuator Output Circuit Short To Ground
            • Pinpoint Test B: DTC C1925 - VAPS Solenoid Actuator Return Circuit Failure
            • Pinpoint Test C: Steering System Noise
            • Pinpoint Test D: Steering Is Very Difficult/Very Easy
            • Pinpoint Test E: Excessive Steering Wheel Play
            • Pinpoint Test F: Steering System Drift/Pull/Wander
          • Component Tests
            • Steering Linkage
            • Turning Effort Test
            • Steering Gear Valve
      • General Procedures
        • Power Steering System Flushing
          • Material
        • Power Steering System Purging
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Material
        • Power Steering System Filling
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Material
• Suspension
  • Front Suspension
    • Torque Specifications
    • Description And Operation
    • Diagnosis And Testing
      • Ball Joint Inspection
      • Wheel Bearing Inspection - Front
    • Removal And Installation
      • Shock Absorber and Spring Assembly
        • Removal and Installation
      • Wheel Bearing and Hub
        • Notes
        • Removal and Installation
      • Wheel Studs
        • Notes
        • Removal
        • Installation
      • Lower Arm
        • Removal
        • Installation
      • Upper Arm - Left Side
        • Removal
        • Installation
      • Upper Arm - Right Side
        • Removal and Installation
      • Stabilizer Bar
        • Removal and Installation
      • Stabilizer Bar Link
        • Removal
        • Installation
      • Stabilizer Bar Bushing
        • Removal and Installation
      • Wheel Knuckle
        • Removal and Installation
    • Disassembly And Assembly
      • Shock Absorber and Spring Assembly
        • Disassembly
        • Assembly
  • Rear Suspension
    • Torque Specifications
    • Description And Operation
    • Removal And Installation
      • Wheel Hub
        • Notes
        • Removal
        • Installation
      • Wheel Studs
        • Notes
        • Removal
        • Installation
      • Upper Arm
        • Removal
        • Installation
      • Lower Arm
        • Removal
        • Installation
      • Stabilizer Bar
        • Notes
        • Removal
        • Installation
      • Stabilizer Bar Link
        • Removal
        • Installation
      • Toe Link
        • Removal and Installation
      • Stabilizer Bar Bushing
        • Removal and Installation
      • Wheel Knuckle
        • Notes
        • Removal
        • Installation
      • Shock Absorber and Spring Assembly
        • Removal and Installation
    • Disassembly And Assembly
      • Shock Absorber and Spring Assembly
        • Notes
        • Disassembly
        • Assembly
  • Wheel Alignment
    • Specifications & Procedures
      • Jacking & Hoisting
        • Floor Jack
        • Hoist
      • Riding Height Adjustment
        • Notes
        • Checking Procedure
      • Wheel Alignment Procedures
        • Camber Adjustment
          • Notes
          • Front
          • Rear
        • Caster Adjustment
        • Toe-In Adjustment
          • Front
          • Rear
      • Torque Specifications
      • Wheel Alignment Specifications
• Transmission
  • Automatic Trans
    • Automatic Transaxle/Transmission External Controls
      • Specifications
        • Torque Specifications
      • Description And Operation
        • External Controls
          • Notes
          • Range Shifter
          • Brake Shift Interlock System
          • Transmission Control Switch (TCS)
          • Park Sense Switch
          • Electronic Transmission Error Indicator
      • Diagnosis And Testing
        • External Controls
          • Notes
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Inspection and Verification
          • Symptom Chart
          • Pinpoint Tests
            • Pinpoint Test A: Overdrive Cancel Switch Not Working
            • Pinpoint Test B: The Park Switch Not Working
            • Pinpoint Test C: Brake Shift Interlock Inoperative
      • General Procedures
        • Selector Lever Cable Adjustment
          • Shift Cable
      • Removal And Installation
        • Brake Shift Interlock Actuator
          • Removal and Installation
        • Selector Lever Cable and Bracket
          • Removal and Installation
        • Transmission Selector Lever
          • Removal and Installation
        • Transmission Control Switch
          • Removal and Installation
    • Automatic Transmission
      • Specifications
        • Fluid Maintenance
        • General Specifications
        • Torque Specifications
        • End Play Specifications - Transmission Overdrive End Play Dimension D
        • End Play Specifications - Rear (No.4) Dimension E
        • Torque Converter End Play
        • Band Adjustment And Torque Chart
        • Selective Snap Rings
        • Service Identification Model Chart
        • Solenoid Operation Chart
        • Band/Clutch Application Chart A
        • Band/Clutch Application Chart B
        • Line Pressure Chart
        • Stall Speed
        • Shift Speeds
      • Description And Operation
        • Transmission Description
        • Identification Tags
        • Range Selection
          • Notes
          • Base Range Shifter
          • Park
          • Reverse
          • Neutral
          • D5 (Overdrive)
          • D4 (Overdrive Canceled)
          • Third Position-3rd Gear
          • Second Position-2nd Gear
          • First Position-1st Gear
          • Park Sense Switch
          • Electronic Transmission Error Indicator
        • Shift Patterns
          • Upshifts
          • Downshifts
          • Coastdown
          • Torque Demand
          • Kickdown
        • Disassembled Views
        • Bushings, Bearing and Thrust Washer Locator
        • Seals, Rings and Gaskets Locator
        • Torque Converter
        • Geartrain
          • Notes
          • Planetary Gearset - Overdrive
          • Planetary Gearset - Forward
          • Planetary Gearset - Low/Reverse
          • Input Shaft
          • Output Shaft
        • Apply Components
          • Band - Overdrive
          • Band - Low/Reverse
          • Band - Intermediate
          • Clutches - Direct
          • Clutches - Forward
          • Clutches - Coast
          • Clutches - Intermediate
          • One-Way Clutch - Direct
          • One-Way Clutch - Intermediate
          • One-Way Clutch - Low/Reverse
        • Hydraulic System
          • Fluid Pump
          • Filter
          • Main Control
        • Transmission Electronic Control System
          • Electronic System Description
          • Powertrain Control Module
          • Air Conditioning (A/C) Clutch
          • Brake Pedal Position (BPP) Switch
          • Engine Coolant Temperature (ECT) Sensor
          • Electronic Ignition (EI) System
          • Intake Air Temperature (IAT) Sensor
          • Mass Air Flow (MAF) Sensor
          • Transmission Control Switch (TCS)
          • Throttle Position (TP) Sensor
          • Digital Transmission Range (TR) Sensor
          • Turbine Shaft Speed (TSS) Sensor
          • Output Shaft Speed (OSS) Sensor
          • Intermediate Shaft Speed (ISS) Sensor
          • Pressure Control Solenoids (PCA, PCB, PCC)
          • Torque Converter Clutch (TCC) Solenoid
          • Shift Solenoids - (SSA, SSB, SSC, SSD)
          • Transmission Fluid Temperature (TFT) Sensor
          • Reverse Pressure (RP) Switch
          • Instrument Panel Range Selector Indicator
      • Diagnosis And Testing
        • Diagnostic Strategy
          • Notes
          • Preliminary Inspection
          • Diagnostics
        • Diagnostic Flow Chart
        • Preliminary Inspection
          • Notes
          • Know and Understand the Concern
          • Verification of Condition
          • Determine Customer Concern
          • Check Fluid Level and Condition
          • High Fluid Level
          • Low Fluid Level
          • Adding Fluid
          • Fluid Condition Check
          • Road Testing Vehicle
          • Shift Point Road Test
          • Shift Speeds
        • Torque Converter Diagnosis
          • Notes
          • Torque Converter Operation Test
        • Visual Inspection
          • Notes
          • Shift Linkage Check
          • Check TSBs
          • Carry Out On-Board Diagnostics (KOEO, KOER)
        • Diagnostics
          • Notes
          • On-Board Diagnostics with NGS
        • Output State Control (OSC) Mode
          • Notes
          • Output State Control (OSC) Procedures
          • OSC - Transmission Bench Modes
          • SSA, SSB, SSC, SSD and TCC in BENCH MODE
          • PC A, PC B, PC C in BENCH MODE
          • BENCH MODE Procedure for PCx
          • OSC - Transmission DRIVE MODES
          • GEAR in DRIVE MODE
          • DRIVE MODE Procedure for GEAR
          • TCC in DRIVE MODE
          • Drive Mode Procedures for TCC
          • FIRM_SFT in DRIVE MODE
          • Using Output State Control (OSC) and Accessing PIDs
        • Transmission Drive Cycle Test
          • Notes
          • After On-Board Diagnostics
          • Before Pinpoint Tests
        • Diagnostic Trouble Code Charts
          • Notes
          • Rotunda Transmission Tester
        • Transmission Connector Layouts
          • Transmission Vehicle Harness Connector
          • Digital Transmission Range (TR) Sensor Vehicle Harness Connector
          • Turbine Shaft Speed (TSS) Sensor Harness Connector
          • Output Shaft Speed (OSS) Sensor Harness Connector
          • Intermediate Shaft Speed (ISS) Sensor Harness Connector
          • Digital Transmission Range (TR) Sensor Diagnosis Chart
          • Reverse Pressure (RP) Switch Diagnosis Chart
          • RP Switch Symptoms
        • Pinpoint Tests - OSC Equipped Vehicles
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Shift Solenoid Pre-Diagnosis
            • Notes
            • Solenoid Operation Chart
          • Shift Solenoid Failure Mode Chart "Always Off"
          • Shift Solenoid Failure Mode Chart "Always On"
          • Pressure Control Solenoid Failure Mode Chart "Always Low"
          • Pressure Control Solenoid Failure Mode Chart "Always High"
          • Pinpoint Tests
            • Pinpoint Test A: Shift And Torque Converter Clutch Solenoids
            • Pinpoint Test B: Transmission Fluid Temperature (TFT) Sensor
            • Pinpoint Test C: Digital Transmission Range (Tr) Sensor
            • Pinpoint Test D: Pressure Control (Pc) Solenoids (PCA, PCB, PCC)
            • Pinpoint Test E: Turbine Shaft Speed (TSS), Intermediate Shaft Speed (ISS), And Output Shaft Speed (OSS) Sensors
            • Pinpoint Test F: Solenoid Mechanical Failure
            • Pinpoint Test G: Reverse Pressure Switch
        • Special Testing Procedures
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Engine Idle Speed Check
          • Line Pressure Test
          • Stall Speed Test
          • Air Pressure Tests
        • Leakage Inspection
          • Notes
          • External Sealing
          • Fluid Leakage in Torque Converter Area
          • Leak Check Test
          • Leak Check Test With Black Light
        • Transmission Fluid Cooler
          • Notes
          • Transmission Fluid Cooler Flow Test
          • Transmission Fluid Cooler Tube Replacement
        • Diagnosis By Symptom
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Diagnosis by Symptom Index - Directions
          • Diagnosis by Symptom Index
          • Diagnostic Routines
            • Engagement Concern: No Forward in D5 or D4 Only
            • Engagement Concern: No Forward
            • Engagement Concern: No Reverse
            • Engagement Concern: Harsh Reverse ONLY
            • Engagement Concern: Harsh Forward ONLY
            • Engagement Concern: Harsh Manual 1st Gear ONLY
            • Engagement Concern: Delayed or Soft Reverse ONLY
            • Engagement Concern: Delayed/Soft Forward ONLY
            • Engagement Concern: No Forward and No Reverse
            • Engagement Concern: Harsh Forward and Harsh Reverse
            • Engagement Concern: Delayed Forward and Delayed Reverse
            • Shift Concern: Some/All Shifts Missing (Automatic Mode Only)
            • Shift Concern: Timing Concerns-Early/Late
            • Shift Concern: Timing Concerns-Erratic/Hunting (Some/All)
            • Engagement Concern: Feel-Soft/Slipping (Some/All)
            • Shift Concern: Feel-Harsh (Some/All)
            • Shift Concern: No 1st and 2nd Gear in Drive, Engages in a Higher Gear
            • Engagement Concern: No 1st Gear in Manual 1 Position
            • Shift Concern: No 2nd Gear in Manual 2 Position
            • Torque Converter Operation Concerns: Does Not Apply
            • Torque Converter Operation Concern: Always Applied/Stalls Vehicle
            • Torque Converter Operation Concern: Cycling/Shudder/Chatter
            • Other Concerns: Shift Lever Efforts High
            • Other Concerns: External Leaks
            • Other Concern: Poor Vehicle Performance
            • Other Concern: Noise/Vibration-Forward or Reverse
            • Other Concern: Engine Will Not Crank
            • Other Concern: No Park Range
            • Other Concern: Transmission Overheating
            • Other Concern: No Engine Braking in Manual 3rd Position
            • Other Concern: No Engine Braking in Manual 4th (D4) Position
            • Other Concerns: No Engine Braking in Manual 2nd Position
            • Other Concern: No Engine Braking in Manual 1st Position
            • Other Concerns: Fluid Venting/Foaming
            • Other Concern: Vehicle Movement with Gear Selector in "N" Position
            • Other Concerns: Slips/Chatters in Manual 1st Position
            • Other Concern: Slips/Chatters in Manual 2nd Position
            • Other Concern: Slip/Chatters in Manual 3rd Position
            • Other Concern: Engine Braking in ALL Gears
            • Other Concern: No 2nd and 5th Gears
            • Other Concern: No 3rd, 4th and 5th Gears
            • Shift Concern: Harsh 1-2 Shift
            • Shift Concern: Harsh 2-3 Shift
            • Shift Concern: Harsh 3-4 Shift
            • Shift Concerns: Harsh 4-5 Shift
            • Shift Concern: Harsh 5-4 Shift
            • Shift Concern: Harsh 4-3 Shift
            • Shift Concern: Harsh 3-2 Shift
            • Shift Concern: Harsh 2-1 Shift
            • Shift Concern: No 1-2 Shift
            • Shift Concern: No 2-3 Shift
            • Shift Concern: No 3-4 Shift
            • Shift Concern: No 4-5 Shift
            • Shift Concern: No 5-4 Shift
            • Shift Concern: No 4-3 Shift
            • Shift Concern: No 3-2 Shift
            • Shift Concern: No 2-1 Shift
            • Shift Concern: Soft/Slipping 1-2 Shift
            • Shift Concern: Soft/Slipping 2-3 Shift
            • Shift Concern: Soft/Slipping 3-4 Shift
            • Shift Concern: Soft/Slipping 4-5 Shift
            • Shift Concern: Feel - Soft/Slipping 5-4 Shift
            • Shift Concern: Feel - Soft/Slipping 4-3 Shift
            • Shift Concern: Soft/Slipping 3-2 Shift
            • Shift Concern: Feel - Soft/Slipping 2-1 Shift
      • General Procedures
        • Transmission Fluid Level Check
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Material
          • Fluid Fill Reference
        • Transmission Fluid In-Line Filter
        • Transmission Fluid Cooler - Backflushing and Cleaning
        • Transmission Fluid Drain and Refill - Automated Equipment
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Material
          • Draining
          • Refill
        • Transmission Fluid Drain and Refill - Vehicles With Torque Converter Drain Plug
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Material
          • Fluid Fill Reference
          • Draining
          • Refill
        • Transmission Fluid Drain and Refill - Vehicles Without Torque Converter Drain Plug
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Material
          • Fluid Fill Reference
          • Draining
          • Refill
        • Transmission Range (TR) Sensor Adjustment
        • Torque Converter
        • Torque Converter Contamination Inspection
      • In-Vehicle Repair
        • Fluid Pan, Gasket and Filter
          • Material
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Main Control Valve Body
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Material
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Extension Housing Oil Seal
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Extension Housing Gasket
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Material
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Solenoid Body Assembly
          • Material
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Digital Transmission Range (TR) Sensor
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Material
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Transmission Support Insulator
          • Removal and Installation
      • Removal
        • Transmission
      • Disassembly
        • Transmission
          • Special Tool(s)
      • Disassembly And Assembly Of Subassemblies
        • Main Control Valve Body
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Disassembly
          • Assembly
        • Fluid Pump
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Material
          • Disassembly
          • Assembly
        • Overdrive Brake and Coast Clutch Drum Assembly
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Material
          • Overdrive Brake and Coast Clutch Drum Assembly
          • Disassembly
          • Assembly
        • Direct Clutch Drum Assembly
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Material
          • Direct Clutch Drum Assembly
          • Disassembly
          • Assembly
        • Forward Clutch - Bonded Piston
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Material
          • Forward Clutch Assembly
          • Disassembly
          • Assembly
        • Overdrive Planetary and One-Way Clutch Assembly
          • Notes
          • Disassembly
          • Assembly
        • Overdrive Planetary Gears
          • Disassembly
          • Assembly
        • Center Support
          • Disassembly and Assembly
        • Reverse Brake Drum
          • Check
        • Output Shaft Ring Gear and Hub Shaft Assembly
          • Disassembly
          • Assembly
        • Reverse Servo Assembly
          • Disassembly
          • Assembly
      • Assembly
        • Transmission
      • Installation
        • Transmission
    • Servicing - A/T
      • Application
      • Identification
        • Transmission
        • Oil Pan Gasket
      • Lubrication
        • Service Intervals
        • Checking Fluid Levels
        • Recommended Fluids
        • Fluid Capacities
        • Draining & Refilling
        • Oil Cooler Flushing
        • Transmission Cooler Flow Test
      • On-Vehicle Repairs
      • Adjustments
        • Notes
        • Shift Cable
        • Transmission Range Sensor
      • Removal & Installation
        • Notes
        • Control Valve Body
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Extension Housing & Seal
          • Notes
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Oil Cooler
          • Notes
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Oil Cooler Hoses/Lines (LS)
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Oil Cooler Hoses (THUNDERBIRD)
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Oil Cooler Steel Lines (THUNDERBIRD)
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Parking System
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Reverse Servo & Solenoid Body
        • Transmission Range Sensor
          • Notes
          • Removal
          • Installation
      • Torque Specifications
    • Transaxle/Transmission Cooling
      • Specifications
        • General Specifications
        • Torque Specifications
      • Description And Operation
        • Transmission Cooling
      • Diagnosis And Testing
        • Transmission Cooling
          • Notes
          • Inspection and Verification
          • Symptom Chart
      • General Procedures
        • Transmission Fluid Cooler Flow Test
        • Transmission Fluid Cooler - Backflushing and Cleaning
      • Removal And Installation
        • Combination Fluid Cooler
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Transmission Fluid Cooler Tubes - Steel Lines
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Transmission Fluid Cooler Tubes - Rubber Hoses
          • Special Tool(s)
          • Removal
          • Installation
  • Hydraulic Diagrams
    • Hydraulic Diagrams
• External Pages