On Board Diagnostics (OBD) Monitors
The California Air Resources Board (CARB) began regulating OBD systems for vehicles sold in California beginning with the 1988 model year. The initial requirements, known as OBD I, required identifying the likely area of concern with regard to the fuel metering system, EGR system, emission related components and the PCM. A MIL was required to illuminate and alert the driver of the concern and the need to repair the emission control system. A DTC was required to assist in identifying the system or component associated with the concern.
Starting with the 1994 model year, both CARB and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) mandated enhanced OBD systems, commonly known as OBD II. The objectives of the OBD II system are to improve air quality by reducing high in use emissions caused by emission related concerns, reducing the time between the occurrence of a concern and its detection and repair, and assisting in the diagnosis and repair of emission related problems.
OBD II Systems
The OBD II system monitors virtually all emission control systems and components that can affect tailpipe or evaporative emissions. In most cases, concerns must be detected before emissions exceed 1.5 times the applicable 120, 000 or 150, 000 mile emission standards. Partial zero emission vehicles (PZEV) and super ultra low emission vehicles (SULEV-II) can use 2.5 times the standard in place of the 1.5 times the standard. If a system or component exceeds emission thresholds or does not operate within a manufacturer's specifications, a DTC is stored and the MIL is illuminated within 2 drive cycles.
The OBD II system monitors for concerns either continuously (regardless of driving mode) or non-continuously (once per drive cycle during specific drive modes). A pending DTC is stored in the PCM KAM when a concern is initially detected. Pending DTCs are displayed as long as the concern is present. The OBD regulations require a complete concern free monitoring cycle to occur before erasing a pending DTC. This means that a pending DTC is erased on the next power up after a concern free monitoring cycle. However, if the concern is still present after 2 consecutive drive cycles, the MIL is illuminated. Once the MIL is illuminated, 3 consecutive drive cycles without a concern being detected are required to extinguish the MIL. The DTC is erased after 40 engine warm up cycles once the MIL is extinguished.
In addition to specifying and standardizing much of the diagnostics and MIL operation, OBD requires the use of a standard DLC, standard communication links and messages, standardized DTCs and terminology. Examples of standard diagnostic information are freeze frame data and inspection/maintenance (I/M) readiness indicators.
Freeze frame data describes data stored in KAM at the point the concern is initially detected and the pending DTC is stored. Freeze frame data consists of parameters such as engine RPM, engine load, vehicle speed or throttle position. Freeze frame data is updated when the concern is detected again on a subsequent drive cycle and a confirmed DTC is stored; however, a previously stored freeze frame is overwritten if a higher priority fuel or misfire concern is detected. This data is accessible with the scan tool to allow duplicating the conditions when the concern occurred in order to assist in repairing the vehicle.
OBD I/M readiness indicators show whether all of the OBD monitors have been completed since the last time the KAM or the PCM DTCs have been cleared. Ford vehicles blink the MIL after 15 seconds of ignition ON engine OFF time to indicate that some monitors have not completed. In some states, it may be necessary to carry out an OBD check in order to renew a vehicle registration. The I/M readiness indicators must show that all monitors have been completed prior to the OBD check.
Starting in the 1996 model year, OBD II was required on all California and California State gasoline engine vehicles up to 14, 000 lbs. GVWR. Starting in the 1997 model year, diesel engine vehicles up to 14, 000 lbs. GVWR required OBD II.
California states are ones that have adopted California emission regulations, starting in the 1998 model year. For example, Delaware, Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Mexico, New Jersey, New York, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont and Washington have adopted California's emission regulations. These states receive California certified vehicles for passenger cars, light trucks, and medium duty vehicles up to 14, 000 lbs GVWR.
Starting in the 1996 model year, OBD II was also required on all Federal gasoline engine vehicles up to 8, 500 lbs. GVWR. Starting in the 1997 model year, diesel engine vehicles up to 8, 500 lbs. GVWR required OBD II.
Starting in the 2004 model year, Federal vehicles over 8, 500 lbs. are required to phase in OBD II. Starting in the 2004 model year, gasoline fueled medium duty passenger vehicles (MDPVs) are required to have OBD II. By the 2006 model year, all Federal vehicles from 8, 500 to 14, 000 lbs. GVWR will have been phased into OBD II.